Physical Sciences GR 12 Exam Guidelines 2021 Eng

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
GRADE 12
2021
These guidelines consist of 36 pages.
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Physical Sciences 2 DBE/2021 Examination Guidelines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 4 2.1 Format of question papers 4 2.2 Numbering and

sequence of questions 4 2.3 Information sheets 4 2.4 Weighting of cognitive levels 5 2.5
Weighting of prescribed content 5 2.6 Skills in Physical Sciences 5 2.7 Prior knowledge
from Grades 10 and 11 6
3. ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT 7 3.1 Paper 1: Physics 7 3.2 Paper 2: Chemistry 15
4. GENERAL INFORMATION 25 4.1 Quantities, symbols and units 25 4.2 Information

sheets – Paper 1 (Physics) 27 4.3 Information sheets – Paper 2 (Chemistry) 29
5. MARKING GUIDELINES: PAPER 1 33 6. MARKING GUIDELINES: PAPER 2 34 7.
CONCLUSION 36

1. INTRODUCTION
The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Physical Sciences outlines the
nature and purpose of the subject Physical Sciences. This guides the philosophy underlying the
teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12.
The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to:
∙ Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National
Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Physical Sciences.
∙ Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations.
This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any depth
with the school-based assessment (SBA).
These Examination Guidelines should be read in conjunction with:

∙ The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement
(CAPS): Physical Sciences
∙ The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior
Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF),
regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12)
∙ The national policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National
Curriculum Statement, Grades R–12

2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12
2.1 Format of question papers

Paper Type of questions Duration Total Date Marking
1 Physics 3 hours 150 October/November External

10 multiple-choice
questions – 20
marks Structured
questions – 130
marks
2 Chemistry 3 hours 150 October/November External
10 multiple-choice
questions – 20
marks Structured
questions – 130
marks
2.2 Numbering and sequence of questions
QUESTION 1: Multiple-choice questions

Subquestions numbered 1.1 to 1.10 (2 marks each)
Questions may cover all cognitive levels and will be arranged according to topics.
QUESTION 2 onwards:
Longer questions assessing skills and knowledge across cognitive levels. Numbering starts with
QUESTION 2 and will be continuous. Subquestions will be numbered by two digits, e.g. 2.1, 2.2.
Numbering is restricted to a maximum of three digits, e.g. 2.1.1, 2.1.2.
2.3 Information sheets
The separate information sheets for Paper 1 and Paper 2 are included in this document.

2.4 Weighting of cognitive levels
Papers 1 and 2 will include questions across four cognitive levels. The distribution of cognitive
levels in Physics and Chemistry papers is given below.
Cognitive Description Paper 1 Paper 2
level (Physics) (Chemistry)
1 Remembering (Recall) 15% 15%
2 Understanding 35% 40%

(Comprehension)
3 Applying and analysing 40% 35%
4 Evaluating and 10% 10%

creating (synthesis)
2.5 Weighting of prescribed content

Paper 1: Physics Focus
Content Marks Total Duration Weighting of

cognitive levels
Mechanics 65 150 3 hours 15 35 40 10

marks
Waves, sound and light 15
Electricity and magnetism 55
Matter and materials 15
Paper 2: Chemistry Focus
Content Marks Total Duration Weighting of

cognitive levels
Chemical change 92 150 3 hours 15 40 35 10

marks
Matter and materials 58
2.6 Skills in Physical Sciences
∙ Identify and question phenomena:

o Formulate an investigative question.
o List all possible variables.
o Formulate a testable hypothesis.
∙ Design/Plan of an investigation:
o Identify variables (dependent, independent and controlled variables).
o List appropriate apparatus.
o Plan the sequence of steps which should include, amongst others:
- The need for more than one trial to minimise experimental errors.
- Identify safety precautions that need to be taken.
- Identify conditions that ensure a fair test.
- Set an appropriate control.
∙ Graphs:
o Draw accurate graphs from given data/information.
o Interpret graphs.
o Draw sketch graphs from given information.
∙ Results:
o Identify patterns/relationships in data.
o Interpret results.
∙ Conclusions:
o Draw conclusions from given information, e.g. tables, graphs.
o Evaluate the validity of conclusions.
∙ Calculations:
o Solve problems using two or more different calculations (multistep calculations).
∙ Descriptions:
o Explain/Describe/Argue the validity of a statement/event using scientific principles.
2.7 Prior knowledge from Grades 10 and 11
All skills and application of knowledge learnt in Grades 10 and 11 are applicable to assessment in
Grade 12. In addition to content from Grades 10 and 11 included under examinable content for
Grade 12, skills and knowledge from Grades 10 and 11 that may be assessed in Grade 12 include
the following:
∙ The use of equations of motion in solving problems dealing with momentum, vertical projectile
motion, work, energy and power
∙ Sound waves and properties of sound
∙ Electromagnetism
NOTE: Although there will be no direct questions about these aspects, applications thereof can
be assessed.
3. ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT
The final examination in Physical Sciences will cover the topics outlined below.
3.1 Paper 1: Physics
Newton's Laws and Application of Newton's Laws

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 62–66.)
Different kinds of forces: weight, normal force, frictional force, applied force (push,
pull), tension (strings or cables)
∙ Define normal force, N, as the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on
an object with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface. ∙ Define
frictional force, f, as the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel to
the surface.
Define static frictional force, fs, as the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a
stationary object relative to a surface.
Define kinetic frictional force, fk, as the force that opposes the motion of a moving
object relative to a surface.
Know that a frictional force:
o Is proportional to the normal force
o Is independent of the area of contact
o Is independent of the velocity of motion
∙ Solve problems using fmax
max
s= μsN where f
sis the maximum static frictional force and
μs is the coefficient of static friction.
NOTE:
o If a force, F, applied to a body parallel to the surface does not cause the object to
move, F is equal in magnitude to the static frictional force.
o The static frictional force is a maximum (fmax
s) just before the object starts to move
across the surface.
o If the applied force exceeds fmax
s, a resultant net force accelerates the object.
∙ Solve problems using fk = μkN, where fk is the kinetic frictional force and μk the coefficient of
kinetic friction.
Force diagrams, free-body diagrams

∙ Draw force diagrams.
∙ Draw free-body diagrams. (This is a diagram that shows the relative magnitudes and
directions of forces acting on a body/particle that has been isolated from its
surroundings.)
∙ Resolve two-dimensional forces (such as the weight of an object on an inclined plane) into
its parallel (x) and perpendicular (y) components.
∙ Determine the resultant or net force of two or more forces.
Newton's first, second and third laws of motion

∙ State Newton's first law of motion: A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at
constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.
∙ Discuss why it is important to wear seatbelts using Newton's first law of motion. ∙ State
Newton's second law of motion: When a net force acts on an object, the object will
accelerate in the direction of the force and the acceleration is directly proportional to the
force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
∙ Draw force diagrams and free-body diagrams for objects that are in equilibrium or
accelerating.

∙ Apply Newton's laws to a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium problems including: o
A single object:
- Moving on a horizontal plane with or without friction
- Moving on an inclined plane with and without friction
- Moving in the vertical plane (lifts, rockets, etc.)
o Two-body systems (joined by a light inextensible string) by applying Newton's laws
of motion separately to EACH of the bodies:
- Both on a flat horizontal plane with and without friction
- One on a horizontal plane with and without friction, and a second hanging
vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
- Both on an inclined plane with or without friction
- Both hanging vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
∙ State Newton's third law of motion: When object A exerts a force on object B, object B
SIMULTANEOUSLY exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object
A.
∙ Identify action-reaction pairs.
∙ List the properties of action-reaction pairs.
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

∙ State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Each body in the universe attracts every
other body with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. Gm m
∙ Solve problems using 21 2
F=.
r
∙ Describe weight as the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object on or near its
surface.
∙ Calculate weight using the expression w = mg.
∙ Calculate the weight of an object on other planets with different values of gravitational
acceleration.
∙ Distinguish between mass and weight.
∙ Explain weightlessness.

