Observe the image. Are the devices connected to a network ?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
•COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
•TRANSMISSION CHANNELS
•TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
•NETWORK ARCHITECTURES
•NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK?
•A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A
SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED
COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERAL
DEVICES.
•FOR EXAMPLE, IT MAY CONNECT
COMPUTERS, PRINTERS,
SCANNERS AND CAMERAS.
Can Computers be in a network
without being connected with cables ?
Advantages of Computer Network
ADVANTAGES OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
• Speed : Sending and receiving files on a computer network is quick and easy. You can open the
drive of another computer to copy files while working on your computer.

• Centralized Software Management : There is no need to duplicate on all the computers. Data in
one computer that acts as a server is enough. The file server stores all the software. It also
eliminates the need for uploading, updating and tracking files on individual computers.
• Resource sharing : Resources such as printers, scanners and modems can be shared in a network.
This saves a lot of space and money as there is no longer a need to buy many resources.
• Cost efficient : The cost of additional hardware for individual devices is reduced. Also, purchasing
licensed copies of software for individual computers will be very costly as compared to buying a
file server.

• Security : Important files are password protected. All the users do not have the access to such files.
Only specific users can access these files.
DISADVANTAGES OF A COMPUTER NETWORK

• If the file server has a fault, then, the users may not be ale to run applications. The work will come
to a stop.

• If there is a problem in the network, then all the computers connected to that network will not
work.
• If many users work on the network at the same time, then the transfer and sharing of the files will
become quite slow.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
• Computer network organized around an
individual.
• It involves a laptop, tablet or mobile phone
connected through wired or wireless connection.
• You can use these devices to transfer files like
calendar appointments, digital photos and
music.
• PAN generally covers a range of less than 10
metres (about 30 feet).
• Wireless PANs use Bluetooth or sometimes
infrared connections.
• Bluetooth PANs are also called piconets.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• A network in a confined area such
as an office, a building or a college
campus is called Local Area
Network (LAN).
• It is used to share hardware
resources such as printer, plotter,
hard disk, modem or software
resources such as data,
information and programs.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN]
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN]
• MAN is a network spread over an
entire city. Hence, it is named as
metropolitan.
• It is larger than LAN, for example,
cable television, branches of a
school/ office/ bank in the same
city.
• It is owned by a single entity, such
as an organization.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• In Wide Area Network (WAN) , the
computers are spread across the cities,
Countries or continents.
• It facilitates efficient exchange of
information at a high speed.
• The Internet and ATMs are examples
of WAN.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Transmission Media

Wired (Cables) Wireless (through radio

signals, satellite, etc)
WIRED MEDIA
 TWISTED PAIR CABLE
• The most common form of wiring.
• It consists of two insulated copper wires
that are twisted together.
• The cable can cover a long distance.
• They are simple, flexible, have low weight and
can be handled easily.
• Its installation is easy and inexpensive.
 COAXIAL CABLE
• Coaxial cable may be rigid or flexible.
• The data transmission using Coaxial cable is better
than twisted pair cable.
• Widely used in Local Area Networks (LANs).
• They are used in telephone companies, from their
central offices to the telephone poles near the
users.
 OPTICAL FIBRE

• Used for communication.

• It enables data transmission over longer distances
.
• The fibre of these wires is made of transparent
plastic, glass or sometimes with a combination
of both.
WIRELESS MEDIA
 INFRARED TRANSMISSION
• It is a wireless medium of transmission.
• An infrared beam is used to replace the cables
between different rooms .
• Most suitable for offices where the position of
communication devices is changed constantly.
• Television remotes and wireless speakers use
infrared as a transmission mediums.
 BLUETOOTH

• It is a wireless medium of transmission.

• It uses a radio frequency that allows transmission
through short-range connections between
desktop and laptop computers, PDAs, digital
cameras, scanners, printers, cellular phones and
enables hands-free cell phone use inside
Bluetooth-enabled automobiles.
 RADIO LINK
• It is a wireless medium of transmission which uses radio
frequencies.
• It is used by cellular networks such as GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access).
• Transmitter and receiver are used to encode and decode the
data transmitted and received.
• It is cheaper than buying and maintaining cables.
But when the weather conditions change, it makes the data
transfer difficult.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98OGDsot3dM
 SATELLITE LINK
• The satellite is placed above the surface of the
earth.
• The satellite receives the data from a station
and transmits it on the another station on the
Earth.
• Example : Television transmission requires
satellite as a medium
 WI-FI

