KONGONI VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT TITLE: CONSTRUCTION OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM RUNNING FROM

KONGONI COLLEGE TO ELDORET-KITALE HIGHWAY TO BITUMINOUS
STANDARD.

NAME: DIANA AKINYI

INDEX NO: 062

COURSE: CERTIFICATE IN PLUMBING

SUPERVISOR: MOSES KURIA

THIS PROPOSAL HAS BEEN SUBMITED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

SERIES: JUNE/JULY2024

i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research project proposal is my original work and has never been
submitted for a Certificate in any other institution in any other institutional course

Name; DIANA AKINYI

Signature:……………… Date:

…………………

DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISOR

This research proposal has been submitted with my approval as the institute supervisor. It has
never been presented to any examination body

MOSES KURIA
Signature:………………… Date:

…………

ii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this proposal to my family for their unwavering support during the entire project,
engineering lecturers and my fellow students who encouraged and advised me towards the
upcoming of this project. I thank them all for their great support they offered.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved lecturers ie; Building and Civil Engineering
department Kongoni Technical and Vocational College and my desirable friends and colleague
from this excellent institution who have imparted the desired knowledge and skills that enabled
me to compile this report. Most notably is my sincere appreciation to my beloved and
successfulment of Lecturer MOSES KURIA for his guidance as a supervisor when I was writing
this project proposal. The love from my dear family will not go unmentioned. God bless you all.

iv
ABSTRACT
Due to poor drainage that leads to blockage of drainage systems, the Kakamega County wishes
to upgrade the 4km road from Kongoni Vocational College to Eldoret-Kitale highway, as a result
of blockage of drainage systems by the aggregator’s accumulation, and materials eroded by
surface water, the drainage channels are left untidy, contributing to poor flow of water and other
solid materials.
The upgrade will also enhance smooth flow of vehicles to and from their destinations.

v
 Table of Contents

DECLARATION......................................................................................i
DEDICATION………………....................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................iii
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION...........................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT...............................................................1
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES..................................................................1
1.4 LOCATION…………………………………………………… 1
1.5 LIMITATION…………………………………………………..
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................2
2.1 SURVEY............................................................................................2
2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION AND SUB-SOIL EXPLORATION...........2
2.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN..................................................................3
2.5 DETAILED DESIGN.........................................................................3
2.6 QUANTITY SURVEY.......................................................................3
2.7 THE SITE RECONNAISANCE.........................................................3
2.8 LEVELING....................................................................................... 4
2.9 CONTOURING..................................................................................4
2.10 PARTICLE ANALYSIS TEST........................................................4
2.10.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE...............................................4
2.10.2 SAMPLE TESTING.........................................................................4
2.11 PAVEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGN.....................................4
2.12 SPECIFICATION............................................................................. 4
2.13 DESIGN STAGE.................................................................................5
2.14 TENDER STAGE................................................................................5
2.15 CONSTRUCTION STAGE.................................................................5
2.16 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESMENT......................................5
2.17 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT..................................................5

vi
 2.17.1 Introduction..............................................................................................5
2.17.2 Stagesinconstruction....................................................................................6
2.18 CONSTRUCTION TEAM.......................................................................6
2.19 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING...............................................................6
2.20 CONTRACT SCHEDULING...................................................................6
2.21 ARCHITECTURAL MODELING...........................................................7
CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………
3.0 METHODOLOGY(METHODS OR PROCEDURE)...............................8
3.1 SITE SURVEYING......................................................................................8
3.2 SURVEY EQUIPMENT...............................................................................8
3.2.1 chain survey equipment....................................................................................8
3.2.2 Ancillary Equipment......................................................................................8
3.2.3 Leveling Equipment and ancillaries.....................................................................8
3.3 BUDGET(ESTIMATED COST OF THE PROJECT)................................9
3.4 SOIL ALIGNMENT........................................................9
3.4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………
3.4.2 Sampling…………………………………………………………………..
3.4.3 Laboratory Test……………………………………………………………
3.5 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST……………………………………….
3.5.1 Atterberg limit test…………………………………………………………
3.5.2 Particle size distribution…………………………………………………..
3.5.3 California Bearing Ratio ……………………………………………….....
3.6 LOCATION OF TEMPORARY BENCH MARK……………………………
CHAPTER FOUR ……………………………………………………………………..
4.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………
4.1.1 The subgrade……………………………………………………………………..
4.1.2 Traffic factors…………………………………………………………………..
4.2 PAVEMENT STRUCTURES DESIGN………………………………………….
4.3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT………………………………………………….
4.3.1 Wearing course…………………………………………………………………