Momentum and Impulse
Momentum
∙ Define momentum as the product of an object's mass and its velocity. ∙ Describe linear
momentum as a vector quantity with the same direction as the velocity of the object.
∙ Calculate the momentum of a moving object using p = mv.
∙ Describe the vector nature of momentum and illustrate it with some simple examples. ∙
Draw vector diagrams to illustrate the relationship between the initial momentum, the final
momentum and the change in momentum for each of the cases above.
Newton's second law in terms of momentum

∙ State Newton's second law of motion in terms of momentum: The net (or resultant) force
acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the object in the
direction of the net force.
p
∙ Express Newton's second law of motion in symbols: Fnet= t ΔΔ
∙ Explain the relationship between net force and change in momentum for a variety of
motions.
∙ Calculate the change in momentum when a resultant/net force acts on an object and its
velocity:
o Increases in the direction of motion, e.g. 2nd stage rocket engine fires o
Decreases, e.g. brakes are applied
o Reverses its direction of motion, e.g. a soccer ball kicked back in the direction it
came from
Impulse
∙ Define impulse as the product of the resultant/net force acting on an object and the time
the net force acts on the object.
∙ Use the impulse-momentum theorem, FnetΔt = mΔv, to calculate the resultant/net force
exerted, the time for which the force is applied and the change in momentum for a
variety of situations involving the motion of an object in one dimension.
∙ Explain how the concept of impulse applies to safety considerations in everyday life, e.g.
airbags, seatbelts and arrestor beds.
Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

∙ Explain what is meant by a system (in Physics).
∙ Explain (when working with systems) what is meant by internal and external forces. ∙
Explain what is meant by an isolated system (in Physics), i.e. a system on which the net
external force is zero.
(An isolated system excludes external forces that originate outside the colliding
bodies, e.g. friction. Only internal forces, e.g. contact forces between the colliding
objects, are considered.)
∙ State the principle of conservation of linear momentum: The total linear momentum of an
isolated system remains constant (is conserved).
∙ Apply the conservation of momentum to the collision of two objects moving in one
dimension (along a straight line) with the aid of an appropriate sign convention. ∙ Distinguish
between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions by calculation.

Vertical Projectile Motion in One Dimension (1D)
∙ Explain what is meant by a projectile, i.e. an object which has been given an initial velocity
and then it moves under the influence of the gravitational force only. ∙ Define free fall as
motion during which the only force acting on an object is the gravitational force.
∙ Use equations of motion to determine the position, velocity and displacement of a projectile
at any given time.
∙ Sketch position versus time (x vs. t), velocity versus time (v vs. t) and acceleration versus
time (a vs. t) graphs for:
o A free-falling object
o An object thrown vertically upwards
o An object thrown vertically downwards
o Bouncing objects (restricted to balls)
∙ For a given x vs. t, v vs. t or a vs. t graph, determine:
o Position
o Displacement
o Velocity or acceleration at any time t
∙ For a given x vs. t, v vs. t or a vs. t graph, describe the motion of the object: o
Bouncing
o Thrown vertically upwards
o Thrown vertically downward
Work, Energy and Power

Work
∙ Define the work done on an object by a constant force F as FΔxcosθ , where F is the
magnitude of the force, Δxthe magnitude of the displacement and θthe angle between the
force and the displacement. (Work is done by a force – the use of the term 'work is done
against a force', e.g. work done against friction, must be avoided.) ∙ Draw a force diagram
and free-body diagrams.
∙ Calculate the net work done on an object.
∙ Distinguish between positive net work done and negative net work done on the system.
Work-energy theorem
∙ State the work-energy theorem: The work done on an object by a net force is equal to the
change in the object's kinetic energy OR the work done on an object by a net force is
equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy.
In symbols: Wnet = ΔK = Kf - Ki
∙ Apply the work-energy theorem to objects on horizontal, vertical and inclined planes (for
both frictionless and rough surfaces).

Conservation of energy with non-conservative forces present
∙ Define a conservative force as a force for which the work done in moving an object
between two points is independent of the path taken. Examples are gravitational
force, the elastic force in a spring and electrostatic forces (coulombic forces).
∙ Define a non-conservative force as a force for which the work done in moving an object
between two points depends on the path taken. Examples are frictional force, air
resistance, tension in a chord, etc.
∙ State the principle of conservation of mechanical energy: The total mechanical energy
(sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) in an isolated system
remains constant. NOTE: A system is isolated when the net external force (excluding
the gravitational force) acting on the system is zero.
∙ Solve conservation of energy problems using the equation: Wnc = ΔEk + ΔEp ∙ Use the
relationship above to show that in the absence of non-conservative forces, mechanical
energy is conserved.
Power
∙ Define power as the rate at which work is done or energy is expended. In
W
symbols: P = t Δ
∙ Calculate the power involved when work is done.
∙ Perform calculations using Pave= Fvave when an object moves at a constant speed along a
rough horizontal surface or a rough inclined plane.
∙ Calculate the power output for a pump lifting a mass (e.g. lifting water through a height at
constant speed).
Doppler Effect (relative motion between source and observer)

With sound and ultrasound

∙ State the Doppler effect as the change in frequency (or pitch) of the sound detected by a
listener, because the sound source and the listener have different velocities relative to
the medium of sound propagation.
∙ Explain (using appropriate illustrations) the change in pitch observed when a source moves
toward or away from a listener.
f
±±
vv
∙ Solve problems using the equation
=fs when EITHER the source OR the
L
L
vv
s
listener is moving.
∙ State applications of the Doppler effect.
With light – red shifts in the universe (evidence for the expanding
universe) ∙ Explain red shifts.
∙ Use the Doppler effect to explain why we conclude that the universe is expanding.

Electrostatics
Coulomb's law
∙ State Coulomb's law: The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge
(Q1) on another point charge (Q2) is directly proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r)
between them:
kQ Q
for charges in one dimension (1D)
∙ Solve problems using the equation F = 21 2
r
(restrict to three charges).
kQ Q
for charges in two dimensions (2D) – for
∙ Solve problems using the equation F = 21 2
r
three charges in a right-angled formation (limit to charges at the 'vertices of a
right-angled triangle').
Electric field
∙ Describe an electric field as a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a
force. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test
charge would move if placed at that point.
∙ Draw electric field lines for the following configurations:
o A single point charge
o Two point charges (one negative, one positive OR both positive OR both negative)
o A charged sphere
NOTE: Restrict to situations in which the charges are identical in magnitude. ∙ Define electric
field at a point: The electric field at a point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit
positive charge placed at that point. In symbols: qF
E=
∙ Solve problems using the equation

qF
E=.
kQ
∙ Calculate the electric field at a point due to a number of point charges, using the E =to
determine the contribution to the field due to each charge. Restrict
equation 2
r
to three charges in a straight line.

