Key Words and Phrases. Hypergeometric Functions, Transcendence, Shimura Varieties
Key Words and Phrases. Hypergeometric Functions, Transcendence, Shimura Varieties
Key Words and Phrases. Hypergeometric Functions, Transcendence, Shimura Varieties
1. Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the exceptional set of a function
studied by Picard in the course of his investigation of Appell’s hypergeomet-
ric function. In particular, we describe the set of algebraic points at which
this function assumes algebraic values. Necessary and sufficient conditions
for this set to be finite are also derived. Some background for this type of
problem is provided in the present section.
One of the recurrent themes in the theory of transcendental numbers is
the problem of determining the set of algebraic numbers at which a given
transcendental function assumes algebraic values. This set has come to
be known as the exceptional set of the function. The classical work of
Hermite (1873), Lindemann (1882) and Weierstrass (1885) established that
the exceptional set associated to the exponential function exp(x), x ∈ C,
is trivial, that is, consists only of x = 0. These results stand among the
highlights of 19th century mathematics because they imply that π is a
transcendental number, thus proving the impossibility of squaring the circle,
a problem dating to the ancient Greeks.
Turning to the 20th century, we recall that C.L. Siegel (1929) suggested
studying the exceptional set of the classical (Gauss) hypergeometric func-
tion of one complex variable F = F (a, b, c; x), where a, b, c are rational
Typeset October 14, 2007 [ 13:52 ] .
1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 11J91, 33C65.
Key words and phrases. Hypergeometric functions, transcendence, Shimura varieties.
Paula Tretkoff (formerly known by her maiden name “Paula Cohen”) acknowledges
support from NSF grant number DMS-0400942.
1
2 P-A. Desrousseaux, M.D. Tretkoff, P. Tretkoff
According to Appell and Kampé de Feriet [1], Picard studied the func-
tion obtained from Appell’s hypergeometric function F (a, b, b0 , c; x, y) of
the complex variables x and y by fixing one of these variables. Setting
x = λ, say, where λ is a fixed number, the resulting function Fλ (y) of one
complex variable satisfies Fλ (0) = F (a, b, c; λ), the value of the Gauss hy-
pergeometric function at λ 1. Assuming that Fλ (0) 6= 0 and dividing by
this number, the resulting function Φλ (a, b, b0 , c; y) = Fλ (y)/Fλ (0) satisfies
Φλ (a, b, b0 , c; 0) = 1. As we follow the spirit of Picard’s work on Appell’s
hypergeometric function, we call this function the Picard function. In the
present paper, we use an alternate set of parameters µ = {µi }5i=0 , and there-
fore denote the Picard function by Φµ,λ = Φµ,λ (y) (see (2.12)). As in [12],
[13], our aim is to relate the exceptional set of Φµ,λ to isogeny classes of
certain abelian varieties and hence to Hecke orbits on a Shimura variety.
Several new features appear in the present paper. First of all, for each
rational ball 5-tuple µ, we distinguish two cases depending on λ and refer to
them in Theorem 4.2 as the irreducible and the reducible case, respectively.
The irreducible case can be viewed as the generic case. Indeed, for all but
finitely many µ, the full André–Oort conjecture for curves predicts that
the reducible case arises for only finitely many λ. Next, we use a recent
conjecture of Pink [21] to supplement the particular case of the André–Oort
conjecture used in [9]. Namely, the subset T may now be the Hecke orbit
of a non-special point. In the irreducible case, this enables us to treat the
situation where the fixed isogeny class is of CM type as well as to treat the
case where it is not of CM type. In the reducible case, we cannot assume
that the Hecke orbit of interest is the orbit of a point, rather it may be the
orbit of a Shimura subvariety of positive dimension. This is the origin of
the extra conditions defining the exceptional set in [12], [13]. In the present
paper, we avoid this complication by appealing to conjectures of Pink [22].
It also turns out that in the reducible case we are sometimes able to apply
the unconditional results of [16]. However, in general, Desrousseaux’s extra
conditions are necessary if we apply the André–Oort conjecture directly.