vii
 4.3.2 Road base…………………………………………………………………….
4.3.3 Sub-base…………………………………………………………………….
4.4 CONSTRUCTION
PROCEDURE……………………………………………

4.5 CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………….

5.0 DRAINAGE…………………………………………………………………….
5.1 DRAINAGE FACILITIES………………………………………………………..
5.1.1 Calvert…………………………………………………………………………..
5.1.2 Scour checks……………………………………………………………………
5.1.3 Side drain………………………………………………………………………
5.2 EXISTING DRAINAGE FEATURES…………………………………………..
5.3 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY…………………………………………………….

viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The problem that is posed by gravel road is not only local but also global. Although gravel roads
serves well in areas surrounded by sand, in most areas they cause undesirable condition during
rainy seasons. The materials absorbs water heavily in the rainy seasons which consequently
results to swelling and softening of the soils. This results to pavement being impassable.
In Madagascar ways are almost of low grade (with the exception of 2 routes leading out of
Tana). Many roads are studded with potholes and quagmires in the rainy season.
This leads to travelling being cramped and since there is no air conditioning, a lot of problem
arises during the dry season.
In most rural areas in Kenya gravel roads are the basic roads used. For my case of study in Embu
County, most of rural areas roads are of gravel.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Gravel roads are majority in Kenya. Construction of such roads infrastructure in the region
faces enormous challenge to engineers, financial agencies, contractors and government due
to maintenance.
The challenge experienced is high cost of cleaning drainage during rainy seasons and providing
suitable materials for the pavement.
From the observation, interviews that I carried randomly to ten people within the area, the
road from Kongoni Vocational college to Eldoret-Kitale highway the institution possess great
challenges. During the rainy season the water absorbed results to the road being in undesirable
condition and hence the pavement is impassable; especially to vehicles and students moving.
On the other hand, during dry season there is a lot of air pollution due to the dust since there is
no air conditioning.
Therefore when we construct all-weather road, we will improve people livelihood, and
efficient transport of food products from farms.

ix
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1. Design all- weather road (flexible pavement)
2. To ease traffic flow by 40%
3. Construction of all-weather
4. Construction of effective drainage system

1.4 LOCATION
The road is located within Kongoni constituency which is 4km from Kongoni Vocational
College to Kongoni center where it connects with the Eldoret-Kitale highway. It is adjacent to
Kongoni public offices, both kongoni primary and secondary schools together with Kongoni
dispensary. The road itself is from kongoni vocational college to kongoni center to Eldoret-
Kitale highway(as land mark)

Kongoni vocational
college

kongoni vocational college

x
xi
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The road is narrow hence finding divergent routes is difficult. Poster and
obstacles are present in the road reserve area.
Conflict with civilians living along the about land grabbing from the road reserve.

xii
xiii
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the literature related to civil works. The most dealt with areas are:
survey, quantity survey and structural design.

2.2 SURVEY
This is done to know the levels on the earth surface. This is accomplished by a number of ways;
plain table survey, using dumpy levels etc. The traversing helps in determination of areas by
measurement of lengths and direction of consecutive lines. Linear measurements are made with a
chain or a tape and relative directions of the lines are measured with a chain, compass or
theodolite. Traversing is done mainly to locate the features already existing on a site. The whole
process involves reconnaissance (selecting, marking and referencing stations), picking up details
and booking of field notes levels.

