CONTENTS

 Identification & Study of different kinds of

Microscopes.
 Principal of working of scanning elecrton
microscope.
 Identification of different kinds of Microfossils.
 General Identification of Benthic Microfossil.
 General Identification of Planktic Microfossil.
 Study of different Watermass assemblages.
 Study of depth Biotopes(Oceans).
 Study of larger Foraminifera.
Stereoscope Zoom Microscope
 Calcareous Algae (Chara)
• Fresh to marine water.
• Having greatest development in tropics.
• Shell is drum shaped, spirally sutured &
calcareous in composition.
• In India, Shiwaliks & Tertiary of Saurastra.
• Also occur in Intertrappean bed.
Calcareous Algae (Chara)
 Conodont
• Minute teeth like structure, composed of
Calcium Phosphate.
• Association with other microfossil indicate
that they are marine pelagic in habitat.
• Excellent guide fossil in Proterozoic Sediment.
• Cambrian to Triassic.
Conodont
 Foraminifera
• Test free Trochospiral Chambers, Spherical,
Angular, Rhomboidal or Angular, Conical,
Sutures may be thickened, depressed to
elevated.
• Wall Calcareous, finally perforated.
• Keel (non-porous) may or may not be present.
• Surface smooth to cancellateor hispid,
aperture intermarginal.
Foraminifera
 Pteropod
• Pelagic microgastropods.
• Shell is made up of Aragonite which is very
unstable unlike Calcite.
• Rarely occur in Pre-quaternary sediments.
• Form Pteropod ooze at shallower depth.
• Age - Cenozoic
Pteropod
 Radiolaria
• Siliceous microfossil.
• Planktic ocaen dwellers
• Shell may be spherical, conical,bell shaped.
• Form radiolarian ooze in the areas of intense
CaCO3 dissolution.
• Radiolarian cherts often associated with
ophiolites which mark convergent plate
boundary.
• Age range is Late Paleozoic to Recent.
Radiolaria
 Ostracoda
• Calcareous microfossil.
• Shell of ostracoda called as Carapace.
• Carapace is usually ovate or kidney shaped.
• Consist of 2 valves which are articulated
dorsally through hinge.
• Occur in all type of aquatic environment.
• Have great significance in Paleoenvironment
studies.
Ostracoda
 Benthic Microfossils
Inner Neritic Zone (0-30m)
Ammonia, Elphidium, Quinqueloculina, Textularia
Upper & Middle Bathyal Zone (30-1000m)
Bolivina, Uvigerina, Bulimina, Cibicides
Lower Bathyal Zone (1000-3000m)
Stilostomella, Eggerella, Pleurostomella, Melonis, Pullina,
Gyroidinoides, Oridorsalis
 Ammonia
• Test biconvex, low trochospiral coil of 3-4
revolution, sutures slightly curved, thickened,
depressed on umblical side, wall calcareous,
finely perforate radial in structure, umblical
surface with irregular granules along sutures &
over umblical region, aperture interiomarginal.
• Age: Miocene to Recent.
• Inner to middle neritic zone
Ammonia
 Amphistegina
• Test lenticular, unequally biconvex,
multichambered, periphery angular to
carrinate, aperture interiomarginal slit on the
umblical side bordered by a lip.
• Age: Eocene to Holocene.
• Inner to middle neritic zone, Cosmopolitan.
Amphistegina
 Biloculina
• Test inflated , discoidal to ovate, final chamber
arranged in biloculine pattern opposing each
other, wall calcareous, imperforated
porcellaneous, aperture terminal near
junction of two last chambers, rounded to
elongate with two bifid tooth.
• Age: Jurassic to Holocene.
• Moderately deep water.
Biloculina
 Brizalina
• Test elongate with tapering end, commonly
compressed & laterally carinate, biserial test
having straight to curve limbate sutures, finely
perforate wall with ornamentations.
• Age: Late to Triassic. late triassic to holocene
• Shallow to deep water, Cosmopolitan.
Brizalina
 Bolivinita
• Test compressed, smoothbroad sides flat to
concave, rectangular in transverse section,
chambers biserial gradually increasing in
relative width, sutures oblique.
• Age: miocene to Holocene.
• Deep water form, Cosmopolitan.
Bolivinita
 Bulimina
• Test elongate, ovate to subcylindrical, chambers
triserially arranged in early stage, may tend to
become uniserial in later stage, wall calcareous
finely to coarsely perforate, aperture extending
up from base of apertural face, surface may be
smooth, costate or hispid.
• Age: Paleocene to Holocene.
• Deep water.
Bulimina
Bulimina
 Cibicides
• Test planoconvex, trochospiral, spiral side flat,
umblical side strongly convex, periphery
angular with non-porous keel, wall calcareous,
aperture interiomarginal.
• Age: Paleocene to Holocene.
• Neritic to Upper Bathyal.
Cibicides
 Dentalina
• Test elongate, arcuate, uniserial, suture
commonly oblique, aperture radiate, terminal
margin ecentric or nearly central.
• Age: late Cretaceous to Holocene.
• Deep water form,Cosmopolitan.