Electric Circuits
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 88–89 & 121.)
Ohm's law
∙ State Ohm's law in words: The potential difference across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current in the conductor at constant temperature.
∙ Determine the relationship between current, potential difference and resistance at constant
temperature using a simple circuit.
∙ State the difference between ohmic conductors and non-ohmic conductors and give an
example of each.
∙ Solve problems using IV
R =for series and parallel circuits (maximum four resistors).
Power, energy
∙ Define power as the rate at which work is done.
W
∙ Solve problems using P = t Δ.
∙ Solve problems using P = VI , P = I2R or P = RV2.
∙ Solve circuit problems involving the concepts of power and electrical energy. ∙ Deduce that
the kilowatt hour (kWh) refers to the use of 1 kilowatt of electricity for 1 hour.
∙ Calculate the cost of electricity usage given the power specifications of the appliances
used, the duration and the cost of 1 kWh.
Internal resistance, series and parallel networks

∙ Solve problems involving current, voltage and resistance for circuits containing
arrangements of resistors in series and in parallel (maximum four resistors excluding
internal resistance).
∙ Define the term emf as the maximum energy provided by a battery per unit charge passing
through it.
∙ Solve circuit problems using ε = Vload + Vinternal resistance or ε =IRext+ Ir. ∙ Solve circuit problems,
with internal resistance, involving series-parallel networks of resistors (maximum four
resistors).
Electrodynamics
Electrical machines (generators, motors)

∙ State the energy conversion in generators.
∙ Use the principle of electromagnetic induction to explain how a generator works. ∙
Explain the functions of the components of an AC and a DC generator. ∙ State
examples of the uses of AC and DC generators.
∙ State the energy conversion in motors.
∙ Use the motor effect to explain how a motor works.
∙ Explain the functions of the components of a motor.
∙ State examples of the use of motors.

Alternating current
∙ State the advantages of alternating current over direct current.
∙ Sketch graphs of voltage versus time and current versus time for an AC circuit. ∙
Define the term rms for an alternating voltage/current.
The rms potential difference is the AC potential difference which dissipates/produces
the same amount of energy as an equivalent DC potential difference.
The rms current is the alternating current which dissipates/produces the same amount
of energy as an equivalent direct current (DC).
I
V
max
I
Vmax
rms= .
,
rms= 2
∙ Solve problems using
2
∙ Solve problems using Pave = IrmsVrms = ½ ImaxVmax (for a purely resistive circuit), V2rms.
ave =
Pave = I2rmsR and P R
Optical Phenomena and Properties of Materials

Photo-electric effect
∙ Describe the photoelectric effect as the process whereby electrons are ejected from a
metal surface when light of suitable frequency is incident on that surface.
∙ State the significance of the photoelectric effect.
∙ Define threshold frequency, fo, as the minimum frequency of light needed to emit electrons
from a certain metal surface.
∙ Define work function, Wo, as the minimum energy that an electron in the metal needs to be
emitted from the metal surface.
∙ Perform calculations using the photoelectric equation:
E =Wo+ Ek(max), where E = hf and Wo= hfo and Ek(max) = ½ mv2max
∙ Explain the effect of intensity and frequency on the photoelectric effect. ∙
State that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light.
Emission and absorption spectra

∙ Explain the formation of atomic spectra by referring to energy transition. ∙ Explain the
difference between atomic absorption and emission spectra. An atomic absorption
spectrum is formed when certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation passing
through a substance is absorbed.
For example, when light passes through a cold gas, atoms in the gas absorb
characteristic frequencies of the light and the spectrum observed is a continuous
spectrum with dark lines where characteristic frequencies of light were removed.
The frequencies of the absorption lines are unique to the type of atoms in the gas.
An atomic emission spectrum is formed when certain frequencies of e
lectromagnetic radiation are emitted due to an atom making a transition from a
higher energy state to a lower energy state.
For example, atoms in a hot gas emit light at characteristic frequencies. The
spectrum observed is a line spectrum with only a few coloured lines of frequencies
unique to the type of atom that is producing the emission lines.
3.2 Paper 2: Chemistry

Representing Chemical Change
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 37.)
Balanced chemical equations

∙ Write and balance chemical equations.
∙ Interpret balanced reaction equations in terms of:
o Conservation of atoms
o Conservation of mass (use relative atomic masses)
Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Change

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 82.)
Molar volume of gases

∙ 1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm3at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere (101,3 kPa).
Volume relationships in gaseous reactions

∙ Interpret balanced equations in terms of volume relationships for gases, i.e. under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal number of moles of all gases
occupy the same volume.
Concentration of solutions
∙ Calculate the molar concentration of a solution.
More complex stoichiometric calculations

∙ Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of compounds. ∙
Determine the percentage yield of a chemical reaction.
∙ Determine percentage purity or percentage composition, e.g. the percentage CaCO3 in an
impure sample of seashells.
∙ Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations.
∙ Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations that may include limiting
reagents.
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular and interatomic forces (chemical bonds)
∙ Name and explain the different intermolecular forces (Van der Waal's forces): (i)
Dipole-dipole forces:
Forces between two polar molecules
(ii) Induced dipole forces or London forces:
Forces between non-polar molecules
(iii) Hydrogen bonding:
Forces between molecules in which hydrogen is covalently bonded to
nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine – a special case of dipole-dipole forces
∙ Describe the difference between intermolecular forces and interatomic forces
(intramolecular forces) using a diagram of a group of small molecules; and in words.
Example:
Intermolecular forces
H
H
Interatomic forces/chemical bonds
H
CHH
CH
H
H
∙ State the relationship between intermolecular forces and molecular size. For non-polar
molecules, the strength of induced dipole forces increases with molecular size.

∙ Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on boiling point, melting point and vapour
pressure.
Boiling point:
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric
pressure. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point. Melting
point:
The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at
equilibrium. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point.
Vapour pressure:
The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.
The stronger the intermolecular forces, the lower the vapour pressure.
Organic Molecules
∙ Define organic molecules as molecules containing carbon atoms.
Organic molecular structures – functional groups, saturated and unsaturated

structures, isomers
∙ Write down condensed structural formulae, structural formulae, molecular formulae and
IUPAC names (up to 8 carbon atoms) for:
o Alkanes (no ring structures)
o Alkenes (no ring structures)
o Alkynes
o Halo-alkanes (primary, secondary and tertiary haloalkanes; no ring structures) o
Alcohols (primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols)
o Carboxylic acids
o Esters
o Aldehydes
o Ketones
∙ Know the following definitions/terms:
o Molecular formula: A chemical formula that indicates the element and numbers of
each of the atoms in a molecule.
Example: C4H8O
o Structural formula: A structural formula of a compound shows which atoms are
attached to which within the molecule. Atoms are represented by their
chemical symbols and lines are used to represent ALL the bonds that hold the
atoms together.
Example:
H
O
HH
C
H
CCC
H
HHH
o Condensed structural formula: This notation shows the way in which atoms are
bonded together in the molecule, but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines.
Example:
O
CH3CH2COCH3 OR
CH3CH2CCH3
o Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only. o

Homologous series: A series of organic compounds that can be described by the
same general formula OR in which one member differs from the next with a CH2
group

o Saturated compounds: Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C

atoms in their hydrocarbon chains
o Unsaturated compounds: Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C
atoms in their hydrocarbon chains
o Functional group: A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the
physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds
Homologous Structure of functional group
series
Structure Name/Description
Alkanes CC Only C-H and