2.3 SITE INVESTIGATION AND SUB-SOIL EXPLORATION

• Before putting down an engineering structure it is important to study the details of the
proposed site. The site is explored with reference to soil particles and other conditions
of the underground strata. Both field and laboratory tests produce the results the in the
foundation design process. The reason as to why the tests are carried out are;
• To determine the level of the water table and its likely fluctuations.
• To determine the identification and other properties such as water content,
compression, strength and angle of internal friction of undisturbed or disturbed
samples of different soils.

1
2.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
The requirements for the design are:
• To achieve acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactory during
its intended life.
• The structure should sustain all the loads and deformation of normal use and
constructions.
• To produce a structure that is economical to construct, maintain and service
throughout its life.
• There are some features that the design depends on; function-size, quality
structure, environmental regulation and the aesthetics-finishes.

2.5 DETAILED DESIGN

This is whereby the structure is divided into substructures that can be handled easily. The sub-
structures are analyzed to establish the distribution of forces and moments at all the sections
under the required loading conductors. Sections and members are designed to withstand these
moments and forces. These two process are recorded on calculation sheets which must be set out
so that they can easily be accessed

2.6 QUANTITY SURVEY

The approximate cost of the project will be determined using approximate method.
Measurements are taken using techniques which involve forming dimensions which are written.
These techniques use elementary knowledge in general construction, simple measures and
geometry. For the convenient pricing, a number of standard procedures must be followed. Due to
lack of exact soil bearing capacity, financial constraints etc, the project analysis are yet to be
done.

2
2.7 THE SITE RECONNAISANCE
Prior to carry out the actual fieldwork, site reconnaissance must be done to determine the
existing general site features. The site reconnaissance will enable us to identify the required
survey equipment to be used for surveying the site and determine upon the passion of line which
would break the area into triangles & area survey stations will be identified. The general
topography of the site will then be noted, obstacles to both chaining and leveling identified and
existing drains and sewer lines will be located.

2.8 LEVELING
Leveling is done to provide difference in elevation on site. This leveling will help in determining
excavation levels. The drainage characteristics of the site will be obtained by leveling and can be
used to design and eventually locates to the drains and sewer lines.

2.9 CONTOURING
This is a survey practice that attempts to depict the relief such as undulations of the existing
earth surface. Being that hesitate was relatively small with no obstacles; the best method of
contouring is grid method.

2.10 PARTICLE ANALYSIS TEST

2.10.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

The major purpose is to remove silt and clay size particles followed by dry sieving of the
remaining course material.

2.10.2 SAMPLE TESTING

After drying the sample, it will be weighed and its weight found. This dry sample will then be
sieved using BssieveNo.7,No.14,No.25,No.100 and finally No.200. The sieving will be done
using electric sieving machine. The material that will remain in each sieve will be weighed and
recorded on the datasheet.

2.11 PAVEMENT PLANNING AND DESIGN

While designing the project there are some factors that have to be considered eg, site

3
size benefits of the project and availability of project functionalities.

2.12 SPECIFICATION
This will specify the details of types and quality of construction materials, expected standards of
workmanship, capacity exploration and the kind of construction equipment will be elaborated.
The following are some of the reference source for this project:
• Joints Building council extract
• Manufacturing specifications
• Ministry of Housing, Roads and Public works specifications.

2.13 DESIGN STAGE

At this stage, the client would require a bill of approximate estimate of the proposed project in
order to determine if it is economically viable. The project approximate estimate methods are:
• The floor area method.
• The bill of approximate estimates.
• Building comparison method.
• Volume (cubic meters) method.

2.14 TENDER STAGE

For the basis of computing quantities of project materials and costing those in a bill of quantities
that would be used as a reference contract document when selecting a suitable contract or work
drawings will be provided.

2.15 CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Any variation alterations to the project will have to be recorded and a cost computed or the purpose of
compensating the contractors. The prime cost sum will be included on the bill of quantities or measure done
day work basis.

4
2.16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Information within the region bordering kongoni and furfural has been outlined on the extract
environment impact assessment sheet.

2.17 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

2.17.1 Introduction
Managing and planning for the resources available for construction is a very important aspect.
The major functions of the construction management will be:
• Organizing human resource and plan.
• Controlling the construction resources.
• Direct resources.
• Staff management and operatives
• Coordinating construction activities.
These construction management functions are based on modern on striation principles and
Analysis method ie, Gantt charts, critical path methods (CPM) and (P.E.R.T).