The plan of this paper is as follows. In §2, we recall some facts about
Appell-Lauricella functions and define the related Picard function. We re-
call the analytic family of abelian varieties associated to an Appell-Lauricella
function in §3. In §4, transcendence techniques are used to describe the ex-
ceptional set in terms of certain isogeny classes of abelian varieties. Finally,
necessary and sufficient conditions for the finiteness of the exceptional set
of the Picard function are given in §§5 and 6.
not arithmetic. For n between 3 and 12, there are 32 such lattices, of which
only one is not arithmetic. For n ≥ 13, the monodromy group is never a
lattice (see [10], [17], [19]).
There is a unique solution F = Fµ (x) of Hµ which is holomorphic at the
singular point x = 0 and satisfies Fµ (0) = 1. This generalizes the classical
hypergeometric function in one complex variable. For x ∈ Qn , let ω1 be
the differential form
n+1
Y
(2.3) ω1 = ω1 (µ; x) = u−µ0 (u − 1)−µ1 (u − xi )−µi du.
i=2
Even though x = 0 6∈ Qn , we set
Pn+1
(2.4) ω1 (µ; 0) = u−µ0 − i=2 µi
(u − 1)−µ1 du.
For x = (x2 , . . . , xn+1 ) ∈ Qn , we then have
Z ∞ Z ∞
±
(2.5) F = Fµ (x) = ω1 (µ; x) ω1 (µ; 0),
1 1
the normalizing constant ensuring that Fµ (0) = 1. With B(α, β) the clas-
sical Beta function, we may write this as,
Z ∞
−1
(2.6) F = Fµ (x) = B(1 − µ1 , 1 − µn+2 ) ω1 (µ; x).
1
In this paper, we will mainly be interested in the cases n = 1, 2. For
n = 1, the space of regular points is given by,
(2.7) Q1 = {x ∈ C : x 6= 0, 1}
and for n = 2, it is given by,
(2.8) Q2 = {(x, y) ∈ C2 : x, y 6= 0, 1; x 6= y}.
When n = 2, the system Hµ has a 3-dimensional solution space, and its
monodromy group ∆µ is a subgroup of PU(1, 2). For µ = {µi }4i=0 a rational
ball 5-tuple, let µ0 = {µ0i }3i=0 be the rational 4-tuple with,
(2.9) µ00 = µ0 + µ3 , µ01 = µ1 , µ02 = µ2 , µ03 = µ4 .
We assume that µ0 is a rational ball 4-tuple, so that, in particular,
(2.10) µ0 + µ3 < 1.
In [12], [13], with n = 2, it was assumed in addition that µ0 +µ2 +µ3 < 1, in
order that ω1 (µ; 0) be a differential of the first kind. In fact, his assumption
is not necessary for most of the results of the present paper. The system
Hµ0 has a 2-dimensional solution space, and its monodromy group ∆µ0 is a
subgroup of PU(1, 1).
For a fixed x = λ ∈ Q1 , we define the Picard function of a single variable
y ∈ C \ {0, 1, λ} by,
Z ∞ Z
± ∞
(2.11) Φµ,λ = Φµ,λ (y) = ω1 (µ; λ, y) ω1 (µ0 ; λ).
1 1
6 P-A. Desrousseaux, M.D. Tretkoff, P. Tretkoff
For all s ∈ (Z/N Z)∗ , we have rs + r−s = (n + 1). The space H 0 (Tµ,N , Ω) is
the direct sum of the Vs ; therefore the dimension of Tµ,N is (n + 1)ϕ(N )/2.
We say that Tµ,N has (generalized) complex multiplication with (represen-
tation) type
X
(3.2) Ψ = Ψµ = rs σs .
s∈(Z/N Z)∗
we have
X
(3.5) dim(S) = rs r−s
s∈(Z/N Z)∗ /{±1}
4. Transcendence arguments
Some of the results of this section are implicit in Lemme 2.2, Lemme
2.3, and Lemme 2.4 of [13]. One of the new features in the present paper
is that the irreducible and reducible cases of our Theorem 4.2 are treated
separately.
For two non-zero complex numbers a, b, we write a ∼ b if a/b is algebraic.
We say then that a and b are proportional over Q.