C-C single
bonds
Alkenes CC Carbon-carbon
double bond
Alkynes CC Carbon-carbon
triple bond
Haloalkanes CX Halogen atom

bonded to a C
(X = F, Cℓ, Br, I) atom in an
alkane
Alcohols COH Hydroxyl group

bonded to a
saturated C atom
Aldehydes O Formyl group

H
C
Ketones O Carbonyl group

C bonded to two C
CC atoms
Carboxylic acids O Carboxyl group

C
OH
Esters O -
COC
o Structural isomer: Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different
structural formulae
∙ Identify compounds (up to 8 carbon atoms) that are saturated, unsaturated and are structural
isomers.
∙ Restrict structural isomers to chain isomers, positional isomers and functional isomers. o
Chain isomers: Same molecular formula, but different types of chains, e.g. butane and
2-methylpropane
H H H
H H H
H H HCCC
H C H
H H H
HCCCC H H
H H
H
Butane 2-methylpropane
o Positional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different positions of the side chain,
substituents or functional groups on the parent chain, e.g. 1-chloropropane and
2-chloropropane or but-2-ene and but-1-ene
HH HCCC
HH H HCCC H
H Cl
H H H
H H Cl
1-chloropropane 2-chloropropane
H H H
H H H
H H CCCC H
CCCC
H H H HH
HH
but-1-ene but-2-ene
o Functional isomers: Same molecular formula, but different functional groups, e.g.
methyl methanoate and ethanoic acid
H H O
O
COCH H H CCH O H
H
methyl methanoate ethanoic acid
IUPAC naming and formulae for compounds in the homologous series above ∙ Write
down the IUPAC name when given the structural formula or condensed structural formula.
∙ Write down the structural formula when given the IUPAC name or molecular formula. ∙
Compounds must be restricted to one functional group per compound (except haloalkanes).
∙ Haloalkanes restricted to two functional groups per compound.
∙ Alkyl substituents (methyl- and ethyl- only) restricted to a maximum of THREE on the parent
chain.
∙ When naming haloalkanes:
o Halogen substituents do not get preference over alkyl groups.
o Numbering should start from the end nearest to the first substituent. o When
substituents, e.g. Br and Cℓ or Cℓ and methyl, have the same number when numbered
from different ends of chain, preference is given to alphabetical order, e.g. bromo- over
chloro-; chloro- over methyl-.
∙ When writing IUPAC names, substituents are written alphabetically namely bromo, chloro,
ethyl, methyl. Ignore prefixes di and tri.
Structure and physical properties (boiling point, melting point, vapour pressure)
relationships
∙ For a given example (from the above functional groups), explain the relationship between
physical properties and:
o Strength of intermolecular forces (Van der Waal's forces), i.e. hydrogen bonds,
dipole-dipole forces, induced dipole forces
o Type of functional groups
o Chain length
o Branched chains
Oxidation of alkanes
∙ State the use of alkanes as fuels.
∙ Write down an equation for the combustion of an alkane in excess oxygen.
Esterification
∙ Write down an equation, using structural formulae or condensed structural formulae, for the
formation of an ester.
∙ Name the alcohol and carboxylic acid used and the ester formed.
∙ Write down reaction conditions for esterification.
Substitution, addition and elimination reactions

∙ Identify reactions as elimination, substitution or addition.
∙ Write down, using structural formulae or condensed structural formulae, equations and
reaction conditions for the following addition reactions of alkenes:
o Hydrohalogenation:
The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene
o Halogenation:
The reaction of a halogen (Br2, Cℓ2) with a compound
o Hydration:
The addition of water to a compound
o Hydrogenation:
The addition of hydrogen to an alkene
∙ Identify major and minor products in the above addition reactions.
∙ Write down, using structural formulae or condensed structural formulae, equations and
reaction conditions for the following elimination reactions:
o Dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes:
The elimination of hydrogen and a halogen from a haloalkane
o Dehydration of alcohols:
Elimination of water from an alcohol
o Cracking of alkanes:
The chemical process in which longer chain hydrocarbon molecules are
broken down to shorter more useful molecules.
∙ Identify major and minor products in the above elimination reactions. ∙ Write down, using
structural formulae or condensed structural formulae, equations and reaction conditions for
the following substitution reactions:
o Hydrolysis of haloalkanes
Hydrolysis: The reaction of a compound with water
o Reactions of HX (X = Cℓ, Br) with alcohols to produce haloalkanes o
Halogenation of alkanes
The reaction of a halogen (Br2, Cℓ2) with a compound
∙ Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons using bromine water.

Energy and Change
Energy changes in reactions related to bond energy changes
∙ Define heat of reaction (ΔH) as the energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction.
∙ Define exothermic reactions as reactions that release energy.
∙ Define endothermic reactions as reactions that absorb energy.
∙ Classify (with reason) reactions as exothermic or endothermic.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions

∙ State that ΔH > 0 for endothermic reactions, i.e. reactions in which energy is absorbed. ∙
State that ΔH < 0 for exothermic reactions, i.e. reactions in which energy is released.
Activation energy
∙ Define activation energy as the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place. ∙
Define an activated complex as the unstable transition state from reactants to products. ∙
Draw or interpret fully labelled sketch graphs (potential energy versus course of reaction
graphs) of catalysed and uncatalysed endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Rate and Extent of Reaction

Rates of reaction and factors affecting rate

∙ Define reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
∙ Calculate reaction rate from given data for reactants:
Rate =
tc
Δ(Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1)
Δ
Calculate reaction rate from given data for products:
Rate = c -3 -1
t ΔΔ(Unit: mol∙dm ∙s )
Questions may also include calculations of rate in terms of change in mass/volume/
moles per time.
∙ List the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions, i.e. nature of reacting substances,
surface area, concentration (pressure for gases), temperature and the presence of a
catalyst.
∙ Explain in terms of the collision theory how the various factors affect the rate of chemical
reactions. The collision theory is a model that explains reaction rate as the result of
particles colliding with a certain minimum energy to form products.
Measuring rates of reaction

∙ Answer questions and interpret data (tables or graphs) on different experimental techniques
for measuring the rate of a given reaction.
Mechanism of reaction and of catalysis

∙ Define the term catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing a permanent change.
∙ Explain that a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative path of
lower activation energy. It therefore decreases the net activation energy. ∙ Interpret
Maxwell-Boltzmann curves (number of particles against kinetic energy) to explain the effect
of a catalyst, temperature and concentration on reaction rate.
Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium and factors affecting equilibrium

∙ Explain what is meant by:
o Open and closed systems: An open system continuously interacts with its
environment, while a closed system is isolated from its surroundings.
o A reversible reaction: A reaction is reversible when products can be converted
back to reactants and vice versa.
o Chemical equilibrium: It is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward
reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
∙ List the factors that influence the position of an equilibrium, i.e. pressure (gases only),
concentration and temperature.
Equilibrium constant
∙ List the factors that influence the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc. ∙ Write down an
expression for the equilibrium constant, having been given the equation for the reaction.
∙ Perform calculations based on Kc values.
∙ Explain the significance of high and low values of the equilibrium constant.
Application of equilibrium principles

∙ State Le Chatelier's principle: When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the
system will re-instate a new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose the
disturbance.
∙ Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain changes in equilibria qualitatively. ∙ Interpret graphs
of equilibrium, e.g. concentration/rate/number of moles/mass/ volume versus time.
Acids and Bases

Acid-base reactions
∙ Define acids and bases according to Arrhenius and Lowry-Brønsted theories: Arrhenius
theory: Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+/H3O+/hydronium ions) in aqueous solution.
Bases produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution.
Lowry-Brønsted theory: An acid is a proton (H+ion) donor. A base is a proton (H+ion)
acceptor.
Relative strengths of acids and bases

∙ Distinguish between strong acids/bases and weak acids/bases with examples. Strong acids
ionise completely in water to form a high concentration of H3O+ions. Examples of
strong acids are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Weak acids ionise
incompletely in water to form a low concentration of H3O+ions. Examples of weak
acids are ethanoic acid and oxalic acid.
Strong bases dissociate completely in water to form a high concentration of OH ions.
Examples of strong bases are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Weak
bases dissociate/ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of OH ions.
Examples of weak bases are ammonia, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate,
calcium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate.
∙ Distinguish between concentrated acids/bases and dilute acids/bases. Concentrated
acids/bases contain a large amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to
the volume of water.
Dilute acids/bases contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid/base in
proportion to the volume of water.

