Group 4 Trematodes

TREMATODES
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Introduction
OVERVIEW Reproduction of trematodes
Life cycle of trematodes
Mode of Transmission
Common infection cause by
trematodes
Prevention and control
Summary/ Conclusion
Reference
INTRODUCTION
Trematodes are parasite and called as
“Flukes”. They are blood sucking parasite
or intravascular parasite that feed on
their hosts, the parasites are so named
because of their conspicuous suckers, the
organs of attachment.
Most flukes are hermaphroditic or

dioecious, it means they produce via
different sexes except blood flukes or
Schistosoma spp.
INTRODUCTION
Trematodes are flatworms classified in phylum
Platyhelminthes, class Trematoda, sub class Digenea.
Trematodes are dorso-ventrally flattened and leaf-

like in shape.
Their bodies are covered with tegument, which

usually. armed with scale-like spines.
Trematodes. have 2 suckers the oral and the ventral.

INTRODUCTION
Trematodes reproduce through both sexual and asexual
reproduction.
Adult Trematodes reproduce sexually to produce eggs released

from the host's body.
These eggs develop and hatch in water to become a type of

larvae called miracidium. These larvae are ciliated and swim
through the water to find their first intermediate host, usually
a snail or mollusk.
Within the first intermediate host, the miracidium reproduces

asexually to produce multiple larvae called cercaria. These
larvae leave the first intermediate host and find either a
second intermediate host or a final, definitive host where they
mature to adulthood.
REPRODUCTION
The flukes of medical importance are
all digenetic, reproducing sexually in a
definitive vertebrate host and asexually
in a snail intermediate host.
The parasites that complete their life

cycle in the body of two hosts are
called digenetic parasites
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
This asexual reproduction Adult nematodes reproduce
produces cercariae, which are sexually to produce eggs that
motile forms of the worm. After are released from the host's
being shed by the intermediate body. These eggs develop and
host, cercariae infect the definitive hatch in water to become a
host by percutaneous penetration, type of larvae called
or encyst on aquatic plants until miracidium.
consumption by the vertebrate
host allows further development.
LIFE CYCLE
The first stage is exogenous accumulation The
1 composition of the primary group is determined
pri-marily by the dynamics of incorporation of
infective stages by the host.
The second stage embraces the period of time,
2 when the para-sites stay in the host. It can be
realized in three different ways. In the first case
only a certain phase of the development of the
parasite take place in the host, the parasite
undergoes some morphological and physiological
changes, without reaching sexual maturity
LIFE CYCLE
3 The third final, stage of the parasite
development is dispersion. The
infective stages are dispersed in the
external environment and,
consequently, the possibility of
infecting new animal hosts appears.
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
Foodborne trematodes cause infection in
humans via the consumption of contaminated
food (raw fish, crustaceans, or vegetables).
-World Health Organization

COMMON
INFECTIONS CAUSED
BY TREMATODES
INFECTION/S: 1 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis):
- Caused by parasitic blood flukes of

the genus Schistosoma.
- Common species that infect humans include
Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and
S. japonicum.
- Infection occurs through skin contact with
contaminated freshwater containing the parasite's
larvae.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea,
bloody urine or stool, and in chronic cases, organ damage
and fibrosis.
Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against
all forms of schistosomiasis (WHO)..
Liver Fluke Infections:
INFECTION/S: 2
- Caused by various species of liver flukes, such as
Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke), Opisthorchis
viverrini (Southeast Asian liver fluke), and Fasciola
hepatica (common liver fluke).
- Infection occurs through the consumption of raw or

undercooked fish or aquatic plants containing the parasite's
larvae.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea,

and in chronic cases, bile duct and liver damage.
Triclabendazole as the drug of choice for fascioliasis

(liver fluke infection with Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola
gigantica). - (Medscape, 2023)
INFECTION/S: 3 Intestinal Fluke Infections:
- Caused by various species of intestinal flukes, such

as Fasciolopsis buski (giant intestinal fluke) and
Heterophyes heterophils
- Infection occurs through the consumption of raw

or undercooked aquatic plants or fish containing the
parasite's larvae.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in

severe cases, intestinal obstruction.
Anthelmintic drug: for treatment: Praziquantel

INFECTION/S; 4 Lung Fluke Infections:
- Caused by the lung fluke Paragonimus species, such as