For two abelian varieties A and B , we write A=B b when A and B are
isogenous. For an abelian variety C defined over Q, let H 0 (C, ΩQ ) be
the space of differential forms which are of the first kind on C and which
are defined over Q. Denote by PC the Q-vector space generated by the
numbers, ½Z ¾
ω: ω ∈ H 0 (C; ΩQ ); γ ∈ H1 (C; Z) .
γ
If the endomorphism algebra End0 (C) of C contains a number field F ,
then we say that C is F -stable. If C is F -stable and contains no proper
non-trivial F -stable abelian subvariety, we say that C is F -irreducible.
Otherwise, we say that C is F -reducible. If F = K = Q(ζ), let VC,s be
Transcendence of values at algebraic points for certain higher order hypergeometric functions. 9
the eigenspace of H 0 (C, Ω) on which K acts via σs (K), where the Galois
embedding σs maps ζ to ζ s . In particular σ1 is the identity embedding.
We begin with the following corollary of Theorem 5 in [38] (for more
details see [27], Prop. 1, p.6 and [26], Appendix).
Proposition 4.1. Let A and B be abelian varieties defined over Q. Then
PA ∩ PB 6= {0} if and only if there exist non-trivial simple abelian subvari-
eties A0 of A, and B 0 of B , such that A0 =B
b 0.
We apply this result to A = Tµ,N (λ, y) and B = Tµ0 ,N (λ) for λ ∈ Q,
λ 6= 0, 1, Fµ0 (λ) 6= 0, and y ∈ Eµ,λ (for notations, see §§2 and 3). In that
case, by (2.11) we have the relation
Z ∞ Z ∞
(4.1) ω1 (µ; λ, y) ∼ ω1 (µ0 ; λ),
1 1
between non-zero numbers, so that PTµ,N (λ,y) ∩ PTµ0 ,N (λ) is non-trivial and
contains a non-zero period of ω1 (µ0 ; λ). Therefore, by Proposition 4.1, it
follows that Tµ,N (λ, y) and Tµ0 ,N (λ) share a non-trivial simple factor E up
to isogeny. Let E s , s ≥ 1, be the smallest power of E that is K -stable. Ap-
plying Ex. 3 in §1 of [4] to this situation, we deduce that there are K -stable
abelian varieties C and D , which may be trivial, and a positive multiple u of
b u ×C and Tµ,N (λ, y)=E
s such that Tµ0 ,N (λ)=E b u ×D . Moreover, if Tµ0 ,N (λ)
is K -irreducible, then the abelian variety C is trivial and u = s. Since
dim(Tµ,N (λ, y)) = (3/2) dim(Tµ0 ,N (λ)), we must have dim(D) = ϕ(N )/2.
Therefore D is of CM type and Tµ,N (λ, y)=T b µ0 ,N (λ) × D . If Tµ0 ,N (λ) is
K -reducible then, as its dimension is ϕ(N ), it must split up to isogeny into
a product of two abelian varieties of CM type of dimension ϕ(N )/2. There-
fore E s and C are of CM type and there is a simple abelian variety F ,
which may equal E , such that C =F b v . It follows that Tµ0 ,N (λ)=E
b s × C,
and Tµ,N (λ, y)=E
b s × D where dim(D) = ϕ(N ).
We summarize the above discussion in the following theorem:
Theorem 4.2. Suppose that λ ∈ Q1 ∩ Q, Fµ0 (λ) 6= 0, and y ∈ Eµ,λ . We
have two possibilities:
1) Irreducible case: assume that the abelian variety Tµ0 ,N (λ) is K -irreducible.
Then, there is a fixed abelian variety A3 of CM type such that VA3 ,1 = {0},
and such that for all y ∈ Eµ,λ ,
(4.2) Tµ,N (λ, y)=T
b µ0 ,N (λ) × A3 .
2) Reducible case: assume that the abelian variety Tµ0 ,N (λ) is K -reducible,
and is therefore of CM type. Then, there are fixed abelian varieties A1 and
A2 of CM type such that VA2 ,1 = {0}, and such that for all y ∈ Eµ,λ ,
(4.3) Tµ0 ,N (λ)=A
b 1 × A2 , Tµ,N (λ, y)=A
b 1 × D,
where D is a K -stable abelian variety of dimension ϕ(N ) with VD,1 = {0}.