Acid-base reactions
∙ Write down the reaction equations of aqueous solutions of acids and bases.
Examples: HCℓ(g) + H2O(ℓ) → H3O+(aq) + Cℓ-(aq) (HCℓ is a monoprotic acid.) NH3(g)
+ H2O(ℓ) → NH+4(aq) + OH-(aq)
H2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) → 2H3O+(aq) + 2− SO4(aq) (H2SO4 is a diprotic
acid.) ∙ Identify conjugate acid-base pairs for given compounds.
∙ Describe a substance that can act as either acid or base as ampholyte. Water is a good
example of an ampholyte substance. Write equations to show how an ampholyte
substance can act as acid or base.
∙ Write down neutralisation reactions of common laboratory acids and bases.
Examples: HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq)/KOH(aq) → NaCℓ(aq)/KCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) HCℓ(aq)
+ Na2CO3(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
(COOH)2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → (COO)2Na2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
NOTE: The above are examples of equations that learners will be expected to write
from given information. However, any other neutralisation reaction can be
given in the question paper to assess, e.g. stoichiometry.
Hydrolysis
∙ Define hydrolysis as the reaction of a salt with water.
∙ Determine the approximate pH (equal to, smaller than or larger than 7) of salts in salt
hydrolysis.
o Hydrolysis of the salt of a weak acid and a strong base results in an alkaline solution,
i.e. the pH > 7. Examples of such salts are sodium ethanoate, sodium oxalate
and sodium carbonate.
o Hydrolysis of the salt of a strong acid and a weak base results in an acidic solution,
i.e. the pH < 7. An example of such a salt is ammonium chloride. o The salt of a strong
acid and a strong base does not undergo hydrolysis and the solution of the salt will be
neutral, i.e. pH = 7.
Acid-base titrations
∙ Motivate the choice of a specific indicator in a titration. Choose from methyl orange,
phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue.
∙ Define the equivalence point of a titration as the point at which the acid/base has completely
reacted with the base/acid.
Define the endpoint of a titration as the point where the indicator changes colour. ∙
Perform stoichiometric calculations based on titrations of a strong acid with a strong base, a
strong acid with a weak base and a weak acid with a strong base. Calculations may include
percentage purity.
∙ For a titration, e.g. the titration of oxalic acid with sodium hydroxide: o List the
apparatus needed or identify the apparatus from a diagram. o Describe
the procedure to prepare a standard oxalic acid solution. o Describe the
procedure to conduct the titration.
o Describe safety precautions.
o Describe measures that need to be in place to ensure reliable results. o
Interpret given results to determine the unknown concentration.
pH and the pH scale

∙ Explain the pH scale as a scale of numbers from 0 to 14 used to express the acidity or
alkalinity of a solution.
∙ Calculate pH values of strong acids and strong bases using pH = -log[H3O+]. ∙ Define Kw as
the equilibrium constant for the ionisation of water or the ion product of water or the ionisation
constant of water, i.e. Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 1014 by 298 K.
∙ Explain the auto-ionisation of water, i.e. the reaction of water with itself to form H3O+ ions
and OH ions.
∙ Interpret Ka values of acids to determine the relative strength of given acids. Interpret Kb
values of bases to determine the relative strength of given bases.
∙ Compare strong and weak acids by looking at:
o pH (monoprotic and diprotic acids)
o Conductivity
o Reaction rate
Electrochemical Reactions
Galvanic cells
∙ Define the galvanic cell as a cell in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy.
∙ Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron (e-) transfer:
Oxidation is a loss of electrons. Reduction is a gain of electrons.
∙ Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers:
Oxidation: an increase in oxidation number
Reduction: a decrease in oxidation number
∙ Define an oxidising agent and a reducing agent in terms of oxidation and reduction:
Oxidising agent: a substance that is reduced/gains electrons.
Reducing agent: a substance that is oxidised/loses electrons.
∙ Define an anode and a cathode in terms of oxidation and reduction:
Anode: the electrode where oxidation takes place
Cathode: the electrode where reduction takes place
∙ Define an electrolyte as a substance of which the aqueous solution contains ions OR a
substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electricity.
Relation of current and potential difference to rate and equilibrium

∙ State that the potential difference of a galvanic cell (Vcell) is related to the extent to which
the spontaneous cell reaction has reached equilibrium.
∙ State and use the qualitative relationship between Vcell and the concentration of product
ions and reactant ions for the spontaneous reaction, namely Vcell decreases as the
concentration of product ions increases and the concentration of reactant ions
decreases until equilibrium is reached at which the Vcell = 0 (the cell is 'flat').
(Qualitative only. Nernst equation is NOT required.)
Understanding of the processes and redox reactions taking place in galvanic

cells ∙ Describe the movement of ions in the solutions.
∙ State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
∙ Write down the half-reactions that occur at the electrodes.
∙ State the function of the salt bridge.
∙ Use cell notation or diagrams to represent a galvanic cell.
When writing cell notation, the following convention should be used:
o The H2|H+half-cell is treated just like any other half-cell.
o Cell terminals (electrodes) are written on the outside of the cell notation.
o Active electrodes:
reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species
o Inert electrodes (usually Pt or C):
Pt | reducing agent | oxidised species || oxidising agent | reduced species |
Pt Example: Pt | Cℓ-(aq) |Cℓ2(g) || F2(g) | F-(aq) | Pt
∙ Predict the half-cell in which oxidation will take place when two half-cells are connected.

∙ Predict the half-cell in which reduction will take place when connected to another half-cell.
∙ Write down the overall cell reaction by combining two half-reactions. ∙ Use the Table of
Standard Reduction Potentials to calculate the emf of a standard galvanic cell.
∙ Use a positive value of the standard emf as an indication that the reaction is spontaneous
under standard conditions.
Standard electrode potentials

∙ Write down the standard conditions under which standard electrode potentials are
determined.
∙ Describe the standard hydrogen electrode and explain its role as the reference electrode.
∙ Explain how standard electrode potentials can be determined using the reference electrode
and state the convention regarding positive and negative values.
Electrolytic cells
∙ Define the electrolytic cell as a cell in which electrical energy is converted into chemical
energy
∙ Electrolysis: The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical
energy OR the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change
Understanding the processes and redox reactions taking place in electrolytic

cells ∙ Describe the movement of ions in the solution.
∙ State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
∙ Write equations for the half-reactions taking place at the anode and cathode. ∙ Write down
the overall cell reaction by combining two half-reactions. ∙ Describe, using half-reactions and
the equation for the overall cell reaction as well as
the layout of the particular cell using a schematic diagram, the following electrolytic
processes:
o The decomposition of copper(II) chloride
o Electroplating, e.g. the electroplating of an iron spoon with silver/nickel o
Refining of metals, e.g. copper
o The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium chloride