2.17.2 Stages in construction

The following are the distinct stages founding construction:
• Briefing stage
• Designing stage
• Tendering stage
• Construction stage
• Commission stage

2.18 CONSTRUCTION TEAM

The construction personnel include the client (owner), engineers and the contractor. These
personnel will come together to plan and execute a particular project.

2.19 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

For effective and efficient implementation of the project, activities will be essential at

5
various stages as indicated below;
• Pre-tender stage
• Contract stage

2.20 CONTRACT SCHEDULING

It will involve arranging activities according to order of priority. Scheduling would be done by
use of:
• Table charts for construction work
• Labor schedules
• Finance schedules

UPGRADING OF 4KM ROAD FROM KONGONI VOCATIONAL COLLEGE TO

ELDORET- KITALE HIGHWAY TO BITUMINOUS STANDARD
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITY
Operation Activity Method of Human Plant Duration
sequence labor
1 Site Building 4 skilled 2 week
establishment temporary huts, 6 unskilled
offices
and stores
2 Site preparation Survey and site 4 skilled 2Low loader 1 week
and clearance bush clearing. 8 unskilled
Moving
machines and
equipment to
the site

3 General Mounting,and 2 plant Bull-dozer 1 week

excavation fine grading operator and graders
th
4 Aggregate Crushed 2 operator Chips 1 week

6
 base and stones and spreader and
asphalt placing gravel, and bituminous
bitumen up to plant
4 layers

2.21 ARCHITECTURAL MODELING

Involves making of a three dimension representation of the project proposal. It was meant to
provide this client with first Hand miniature reality of the project and also assist in identifying
various building elements found in the actual project.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY (METHODS OR PROCEDURE)

3.1 SITE SURVEYING

This section of the proposal deals with the following aspects Drainage
Site survey
Construction technology
Construction management
Pavement design

3.2 SURVEY EQUIPMENTS

The surveying equipment will be used to determine ground measurement, directions and
levels.

3.2.1 Chain survey equipment

• Optical square
• Compass
• Steelband;30m

7
3.2.2 Ancillary Equipment

• Ranging roads
• Pen sand field notebook
• Chaining arrows–10pieces

3.2.3 b Leveling Equipment and ancillaries

Leveling staffs complete with:
• hand bubbles–4
• Theodolite–1
• Wooden pegs–10
• Field level book
• 2M ranging rods and optical square.

3.3 BUDGET (ESTIMATED COST OF THE PROJECT)

ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY PRICE/ UNIT TOTAL COST
NO. (Kshs) (kshs)
1 Modeling board 3 800 2400
2 Flocked carpet 2 500 1000
3 Chain surveying board 1 800 800
4 Survey arrow 3 600 1800
5 Tape measure 4 200 800
6 Soft board 1 1500 1500
7 Book binding book 1 300 300
8 Tracing papers 1 1500 1500
9 Transparencies 1 300 300
10 Plotting papers 1 400 400
11 Testing fee N/A 1500 1500
12 Blue printing N/A 600 600
13 Type setting N/A 800 800

8
14 Binding N/A 250 250
TOTALS 13,950

9
3.4 SOIL ALIGNMENT

3.4.1 INTRODUCTION
Materials investigation for the proposed road was done by field investors and laboratory test
according to BS 1995 to determine the characteristics of the soil in the proposed road.