Paragonimus westermani.
- Infection occurs through the consumption of raw or

undercooked crustaceans (e.g., crabs, crayfish) containing the
parasite's larvae
- Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and in some cases,

brain or spinal cord involvement.
Treatment. Praziquantel is the drug of choice: adult or

pediatric dosage, 25 mg/kg given orally three times per
day for 2 consecutive days. For cerebral disease, a short
course of corticosteroids may be given with the
praziquantel to help reduce the inflammatory response
around dying flukes.
PREVENTION & CONTROL
1. Improved Sanitation and Water Supply:
- Provide access to safe, clean drinking

water and proper sanitation facilities to
prevent contamination of water sources.
- Implement proper waste management and

sewage treatment to reduce environmental
contamination.
n.
2. Health Education and Awareness:
- Educate the public about the risks of

consuming raw or undercooked aquatic
animals, such as fish, crabs, and freshwater
plants.
- Promote personal hygiene practices, such

as handwashing and proper food preparation,
to prevent transmission.
3. Snail Control:
- Identify and eliminate the intermediate

snail hosts that harbor the trematode larvae.
- Use molluscicides or biological control

methods to reduce the snail population.
5. Improved Aquaculture and Fishing Practices:
- Promote the use of well-cooked or frozen

aquatic products to kill any potential trematode
larvae.
- Encourage the use of safe and sustainable

aquaculture practices to minimize the risk of
trematode transmission.
4. Chemotherapy and Mass Drug Administration:
- Treat infected individuals with appropriate

antihelminthic drugs, such as praziquantel, to
clear the parasitic infection.
- Implement mass drug administration

campaigns in endemic areas to reduce the
overall prevalence of trematode infections.
6. Surveillance and Monitoring:
- Establish effective surveillance systems to

monitor the prevalence and distribution of
trematode infections.
- Conduct regular stool examinations or

other diagnostic tests to identify and treat
infected individuals.
7. Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
- Foster collaboration among public health

authorities, veterinary experts, and
environmental agencies to implement
comprehensive control strategies.
- Integrate trematode control measures with

other neglected tropical disease control
programs.
CONCLUSION
Trematodes, also known as flukes, are a group of parasitic
flatworms that can infect a wide range of hosts, Trematode
infections can lead to a variety of diseases, such as liver flukes,
intestinal flukes, and blood flukes.. Effective control and
prevention of trematode infections require a multifaceted
approach that addresses the various stages of the parasite's life
cycle. This includes improving sanitation and access to safe
water, promoting public health education, controlling
intermediate snail hosts, implementing mass drug administration
programs, and improving aquaculture and fishing practices.
Sustained commitment and a coordinated, interdisciplinary
approach are key to achieving long-term success in the control
and prevention of trematode infections worldwide.
DOES ANYONE HAVE
ANY QUESTIONS?
Raise your hand, please
THANK
YOU
for your attention
GROUP 4 Group Members:
Madayag, Ruth L.
Melen, Chelyn Pearl R.
Perolino, Theo P.
REFERENCES:
1. World Health Organization
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3. Merriam Webster Dictionary for digenetic.
4. Medscape
5. Mayo Clinic
6. National Institute of Health

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TREMATODES

Most flukes are hermaphroditic or

Trematodes are dorso-ventrally flattened and leaf-

Their bodies are covered with tegument, which

Trematodes. have 2 suckers the oral and the ventral.

Adult Trematodes reproduce sexually to produce eggs released

These eggs develop and hatch in water to become a type of

Within the first intermediate host, the miracidium reproduces

The parasites that complete their life

-World Health Organization

- Caused by parasitic blood flukes of

- Infection occurs through the consumption of raw or

- Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea,

Triclabendazole as the drug of choice for fascioliasis

- Caused by various species of intestinal flukes, such

- Infection occurs through the consumption of raw

- Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in

Anthelmintic drug: for treatment: Praziquantel

- Caused by the lung fluke Paragonimus species, such as

- Infection occurs through the consumption of raw or

- Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and in some cases,

Treatment. Praziquantel is the drug of choice: adult or

- Provide access to safe, clean drinking

- Implement proper waste management and

- Educate the public about the risks of

- Promote personal hygiene practices, such

- Identify and eliminate the intermediate

- Use molluscicides or biological control

- Promote the use of well-cooked or frozen

- Encourage the use of safe and sustainable

- Treat infected individuals with appropriate

- Implement mass drug administration

- Establish effective surveillance systems to

- Conduct regular stool examinations or

- Foster collaboration among public health

- Integrate trematode control measures with

Melen, Chelyn Pearl R.

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