4. GENERAL INFORMATION
4.1 Quantities, symbols and units
The most common quantities, symbols and SI units used in introductory Physics are listed below.
A quantity should not be confused with the unit in which it is measured.
Quantity Preferred Alternative Unit name Unit
symbol symbol symbol
mass m kilogram kg
position x, y metre m
displacement Δx,Δy s metre m
velocity vx, vy u, v metre per second m∙s-1
initial velocity vi u metre per second m∙s-1

final velocity vf v metre per second m∙s-1
acceleration a metre per second per second m∙s-2
acceleration due g metre per second per second m∙s-2

to gravity
time (instant) t second s
time interval Δt second s
energy E joule J
kinetic energy K Ek joule J
potential energy U Ep joule J
work W joule J
work function W0 joule J
power P watt W
momentum p kilogram metre per second kg∙m∙s-1
force F newton N
weight w Fg newton N
normal force N FN newton N
tension T FT newton N
friction force f Ff newton N
coefficient of friction s μk μ,μ , (none)
torque τ newton metre N∙m
wavelength λ metre m
frequency f ν hertz or per second Hz or s-1
period T second s
speed of light c metre per second m∙s-1
refractive index n (none)
focal length f metre m
object distance s u metre m
image distance s' v metre m
magnification m (none)
charge Q, q coulomb C
electric field E newton per coulomb or N∙C-1or

volt per metre V∙m-1
electric potential VP volt V
at point P
potential difference ΔV, V volt V
emf E ε volt V
current I, i ampere A
resistance R ohm Ω
internal resistance r ohm Ω
magnetic field B tesla T
magnetic flux Φ tesla∙metre2or weber T∙m2or

Wb

Conventions (e.g. signs, symbols, terminology and nomenclature) The syllabus and
question papers will conform to generally accepted international practices.
NOTE:
1. For marking purposes, alternative symbols will also be accepted. 2. Separate
compound units with a multiplication dot, not a full stop, e.g. m·s-1. For marking
purposes, m.s-1 will also be accepted.
3. Use the equal sign only when it is mathematically correct, e.g.
Incorrect: 1 cm = 1 m (on a scale drawing)
Correct: 1 cm = 10-2 m 1 cm represents 1 m (on a scale drawing)
4.2 Information sheets – Paper 1 (Physics)
DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12

PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

NAME SYMBOL VALUE
Acceleration due to gravity g 9,8 m·s-2
Universal gravitational constant G 6,67 x 10-11 N·m2·kg-2

Speed of light in a vacuum c 3,0 x 108 m·s-1
Planck's constant h 6,63 x 10-34 J·s
Coulomb's constant k 9,0 x 109 N·m2·C-2
Charge on electron e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Electron mass me 9,11 x 10-31 kg
Mass of the Earth M 5,98 x 1024 kg
Radius of the Earth RE 6,38 x 106 m
TABLE 2: FORMULAE
MOTION
vvat i Δx = v Δt + aΔtOR 2
2
f=i+ Δ i Δy = v Δt + aΔt
1
1
2
2
2
⎜
⎝⎛ +
2
2
2
vv
f = + ΔOR v v 2a y f = + Δ ⎜
⎝⎛ +
v v 2a x vv
i
i ⎟
Δx i f ⎠⎞
⎟
Δy i f ⎠⎞
=OR Δt Δt
=
2
2
FORCE
Fnet = ma p= mv
max
fk = μkN
fsN
s= μ
FnetΔt =Δp w =mg

f
Δp = mv – mvi
Gm m GM
Gm m GM
F= OR 21 2 OR
F= g=
12
2
g=
2
d 2
r d
r
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

W =FΔxcosθ U= mgh OR EP = mgh
1 Wnet = ΔK OR Wnet = ΔEk

1
K= OR 2 2 mv ΔK = Kf −Ki OR ΔEk = Ekf −Eki
E=
k mv
2
2
Wnc= ΔK + ΔU ORWnc= ΔEk + ΔEp WP

Δ
=
t
Pave= Fv ave

WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT

v=fλ 1
T=
f
f
±± =c
vv OR
E= hf λ
Lf
= Eh
L
s
vv
s
o Ek(max) E = W + OR o Kmax E = W +where
max
k(max) mv 21
max
max mv 21
0
E = hf and W0 = hf and 2
E = OR 2
K=
ELECTROSTATICS
kQ Q kQ
E=
F= 2
12
2 r
r
W F
V=
E=
q q
Q
Q
n=
OR
n=
qe
e
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
V emf (ε) =I(R + r)
R=
I
R R R ... s= 1 + 2 + q = I Δt
1
1
1
=++
...
R
R
R
p12
W =Vq W
P=
W =VIΔt Δt
W =I2RΔt P =VI
V Δt 2 2
PR
W =R =I
2
V
P
=
R
ALTERNATING CURRENT
I Pave Vrms rms
max
=I
I=
rms
2 2
PR
V =I
max ave rms
V
rms = 2
2 V
P
ave=
rms
R

4.3 Information Sheets – Paper 2 (Chemistry)
DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)
TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

NAME SYMBOL VALUE
Standard pressure θ
1,013 x 105 Pa
p
Molar gas volume at STP Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1

θ
Standard temperature T 273 K
Charge on electron e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Avogadro's constant NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
TABLE 2: FORMULAE
m N
n= n=
M NA
OR V
c= MVm n=
n Vm
c=
V
cV pH = -log[H3O+]
=
n
aa
a
n
cV
b
bb
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at 298 K
θ
Ecell = E − E
θ
θ
cathode
anode
OR
θ
Ecell = E − E
θ
θ
reduction
oxidation
OR
θ
Ecell = E − E
θ
θ
oxidisingagent
reducingagent

TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
(II) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(I)
2
(III)
14
(IV)
15 (V)
16
(VI)
17
(VII)
18
(VIII)
1 KEY Ato
H num
1
1
3 4 troneg 29 Symbo
Li Be ty Cu l
0 5 9
, , ,
1 1
7 9 63,5 1
11 12
Na Mg ic
9 2
, ,
0 1
23 24
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
8
K 0
Ca 3
Sc 5
Ti 6
V 6
Cr Mn
5 8
Fe 8
Co 8
Ni 9
Cu 6
Zn
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
8
Rb 0
Sr 2
Y 4
Zr Nb 8
Mo 9
Tc 2
Ru 2
Rh 2
Pd 9
Ag 7
Cd
0
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
92 1
,
1
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
1
,
1
,
86 88 89 91 96 101 103 106 108 112
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
7
Cs 9
Ba La 6
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
0
,
0
,
139 1
,
181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201
133 137 179
87 88 89 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Fr 9
Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb
7
,
,
0
226
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb
140 141 144 150 152 157 159
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk
232 238