3.4.2 SAMPLING
Soil samples were taken at an interval due to the challenges given and the trails pits were fug at 1
m2 excluding 0.35 of the top soil. Therefore, the trail pots were dug in the following

Trail pit I 0.000

Trail pit II 0 + 90

Trail pit III 0 +180

3.4.3 LABORATORY TEST

In the laboratory the following test were carried out Particle

size distribution

Unterberg limit tests Standard

compaction

CBR 7 day soak

3.5 STANDARD COMPACTION TEST (PROCTOR TEST)

It was carried out to determine the strength of the soil to be used in earthworks. A standard
proctor test was done T99/T180 in each trail pit and graph was plotted to

10
determine the MDD and OMC of test samples as shown on the proctor form. Apparatus
A cylindrical metal mould (110 mm interval diameter) and internal effective height of
100.5 mm i.e 1000cm3 volumes
The mould is fitted with a detachable base plate and a removable extension approximately 50mm
high
5kg rammer
A balance readable and accurate to 1g
Palette knife (with a blade approximately to 100mm land and 20mm wide) A
straight edge
A 25mm BS test sieve A
large metal tray
10 tins for moisture content determination

Procedure

Take a 2.5kg sample of air dried soil passing 20mm BS sieve Weigh the
mould with base plate attached and record as ml,
Place the mould on a solid base and compact the soil in three approximate equal layers each 27
blows.
Remove the extension and the excess amount of soil struck off by straight edge making it level.
The weight of the mould is taken and recorded as m2
The compared soil specimen is taken and put in a tin for content determination
The more samples of the soil of 2.5 kgs were weighed and each added 100ml, 200ml and then
the procedure described above followed.

11
CALCULATIONS

The bulk of ach compacted specimen was calculated as = m2-m1

1000
Where m1 = mass of mould + base (g)

M2 = mass of mould + base+ soil (g) Dry

density (d) = 100r

100+W

Where W = moisture content

MDD average = 1220+1310+1360.1

3 = 34.4

CONCLUSION
The maximum dry density ranges from 1200 – 1400kg/cm3 and it shows that the soil is not
suitable foundation in engineering construction unless improvement is done.

3.5.1 ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST

The most accurate and modern method of determining the plastic limit is the core penetration.
Alternative is the casa grade apparatus based on the BS 1377 which is not very accurate.
Atterberg limit include liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index

The following tests were carried out:

• Liquid limit (LL)

12
 • Plastic limit (PL)

• Liquid limit (LI)

• Linear shrinkage (LS)

• Plasticity index (PI)

• Shrinkage limit (SL)

(a) LIQUID LIMIT

Done in accordance to BS 1377 To 1975 by use of cone penetrometer. Moisture content
corresponding to 22mm cone penetration was taken as a liquid limit as shown in the form.

Average LL = 62+63+68
3
= 64.3

(b) PLASTIC LIMIT

After the soil sample passed through BS425 sieve and mixed with distilled water. It is formed a
plastic homogenous paste which was rolled into a thread of about 3mm diameters paste which it
began to crack.
Plastic limit in each sample was determined as shown in the form.
Average PL = 34+39+50
3
= 41

13
 (c) PLASTIC
INDEX PI = LL-PL
PI = 64.3-41
PI = 23.3
(d) LIQUID
INDEX LI = W-
PI*

100

14
 PI
Where W = water content
(e) SHRINKAGE LIMIT
Soil passing BS425 SIEVE EST IS mixed with distilled water to form paste which is placed in
a mould to air dry slowly until it ceased. Results are calculated in % Average SL = (I- length
of dried specimen) * 100
Initial length
ANALAYSIS

SAMPLE NO.
L . L % P . L % P . I % S . L % C O N C L U S I O N

1 7 5 3 4 4 1 1 8 V e r y h i g h
2 6 2 3 0 3 2 1 6 High plastic clay
3 7 0 3 2 3 8 7 High plastic clay
4 6 4 3 5 2 9 1 5 High plastic silt

CONCLUSION
As per the above from the manual part III and the test figure from the soil, it shows that the soil
is high plastic silt.