Dentalina
 Eggerella
• Test is subconical, triserial with five chambers
per whorl in early stage, gradually reduced to
three chambers per whorl in adult wall finely
agglutinated, aperture a low arch,
interiomarginal slit, bordered by a lip.
• Age: Eocene to Holocene.
• Moderate to deep water.
Eggerella
 Elphidium
• Test planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, involute,
chambers numerous, several retral processes,wall
calcareous, finely perforate and radial in
structure. Surfce commonly with grooves or
ridges parallel to periphery,septa secondarily
doubled, aperture single, interiomargial.
• Age: Late Eocene to Holocene.
• Inner to middle neritic
Elphidium
 Gyroidinoides
• Test trochospiral, spiral side flattened,
umblical side elevated, periphery rounded,
sutures radial to curved, aperture a continous
low interiomarginal slit extending from
periphery to umblicus, umblical area partially
obscured by umblical flap.
• Age: Cretaceous to Holocene.
• Middle to lower bathyal zone, Cosmopolitan.
Gyroidinoides
 Karreriella
• Test elongate, early stage biserial followed by
well developed biserial stage, wall finely
agglutinated, smoothly aperture rounded in
terminal face of the final chamber, bordered
by a lip.
• Age: Paleocene to Holocene.
• Moderately deep water.
Karreriella
 Melonis
• Test in early stage slightly trochospiral, adult
planispiral, deeply biumblicate, sutures radial,
aperture interiomarginal extending laterally
into umblicus on both sides of the test.
• Age: paleocene to Holocene.
• Middle to lower bathyal zone.
Melonis
 Oridosalis
• Test biconvex, lenticular, periphery carinate,
chambers arranged in low trochospiral coil,
chambers broad, low all visible on spiral side,
strongly sinuate on umblical side, wall
calcareous, finely perforate, aperture
interiomaginal.
• Age: Oligocene to Holocene.
• Lower bathyal zone.
Oridosalis
 Pullenia
• Test globular or slightly compressed,
planispiral & involute, 3-6 moderately inflated
chambers in the final whorl, sutures radial,
wall calcareous, perforate, smooth aperture a
low interiomarginal.
• Age: lower Cretaceous to Recent.
• Lower bathyal zone.
Pullenia
 Pleurostomella
• Test elongate, circular in section, early chambers
biserially arranged or cuneate & alternating in
position later uniseral, sutures depressed, oblique in
early stage, later nearly horizontal, wall calcareous,
finely perforate, surface smooth, aperture terminal
with projecting hood on one side, partially
obstructed by two triangular teeth or a bifid tooth.
• Age: late Cretaceous to Holocene.
• Lower bathyal Zone.
Pleurostomella
 Quinqueloculina
• Test ovate in outline, early chambers
quinqueloculine, chambers one half coil in length,
added in one planer of coiling that are 72⁰ apart,
commonly with five chambers visible at the
exterior, wall calcareous, imperforate,
porcellaneous, aperture flush with the surface
provided with a bifid tooth.
• Age: Cretaceous to Holocene.
• Shallow water.
Quinqueloculina
 Stilostomella
• Test elongate,uniserial,rectilinear with
gradually enlarging subglobular chamber.
• Wall calcareous, hyaline, finely perforate,
surface may be spinose or spines may be
restricted to lower chamber margin, aperture
terminal with phyaline.
• Age: Cretaceous to Holocene.
• Moderate to deep water.
Stilostomella
 Textularia
• Test elongate & compressed, chambers
numerous, biserially arranged, tapering
sidewise with a zig-zag line at their juncture in
the middle, wall agglutinated &simple suture
oblique to straight, aperture a single low arch
at the base of the last chambers.
• Age: Paleocene to Holocene.
• Commonly shallow water.
Textularia
 Uvigerina
• Test elongate, triserial, rounded in section,
chambers inflated, wall calcareous, perforate,
surface smooth or hispid or costate,Aperture
terminal rounded with non-perforate neck &
may have phialine lip, internal tooth plate.
• Age: Eocene to Holocene.
• Deep water.
Uvigerina
 Benthic Microfossils
 Tropical Watermass Assemblages
Globigerinella, Pulleniatina, Candiena, Sphaeroidinella
Neogloboqudrina duterteri, Orbulina universa
 Transistional Watermass Assemblages
Globigerina, Orbulina universa, Globoratalia,
Neogloboquadirna duterteri
Temperate Watermass Assemblages
Globigerina, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Globoratalia
Candeina
Candeina
Globigerina
Globigerina
Globigerinella
Globigerinella
Globotruncata
Globotruncata
Hantkenina
Hantkenina
Neogloboquadrina deuterteri
Neogloboquadrina deuterteri
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
Orbulina univrsa
Orbulina univrsa
Pulleniatina
Pulleniatina
Sphaeroidinella
Sphaeroidinella
Globorotalia menardii
Globorotalia menardii
Globorotalia truncatulinoides
Globorotalia truncatulinoides
Globorotalia inflata
Globorotalia inflata
Globigerinoides sacculifer
Globigerinoides sacculifer
Globigerinoides
Globigerinoides
Thanks...
Discocyclina
Discocyclina
Lepidocyclina
Lepidocyclina
Lepidocyclina
Myogypsina
Myogypsina
Nummulites
Nummulites
Nummulites