F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
H2O2 + 2H++2e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
MnO−4+ 8H++ 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51
Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36
Cr2O2− + 1,33
+ − 3+
7+ 14H + 6e ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2O
+ − + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H2O
+ 1,23
MnO2+ 4H++ 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O Pt2+
+ 1,20
+ 2e− ⇌ Pt
+ 1,07
Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br−
+ 0,96
NO−3+ 4H++ 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O Hg2+
+ 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
Ag++ e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80
NO−3+ 2H++ e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O Fe3+ + + 0,80
e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
O2(g) + 2H++ 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
Cu++ e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
SO2 + 4H++ 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O 2H2O + 0,45
+ O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
st
Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34
n
SO2− + 0,17
+ − 2+
4+ 4H + 2e ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O Cu
e
− + + 0,16
+ e ⇌ Cu
g
+ 0,15
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+
a
+ 0,14
S + 2H++ 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) 2H++
g
0,00
2e− ⇌ H2(g)
n
− 0,06
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe
s
− 0,13
i
d
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb
i
− 0,14
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn
− 0,27
x
o
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni
− 0,28
f
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co
− 0,40
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd
o
− 0,41
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+
h
− 0,44
t
g
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe
− 0,74
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr
n
− 0,76
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn
e
− 0,83
r
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− Cr2+ + 2e−

t
− 0,91
s
⇌ Cr
− 1,18
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn
g
− 1,66
n
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ
i
− 2,36
a
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg
− 2,71
Na++ e− ⇌ Na
e
− 2,87
r
c
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca
− 2,89
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr
n
− 2,90
I
TABLE 4A: STANDARD Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba

- 2,92
REDUCTION POTENTIALS Cs++ e- ⇌ Cs
− 2,93
K++ e− ⇌ K
Half-reaction − 3,05
Li++ e− ⇌ Li
c
t
u
s
d
e
g
r
n
i
f
s
o
h e
t
r
g c
n n
I
e

h
TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION

POTENTIALS
θ
Half-reactions E(V
st
o
Li++ e− ⇌ Li Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,96
K++ e− ⇌ K NO−3+ 4H++ 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O Br2(ℓ) + 1,07
Cs++ e− ⇌ Cs + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,20
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt + 1,23
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr MnO2+ 4H++ 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O O2(g) + 1,23
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca + 4H++ 4e− ⇌ 2H2O
Na++ e− ⇌ Na + 1,33
Cr2O2−
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg + − 3+ + 1,36
7+ 14H + 6e ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2O
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,51
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn MnO−4+ 8H++ 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O +1,77
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr
H2O2 + 2H++2 e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,81
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 2,87
⇌ Zn
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F−
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd s
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co n
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni
e
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn
g
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe
g
2H++ 2e− ⇌ H2(g)

i
S + 2H++ 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) Sn

u
2e− ⇌ Sn2+ d
Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu+
e
SO2− f
+ −
4+ 4H + 2e ⇌ SO2(g)
o
−
2e ⇌ Cu h
2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− g
SO2 + 4H++ 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2

n
e− ⇌ Cu
e
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I−
t
O2(g) + 2H++ 2e− ⇌ H2O2g
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ n
NO−3+ 2H++ e− ⇌ NO2(g) +

i
e− ⇌ Ag a
I
5. MARKING GUIDELINES: PAPER 1
5.1 Calculations
5.1.1 Marks will be awarded for: correct formula, correct substitution, correct answer with unit.
5.1.2 No marks will be awarded if an incorrect or inappropriate formula is used, even though
there may be relevant symbols and applicable substitutions.
5.1.3 When an error is made during substitution into a correct formula, a mark will be awarded
for the correct formula and for the correct substitutions, but no further marks will be
given.
5.1.4 If no formula is given, but all substitutions are correct, the candidate will forfeit one
mark.
5.1.5 No penalisation if zero substitutions are omitted in calculations where correct
formula/principle is given correctly.
5.1.6 Mathematical manipulations and change of subject of appropriate formulae carry no marks,
but if a candidate starts off with the correct formula and then changes the subject of the
formula incorrectly, marks will be awarded for the formula and the correct substitutions.
The mark for the incorrect numerical answer is forfeited.
5.1.7 Marks are only awarded for a formula if a calculation has been attempted, i.e.
substitutions have been made or a numerical answer given.
5.1.8 Marks can only be allocated for substitutions when values are substituted into formulae and
not when listed before a calculation starts.
5.1.9 All calculations, when not specified in the question, must be rounded off to a minimum of
TWO decimal places.
5.1.10 If a final answer to a calculation is correct, full marks will not automatically be awarded.
Markers will always ensure that the correct/appropriate formula is used and that workings,
including substitutions, are correct.
5.1.11 Questions where a series of calculations do not necessarily always have to follow the
same order (as in circuit calculations) full marks will be awarded provided that it is a valid
solution to the problem.
5.1.12 Any calculation that will not bring the candidate closer to the answer than the original
solution, will not count any marks.
5.2 Units
5.2.1 Candidates will only be penalised once for the repeated use of an incorrect unit within a
question.
5.2.2 Units are only required in the final answer to a calculation.
5.2.3 Marks are only awarded for an answer, and not for a unit per se. Candidates will therefore
forfeit the mark allocated for the answer in each of the following situations: - Correct
answer + wrong unit
- Wrong answer + correct unit
- Correct answer + no unit
5.2.4 SI units must be used, except in certain cases, e.g. V∙m-1instead of N∙C-1, and cm∙s-1or
km∙h-1 instead of m∙s-1 where the question warrants this.
5.3 General
5.3.1 If one answer or calculation is required, but two are given by the candidate, only the first
one will be marked, irrespective of which one is correct. If two answers are required, only
the first two will be marked, etc.
5.3.2 For marking purposes, alternative symbols (s, u, t, etc.) will also be accepted. 5.3.3 Separate
compound units with a multiplication dot, not a full stop, e.g. m·s-1. For marking purposes,
m.s-1and m/s will also be accepted.

5.4 Positive marking
Positive marking regarding calculations will be followed in the following cases:
5.4.1 Subquestion to subquestion: When a certain variable is incorrectly calculated in one

subquestion (e.g. 3.1) and needs to be substituted into another subquestion (3.2 or 3.3),
full marks are to be awarded for the subsequent subquestions.
5.4.2 A multistep question in a subquestion: If the candidate has to calculate, for example,
current in the first step and gets it wrong due to a substitution error, the mark for the
substitution and the final answer will be forfeited.
5.5 Negative marking
Normally an incorrect answer cannot be correctly motivated if based on a conceptual mistake. If

the candidate is therefore required to motivate in QUESTION 3.2 the answer given to QUESTION
3.1, and QUESTION 3.1 is incorrect, no marks can be awarded for QUESTION 3.2. However, if
the answer for, for example, QUESTION 3.1 is based on a calculation, the motivation for the
incorrect answer in QUESTION 3.2 should be considered.
6. MARKING GUIDELINES: PAPER 2
6.1 Calculations
6.1.1 Marks will be awarded for: correct formula, correct substitution, correct answer with unit.
6.1.2 No marks will be awarded if an incorrect or inappropriate formula is used, even though
there may be relevant symbols and applicable substitutions.
6.1.3 When an error is made during substitution into a correct formula, a mark will be awarded
for the correct formula and for the correct substitutions, but no further marks will be
given.
6.1.4 If no formula is given, but all substitutions are correct, the candidate will forfeit one
mark.
Example: No Kc expression, correct substitution:
2
=2(
(2) 32)
Kc = 3
(2)(1)
6.1.5 Marks are only awarded for a formula if a calculation has been attempted, i.e.
substitutions have been made or a numerical answer has been given.
6.1.6 Marks can only be allocated for substitutions when values are substituted into formulae and
not when listed before a calculation starts.
6.1.7 The final answer to all calculations, when not specified in the question, must be rounded off
to a minimum of TWO decimal places.
6.1.8 If a final answer to a calculation is correct, full marks will not automatically be awarded.
Markers will always ensure that the correct/appropriate formula is used and that workings,
including substitutions, are correct.
6.1.9 Mathematical manipulations and change of subject of appropriate formulae carry no marks,
but if a candidate starts off with the correct formula and then changes the subject of the
formula incorrectly, marks will be awarded for the formula and the correct substitutions.
The mark for the incorrect numerical answer is forfeited.

