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Sampling and Estimation Theories

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14 views

Sampling and Estimation Theories

Uploaded by

Kamal Suren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LJMU HD in Biomedical

Engineering
Module Name with Code - Analytical Mathematics
Semester - 03
Batch Number -
Lecture Name -
Session NO -
Center Name - Kandy

LJMU Higher Diploma

0
Sampling
&
Estimation
Theories
Sampling Distributions
• In statistics, it is not always possible to take into account all the members of a set
and in these circumstances, a sample, or many samples, are drawn from a
population.
• Usually when the word sample is used, it means that a random sample is taken.
• If each member of a population has the same chance of being selected, then a
sample taken from that population is called random.
• A sample which is not random is said to be biased and this usually occurs when
some influence affects the selection.
Sampling Distributions
• If M samples of N members are drawn at random from a population, the mean
values for the M samples together form a set of data.
• Similarly, the standard deviations of the M samples collectively form a set of data.
• Sets of data based on many samples drawn from a population are called sampling
distributions.
• They are often used to describe the chance fluctuations of mean values and
standard deviations based on random sampling.
The Sampling Distribution of the
Means
• Suppose that it is required to obtain a sample of two items from a set containing
five items. If the set is the five letters A, B, C, D and E, then the different samples
which are possible are:
AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE and DE,
that is, ten different samples.
• The number of possible different samples in this case is given by
(5 × 4)/ (2 × 1) i.e. 10

• Similarly, the number of different ways in which a sample of three items can be
drawn from a set having ten members can be shown to be
(10 × 9 × 8) / ( 3 × 2 × 1) i.e. 120.
The Sampling Distribution of The Means

• Theorem 1
• ‘If all possible samples of size N are drawn from a finite population, Np, without
replacement, and the standard deviation of the mean values of the sampling
distribution of means is determined then:

• Where 𝜎𝑥ҧ is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means and σ is
the standard deviation of the population.
• The standard deviation of a sampling distribution of mean values is called the
standard error of the means, thus standard error of the means,

• approaches unit and equation (1) becomes

• Equation (2) is used for an infinite population and/or for sampling with replacement.
Example

1.Verify Theorem 1 above for the set of numbers {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} when the sample
size is 2
Theorem 2
• ‘If all possible samples of size N are drawn from a population of size Np and
the mean value of the sampling distribution of means 𝜇𝑥ҧ is determined
then

where μ is the mean value of the population’.


Population Mean (µ) = Value of Objects / No of times

Population’s Standard deviation (δ)= √(σ(𝑥 − µ)2 / N)

Mean of the sample distribution (µx) =∑ 𝑥 (𝑥 is the sample mean )


n

Standard deviation of the sample distribution (δx ) = √(σ(𝑥 − µ)2 / N)

9
Example
2.The heights of 3000 people are normally distributed with a mean of 175 cm
and a standard deviation of 8 cm. If random samples are taken of 40 people,
predict the standard deviation and the mean of the sampling distribution of
means if sampling is done
(a)with replacement
(b)without replacement.
Example
3.1500 ingots of a metal have a mean mass of 6.5 kg and a standard deviation
of 0.5 kg. Find the probability that a sample of 60 ingots chosen at random
from the group, without replacement, will have a combined mass of
(a)between 378 and 396 kg, and
(b)more than 399 kg
The estimation of population parameters based
on a large sample size

• When a population is large, it is not practical to determine its mean and


standard deviation by using the basic formulae for these parameters.
• In fact, when a population is infinite, it is impossible to determine these
values.
• For large and infinite populations, the values of the mean and standard
deviation may be estimated by using the data obtained from samples drawn
from the population.
Point and interval estimates

• An estimate of a population parameter, such as mean or standard deviation,


based on a single number is called a point estimate.
• An estimate of a population parameter given by two numbers between
which the parameter may be considered to lie is called an interval estimate.
Confidence intervals
• Parameters such as the mean or the standard deviation of a sampling
distribution are called sampling statistics, S.
• σs be the standard deviation of a sampling statistic of the sampling distribution

• Eg: The values 68.26%, 95.44% and 99.74% are called the confidence levels for
estimating a sampling statistic.
• A confidence level of 68.26% is associated with two distinct values, these being
S – (1 standard deviation), i.e. S − σs and S+(1 standard deviation), i.e. S + σs.
These two values are called the confidence limits of the estimate and the
distance between the confidence limits is called the confidence interval.
Estimating the mean of a population when the standard
deviation of the population is known

• When a sample is drawn from a large population whose standard deviation is


known, the mean value of the sample, x, can be determined.
• This mean value can be used to make an estimate of the mean value of the
population, μ.
• When this is done, the estimated mean value of the population is given as lying
between two values, that is, lying in the confidence interval between the
confidence limits.
• If a high level of confidence is required in the estimated value of μ, then the
range of the confidence interval will be large.
Example

• It is found that the standard deviation of the diameters of rivets produced


by a certain machine over a long period of time is 0.018 cm. The diameters
of a random sample of 100 rivets produced by this machine in a day have a
mean value of 0.476 cm. If the machine produces 2500 rivets a day,
determine
(a) the 90% confidence limits, and
(b) the 97% confidence limits for an estimate of the mean diameter of all the
rivets produced by the machine in a day.
18
Estimating the mean and standard deviation of a population from
sample data

• The standard deviation of a large population is not known and, in this


case, several samples are drawn from the population.
• The mean of the sampling distribution of means, μx and the standard
deviation of the sampling distribution of means (i.e. the standard error
of the means), σx , may be determined.
• The confidence limits of the mean value of the population, μ, are given
by
• where zc is the confidence coefficient corresponding to the confidence level
required. To make an estimate of the standard deviation, σ, of a normally
distributed population:

(i) a sampling distribution of the standard deviations of the samples is


formed, and
(ii)the standard deviation of the sampling distribution is determined by using
the basic standard deviation formula.
• This standard deviation is called the standard error of the standard deviations and is usually
signified by σs.
• If s is the standard deviation of a sample, then the confidence limits of the standard
deviation of the population are given by:

• where zc is the confidence coefficient corresponding to the required confidence level.

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