3.5.2 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

The main aim of classifying a soil sample is to obtain a consistent and internationally recognized
description of the soil sample. This facilitates interchange of general information about similar
soil and forms a base for decision or former test required for the solution of particular
engineering problems

APPARATUS FOR DRY METHOD

15
British standard sieves
1mm, 2mm,5mm,7.5mm,10mm, 15mm, 30mm, and appropriate receivers
Balance
Sieve brush and a wire brush
At least 6 metal trays (300mm diameter – 400mm)
After quartering, materials were passed over different sizes where each sieve retained a certain
percentage of the material until the last sieve retains the remaining. The percentage of each
retained and passes were calculated as shown in the form of each trail pit, and the graph plotted
By the use of the graphs on each pit coefficient of uniformity curvature was calculated

TRAIL PIT I
CU = D60 = 12 = 34.29
D 10 0.35

CZ = D (30)2 = 0.1 = 0.02

D10D60 12×0.35

TRAIL PIT II
CU = D60 = 1 =5
D10 02

CZ = D (30)2 = (075)2 = 2.8

D10D60 1×0.2

TRAIL PIT III

CU= D60 = 1 =4
D10 0.20

CZ = D (30)2 = (0.62)2 = 1.5

D10D60 1 × 0.25

16
This implies that the soil is well graded soil

APPARATUS FOR WET METHOD

• British standard sieves
• 1mm , 2mm, 5mm,7.5mm,10mm,15mm,30mm, 35mm and appropriate receivers.
• Balance
• Multiple slot type(riffle boxed)
• A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining temperature of 1050c to
1100 c
• At least 6 metal trays
• Two large metal or plastic water tight trays
• Scoop
• Sieves brushes and wire brush
• Sodium haxametaphosphate
• A quantity rubber rubbing about 6mm bore

CALCULATIONS
% retained on 150mm sieve = mass (retained in 150mm sieve) 100 Total
mass
The rest of the masses in the different sieves were calculated in a similar manner The
sample was weighed and soaked for 24hrs and then washed. The results are recorded and
the graph plotted as shown in the form.

3.5.3 CALIFONIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) (4 days soak)

The objective of this test was to establish the behavior and strength of the soil in its worst
condition so as to determine whether it needs to be improved or not.

APPARATUS
• 5mm and 20mm BS sieve
• 3 cylindrical metal moulds having an internal diameter of 152mm and internal

17
 effective height of 1.7mm with a detachable base plate and 50mm deep collar
• Cylindrical metal plunger 5
• California bearing ratio plunger

DYMANIC 3 POINT COMPACTION

Procedure:
- A 6kg of the material passing 20mm BS sieve for each specimen was obtained.
- The present moisture content of the material was determined before mixing with water
- The OMC of the soil was taken from the average values of the two tests in the proctor test.
- The amount of the water to be calculated as
- Amount of water (W) = OMC – PMC × 6000
Where OMC = Optimum moisture content
PMC = present Moisture content
- The mould was weighed together with the base plate and the weight recorded
- The soil was put on a tray and mixed thoroughly with the amount of water calculated in three
different samples. The filter paper of 150mm diameter was put in the mould according to the
number of layers in each mould
- A sample portion of the mixed materials was taken for the determination of the
moisture content
- Each layer was compacted with a 4.5kg rammer, first specimen 65 blows to each, second
specimen 5 layers 35 blows to each and third specimen 5 layers 10 blows to each
- The collar was removed and excess material trimmed parallel to the top using a straight
edge and each specimen was weighed recording the weight
- Bulky and dry density of each specimen was calculated

18
- The surcharge weight was placed over the specimen and the moulds immersed in water
- Dial gauges were placed on the top of the soil steam and the final dial gauges
recording read and recorded. The specimens were soaked for four days
- On the fourth day, the dial gauge was put on the soil steam and the final dial gauge reading
recorded.
The moulds were removed from the water and allowed to drain for allowed 15 minutes. Each
specimen was penetrated from the top and the bottom side.
Calibrations was given to the Kenya Bureau of Standard to the ministry of public works as
follows:
: 2.5 mm penetration = 13.02 per division 5.0mm
penetration = 19.85 per division CALCULATIONS
The forces as 2.5 × 100 = % CBR at 2.5 mm
13
The force at 5.0 × 100 = % CBR AT 5.0MM
20

ANALYSIS FOR CBR

After calculation of CBR value of the sub grade from 5-6.5% hence concluding the sub grade can
be classified from S1 to S2.