Example:
CORRECT ANSWER (1) POSSIBLE ANSWER (2) POSSIBLE
m m n m m
n=✔ n=✔ m=🗶 n=✔ n=✔
M M M M M
m 52 0,01 M = 0,52 g ✔
0,01✔ =52 ✔ 0,01 ✔= m 🗶
= m=🗶
m = 0,52 g ✔ m = 5 200 g 🗶 52
n
= 0,002 g 52
✔
(4) (2) =0,01 (2)
( ✔
= 5 200 g🗶
(3)
0
)
6.2 Units
6.2.1 Candidates will only be penalised once for the repeated use of an incorrect unit within a
question.
6.2.2 Units are only required in the final answer to a calculation.
6.2.3 Marks are only awarded for an answer and not for a unit per se. Candidates will therefore
forfeit the mark allocated for the answer in each of the following situations:
- Correct answer + wrong unit
- Wrong answer + correct unit
- Correct answer + no unit
6.2.4 Separate compound units with a multiplication dot, not a full stop, e.g. mol·dm-3.
Accept mol.dm-3(or mol/dm3) for marking purposes.
6.3 General
6.3.1 If one answer or calculation is required, but two are given by the candidate, only the first
one will be marked, irrespective of which one is correct. If two answers are required, only
the first two will be marked, etc.
6.3.2 When a chemical FORMULA is asked, and the NAME is given as answer, the candidate
forfeits the marks. The same rule applies when the NAME is asked and the FORMULA is
given.
6.3.3 When redox half-reactions are to be written, the correct arrow should be used.
If the equation
2
)
H2S → S + 2H++ 2e- (2
is the correct answer, the marks must be given as follows:
1
H2S ⇌ S + 2H++ 2e- (2 )
0
)
H2S ← S + 2H++ 2e- (2
2
)
S + 2H++ 2e- ← H2S (2
0
)
S + 2H++ 2e- ⇌ H2S (2
6.3.4 When candidates are required to give an explanation involving the relative strength of
oxidising and reducing agents, do not accept the following:
∙ Stating the position of a substance on Table 4 only (e.g. Cu is above Mg). ∙
Using relative reactivity only (e.g. Mg is more reactive than Cu).
∙ The correct answer would be for instance: Mg is a stronger reducing agent than Cu, and
therefore Mg will be able to reduce Cu2+ ions to Cu. The answer can also be given in
terms of the relative strength as electron acceptors and donors.
6.3.5 One mark is forfeited when the charge of an ion is omitted per equation (not for the charge
on an electron).

6.3.6 The error-carrying principle does not apply to chemical equations or half-reactions. For
example, if a learner writes the wrong oxidation/reduction half-reaction in the subquestion
and carries the answer to another subquestion (balancing of equations or calculation of θ
Ecell), then the learner will not be credited for this substitution.
6.3.7 In the structural formula of an organic molecule all hydrogen atoms must be shown. Marks
must be deducted if hydrogen atoms are omitted.
6.3.8 When a structural formula is required, marks must be deducted if the candidate writes the
condensed formula.
6.3.9 When a IUPAC name is asked and the candidate omits the hyphen (e.g. instead of
pent-1-ene or 1-pentene the candidate writes pent 1 ene or 1 pentene), marks will be
forfeited.
6.3.10 When a chemical reaction is asked, marks are awarded for correct reactants, correct
products and correct balancing.
If only a reactant(s) followed by an arrow, or only a product(s) preceded by an arrow, is/are
written, marks may be awarded for the reactant(s) or product(s). If only a reactant(s) or
only a product(s) is/are written, without an arrow, no marks are awarded for the reactant(s)
or product(s).
Examples:
3
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3  bal.  3
N2 + H2 →31
→ NH3  31
0
2
N2 + H 3
0
3
NH 3
6.4 Positive marking
Positive marking regarding calculations will be followed in the following cases:
6.4.1 Subquestion to subquestion: When a certain variable is calculated in one subquestion

(e.g. QUESTION 3.1) and needs to be substituted in another (QUESTION 3.2 or
QUESTION 3.3), e.g. if the answer for QUESTION 3.1 is incorrect and is substituted
correctly in QUESTION 3.2 or QUESTION 3.3, full marks are to be awarded for the
subsequent subquestions.
6.4.2 A multistep question in a subquestion: If the candidate has to calculate, for example,
current in the first step and gets it wrong due to a substitution error, the mark for the
substitution and the final answer will be forfeited.
6.5 Negative marking
Normally an incorrect answer cannot be correctly motivated if based on a conceptual mistake. If

the candidate is therefore required to motivate in QUESTION 3.2 the answer given to QUESTION
3.1, and QUESTION 3.1 is incorrect, no marks can be awarded for QUESTION 3.2. However, if
the answer for e.g. QUESTION 3.1 is based on a calculation, the motivation for the incorrect
answer in QUESTION 3.2 could be considered.
7. CONCLUSION
This Examination Guidelines document is meant to articulate the assessment aspirations

espoused in the CAPS document. It is therefore not a substitute for the CAPS document which
teachers should teach to.
Qualitative curriculum coverage as enunciated in the CAPS cannot be over-emphasised.

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PHYSICAL SCIENCES

These guidelines consist of 36 pages.

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2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 4 2.1 Format of question papers 4 2.2 Numbering and

3. ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT 7 3.1 Paper 1: Physics 7 3.2 Paper 2: Chemistry 15

4. GENERAL INFORMATION 25 4.1 Quantities, symbols and units 25 4.2 Information

5. MARKING GUIDELINES: PAPER 1 33 6. MARKING GUIDELINES: PAPER 2 34 7.

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The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to:

These Examination Guidelines should be read in conjunction with:

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2.1 Format of question papers

1 Physics 3 hours 150 October/November External

2.2 Numbering and sequence of questions

QUESTION 1: Multiple-choice questions

2.3 Information sheets

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2.4 Weighting of cognitive levels

2 Understanding 35% 40%

3 Applying and analysing 40% 35%

4 Evaluating and 10% 10%

2.5 Weighting of prescribed content

Content Marks Total Duration Weighting of

Mechanics 65 150 3 hours 15 35 40 10

Electricity and magnetism 55

Matter and materials 15

Paper 2: Chemistry Focus

Content Marks Total Duration Weighting of

Chemical change 92 150 3 hours 15 40 35 10

2.6 Skills in Physical Sciences

∙ Identify and question phenomena:

2.7 Prior knowledge from Grades 10 and 11

3. ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT

3.1 Paper 1: Physics

Newton's Laws and Application of Newton's Laws

Force diagrams, free-body diagrams

Newton's first, second and third laws of motion

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Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

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Newton's second law in terms of momentum

Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions

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Work, Energy and Power

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Doppler Effect (relative motion between source and observer)

With sound and ultrasound

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∙ Solve problems using the equation

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Internal resistance, series and parallel networks

Electrical machines (generators, motors)

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Optical Phenomena and Properties of Materials

Emission and absorption spectra

3.2 Paper 2: Chemistry

Balanced chemical equations

Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Change

Molar volume of gases

Volume relationships in gaseous reactions