10 P-A. Desrousseaux, M.D. Tretkoff, P. Tretkoff
then
Z ∞ Z ∞
(4.7) ω1 (µ; λ, y) ∼ ω1 (µ0 ; λ).
1 1
(µ) (µ0 )
Proof: We begin by proving part 1). As r1 = r1 = 1, the isogeny
in (4.4) induces a K -equivariant map on differential 1-forms which sends
∗
ω1 (µ0 ; λ) to α · ω1 (µ; λ, y) where α ∈ Q . As Tµ0 ,N (λ) is of CM type, by
Proposition 5 in [27], the non-zero 0
∗ R periods of ω1 (µR; λ) are0 all proportional
over Q . By (4.4), the numbers γ ω1 (µ; λ, y) and γ ω1 (µ ; λ) are therefore
proportional over Q, where γ is a Pochhammer cycle between 1 and ∞.
Replacing the Pochhammer cycle by the line integral from 1 to ∞ multiplies
∗
the period by an element of Q , and so (4.5) follows. The proof of part 2)
is analogous to the proof of part 1).
Let λ ∈ Q be a fixed number satisfying the conditions of Theorem 4.2.
In the irreducible case, the points of the exceptional set Eµ,λ of the Picard
function correspond to abelian varieties Tµ,N (λ, y) in a fixed isogeny class
represented by Tµ0 ,N (λ) × A3 . In §5, this will allow us to apply a conjec-
ture of Pink in [21]. In the reducible case, the isogeny class of the abelian
variety D may change as y ∈ Eµ,λ varies. There is a subset of Eµ,λ , de-
fined in Théorème 2 of [13] by introducing a second condition on another
Picard function, for which this isogeny class is fixed and of CM type. One
may then apply the André–Oort conjecture. In some cases, this conjecture
suffices without the second condition. In other cases, we may apply another
conjecture of Pink in [22]. We will return to this in §6.
Transcendence of values at algebraic points for certain higher order hypergeometric functions. 11
Therefore, Theorem 4.2 and Proposition 4.3 of this paper, together with
the particular case of the André–Oort conjecture proved in [16], imply the
following:
Theorem 6.1. Let λ ∈ Q1 ∩Q with Fµ0 (λ) 6= 0 and suppose in addition that
Tµ0 ,N (λ)=A
b 1 × A03 . Then the exceptional set Eµ,λ of the Picard function
is infinite if and only if Cλ is a special curve in S . Moreover, there are
infinitely many λ ∈ Q1 ∩ Q with Tµ0 ,N (λ)=A b 1 × A03 if and only if the
Zariski closure of the image of S 0 (03) in S is a special curve.
In the case where the isogeny class of D is not fixed, we may again apply
conjectures of Pink. Let SD be the Shimura variety associated to the data
(K, ΨD , Z[ζ]). From (6.3), the dimension of SD is given by
X
(6.5) dim(SD ) = rsD r−s
D
.
s∈(Z/N Z)∗ /{±1}
(µ) (µ)
where m, as in §3, is the number of s ∈ (Z/N Z)∗ with rs r−s 6= 0. On
the other hand, from (6.1) and (6.3) we see that r1D = 0, so that
(6.8) dim(SD ) ≤ m − 1.
The inequality in (6.6) now follows from (6.7) and (6.8).
In [12], [13], additional natural conditions were imposed on y ∈ Eµ,λ in
order to restrict D to a fixed isogeny class of CM type, thereby allowing
for the application of [16]. The main idea is to utilize the periods of the
differentials of the first kind in the eigensubspace V−1 for Tµ,N (λ, y). This
is in the spirit of the results of Cohen, Shiga, and Wolfart in §5 of [27].
Arguments similar to those of §4 of the present article are then applied to
these periods. These arguments imply that A2 and D in (6.1) share a simple
factor up to isogeny. It follows that D=A b 2 × A03 . We refer to [12], [13] for
details.
Transcendence of values at algebraic points for certain higher order hypergeometric functions. 15
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