TRAIL PIT C B R % SUB GRADE STRENGTH AFTER 4 DAY

SOAK

1 3 . 4 5 2
2 9 . 2 -
3 5 . 4 5 2

Source: (road design manual part III)

19
 RECOMMENDATION ON SOIL TESTS RESULTS
Out of the results, it showed that the soil has high plasticity, clay silt soil and cannot bear any
foundation in engineering construction. Therefore it needs to be improved and stabilized before
laying the pavement layers over it.

3.6 LOCATION OF TEMPORARY BENCH MARK (T.B.M) PROCEDURE

A temporary bench mark will be established with reference to an existing benchmark at kongoni
vocational college just within kongoni ,which is named T.B.M OB, established from taking a
series on flying levels.
The survey data will be blocked in a leveling sheet and used to draw a graph with the ground
levels (drawing) number 011 after determining the reduced levels at each ranging rods and tapes.

MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATION AND COSTING PAGE

PROJECT UPGRADING OF 4KM ROAD FROM KONGONI DESIGNER DIANA
VOCATIONAL TO ELDORET-KITALE HIGHWAY TO AKINYI
BITUMINOUS STANDARD INDEX NO.

CLIENT KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL PAPER

NO.
TITLE LEVELLING
B.S I.S F.S H.O.C REDUCED/LEVEL DISTANCE REMARKS
0 . 8 6 2 5040.862 BM 5040 at the gate
20
 1 . 070 L 5 0 3 9 . 7 9 2 0 + 0 0 0
1 . 079 L 5 0 3 9 . 7 8 3
1 . 099 R 5 0 3 9 . 7 6 3
1 . 128 R 5 0 3 9 . 7 3 4 0 + 0 2 0

1.198 5 0 3 9 . 6 6 4 0 + 0 4 0
1.191 5 0 3 9 . 6 7 1
1.183 5 0 3 9 . 6 7 9
1.172 5 0 3 9 . 6 9 0 0 + 0 6 0

1.751 5 0 3 9 . 1 1 1 0 + 0 8 0
1.742 5 0 3 9 . 1 2 0
1.734 5 0 3 9 . 1 2 8
1.726 5 0 3 9 . 1 3 6 0 + 1 0 0

2.840 5 0 3 8 . 0 2 2 0 + 1 2 0
2.838 5 0 3 8 . 0 2 4
0 . 5 2 2 2.832 5 0 3 8 . 0 3 0
2.824 5 0 3 8 . 0 3 8 0 + 1 4 0

4 . 1 2 5 5045.509 0 + 1 6 0
4.012 5 0 4 1 . 4 9 7
4.004 5 0 4 1 . 5 0 5
4.266 5 0 4 1 . 2 4 3 0 + 1 8 0
4.996 5 0 4 0 . 5 1 3

21
22
MEASUREMENT ESTIMATING AND COSTING PAGE
SUBJECT UPGRADING OF 4 KM ROAD DESIGNE DIANA AKINYI
FROM KONGONI VOCATIONAL
COLLEGE TO ELDORET-KITALE R INDEX
HIGHWAY TO BITUMINOUS
STANDARD NO

KENYA NATIONAL PAPER NO

EXAMINATION
COUNCIL
CALCULATION OF AREA
ch 0 + 020
ch 0 + 000 r = 6.2 , p =2 , n = 2, h = 2 , b = 6
r= 6.3 , p =2 , n = 2, h = 2 , b = 6 w1 = r + b + hp
r+p 2
w1 = r+ b + hp
r+ p 2
w1 = 6.2 + 6 + 2x2
6.2 + 2 2
w1 = 6.3 + 6 + 2x2
6.3 + 2 2 = 5.29M2

= 5.31M2 w2 = r - b + hp
r-p 2
w2 = r - b + hp
r-p 2
w2 = 6.2 - 6 + 2x2
6.2 - 2 2
w2 = 6.3 6 + 2.2 x 2
6.3 - 2 2 =10.33m2

=10.26m2 Area of cut

23
 ½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 }

Area of cut 2 2
½ p{ (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 } ½ x 2 { (5.29 + 10.33) (6_+ 2 x2) - 6 2
2 2 2 2
½ x 2 { (5.31 + 10.26) ( 6 + 2 x2) - = 91.34m2
622
2
= 90.99m2