• It allows computers and other devices to

connect to wireless routers.
• Wi-Fi technology has a larger range and higher
bandwidth than Bluetooth.
 NETWORK DEVICES
Some of the devices that are required to connect computers
or peripherals in network are
• Modem,
• RJ-45
• Ethernet
• Hub
• Switch
• Repair
• Bridge
• Router
• Gateway
 MODEM

• Modem is derived from the term

modulator – demodulator.
• It converts digital signals from the computer to analog form that be transmitted
over telephone wires and vice-versa.
 RJ-45
• A registered jack is a standardized
telecommunication network interface for connecting
voice and data equipment to a service provided by a
local exchange carrier or long distance carrier.
• RJ-45 connector is commonly used for computer
network cables.
• It is commonly used with telephone cables.
 ETHERNET NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• Ethernet is a network technology used in LAN and
MAN networks.
• They are used to connect a computer to another
computer or to a server by using a cable.
• The computers on Ethernet are equipped with a
special card called Ethernet card. It is also sometimes
called Network Interface card (NIC).
• It is used to transmit data from the network to your
computer by using a network cable. The cable
connection on the Ethernet card is called an RJ-45
connection.
 HUB
• A Hub is the most basic networking device that
connects multiple computers or other networking
devices together.
• It is a single point of connection for all devices in a
network.
• It is available with 8, 12 or 24 ports.
• The NIC transfers data from a computer to a hub,
which then transfers it to other connected computers.
 SWITCH

• A switch in a network transfers data to a

specific computer.
 REPEATER

• A repeater is a device that regenerates the incoming signal. It then,

places the same on the communication channel again.
• It is used to increase the length of the network.
BRIDGE

• A bridge is a device that is used to link two same networks.

• It reduces the amount of traffic on LAN as it does not send all the data
packets. It can be programmed to reject packets from particular networks.
 GATEWAY

• A gateway is used to connect two

networks of different types.
• It acts as an entrance to another
network.
• It can translate information into a format
that is understood by another network.
• It can be implemented as software, or as
hardware or as a combination of both.
 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Network Architecture means the design of a compute network.

The two main network architectures are:

• Client-Server network
• Peer-to-Peer network
 CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK
• In this network, a single powerful
computer acts as a server.
• It is connected to multiple computers
called clients.
• The server stores all the files, database
and complex applications.
• The server serves its clients by answering
and providing results to the queries
raised by clients.
• It also controls the access to hardware,
software and other resources.
CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK
 PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK

• In this network, each computer has

equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities.
• These computers are connected in a
network but do not have a server.
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology is the arrangements of nodes connected to one
another in a network.

Some common topologies are:

• Bus topology
• Star topology
• Ring topology
 BUS TOPOLOGY
• The Bus topology is the simplest of all the network topologies.
• The arrangement of nodes in a Bus topology consists of a long
communication channel (cable), called the backbone.
• It connects all the nodes, printer and the server through
small cable segments called drop-cables.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages
It is easy to install. If there is a problem in the
backbone, the entire network
stops working.
It is easy to add and remove It is difficult to identify the
nodes. problem, if the entire network
stops working.
It uses less cable than used by If there are too many nodes,
other network topologies. then the data sharing will be
too slow.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
• Star topology is the most common network topology.
• Each node is connected to a central point link called
a hub or server.
• The data are transmitted between nodes in the
network through this central node.
• It retransmits data to other nodes in the network.
• Star topology is more reliable and is usually used in offices
and schools.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages
It is easy to add and remove It has the most expensive
nodes. layout.
It is reliable. If one connection Failure of the central hub will
fails, it does not affect other stop the working of the entire
computers in a network. network.
It has good network security Extra hubs or switches might
as two nodes cannot be required.
communicate without going
through the server.
 RING TOPOLOGY
• In Ring Topology, each of the nodes in the network is connected
to two other nodes in the network.
• The first and last node connected to each other forms a ring.
• All data passes from one node to the next node in a circle until
it reaches its destination.
• The data mostly flow in a single direction only.
 RING TOPOLOGY
Advantages Disadvantages
It is easier to find faults in the If a single node is switched off,
network. then the network will not work.
More nodes can be added If a single cable has a fault,
easily. then the network shuts down.
In this network, fewer number Since data pass through every
of cables are required. computer, they reach late at
their destination.