24
MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING AND COSTING PAGE

SUBJECT UPGRADING OF 4KM ROAD DESIGNE DIANA AKINYI

FROM KONGONI
VOCATIONAL COLLEGE TO R INDEX
ELDORET-KITALE HIGHWAY
TO BITUMINOUS NO
STANDARD
CLIENT KENYA NATIONAL PAPER NO
EXAMINATION
COUNCIL
CALCULATION OF AREA
ch 0 + 060
ch 0 + 040 r = 5.4, p =2 , n = 2, h = 2 , b = 6
r =6.08 , p =2 , n = 2, h = 2.1 , b = 6 w1 = r + b + hp
w1 = r + b + hp r+p 2
r+p 2

w1 = 6.08 + 6 + 2.1 x 2 w1 = 5.4 + 6 + 2x2

6.08 + 2 2 5.4 + 2 2

= 5.42M2 = 5.12M2

w2 = r - b + hp w2 = r - b + hp
r -p 2 r-p 2

w2 = 6.08 - 6 + 2.1 x 2 w2 = 5.4 - 6 + 2x2

6.08 - 2 2 5.4 - 2 2

=10.73m2 =11.12m2

Area of cut Area of cut

24
½ p{ (w1 + w2) ( b + h) - b2 } ½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 }

2 2 2 2
½ x 2 { (5.42 + 10.73) ( 6 + 2.1 x2) - 6 2 ½ x 2 { (5.12 + 11.12) ( 6 + 2 x2) - 6 2
2 2 2 2
= 98.28m2 = 95.68m2

24
MEASUREMENT ESTIMATING AND COSTING PAGE
SUBJECT UPGRADING OF 4KM ROAD DESIGNE DIANA AKINYI
FROM KONGONI VOCATIONAL
COLLEGE TO ELDORET-KITALE R INDEX
HIGHWAY TO BITUMINOUS
STANDARD NO

KENYA NATIONAL PAPER NO

EXAMINATION
COUNCIL
CALCULATION OF AREA
ch 0 + 100
ch 0 + 080 r = 4.8, p =2 , n = 2, h = 1.32 , b = 6
r = 5.8 , p =2 , n = 2, h = 1.4 , b = 6 w1 = r + b + hp
w1 = r + b + hp r+p 2
r+p 2

w1 = 4.8 + 6 + 1.32 x 2
w1 = 5.8 + 6 + 1.4 x 2 4.8 + 2 2
5.8 + 2 2
= 3.98M2
= 4.31M2
w2 = r - b + hp
w2 = r - b + h p r-p 2
r- p 2

w2 = 4.8 - 6 + 1.32 x 2
w2 = 5.8 - 6 + 1.4 x 2 4.8 - 2 2
5.8 - 2 2
=9.67m2
40
 =8.85m2
Area of cut
Area of cut ½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 }
½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 } 2 2
2 2 ½ x 2 { (3.98 + 9.67) ( 6 + 1.32 x2) - 6 2
½ x 2 { (4.31 + 8.85) ( 6 + 1.4 x2) - 6 2 2 2
2 2 = 58.99m2
= 58.33m2

MEASUREMENT ESTIMATING AND COSTING PAGE

UPGRADING OF 4KM ROAD FROM KONGONI DIANA AKINYI

VOCATIONAL COLLEGE TO ELDORET-KITALE
HIGHWAY TO BITUMINOUS STANDARD
CLIENT KENYA NATIONAL PAPER NO
EXAMINATION
COUNCIL
CALCULATION OF AREA
ch 0 + 120 ch 0 + 140
r = 8.3 , p =2 , n = 2, h = 2, b = 6 r = 5.6, p =2 , n = 2, h = 1.5 , b = 6
w1 = r + b + hp w1 = r + b + hp
r+p 2 r+p 2

40
w1 = 8.3 + 6 + 2x2 w1 = 5.6 + 6 + 1.5 x 2
8.3 + 2 2 5.6 + 2 2

= 5.64M2 = 4.42M2

w2 = r - b + hp w2 = r - b + hp
r-p 2 r-p 2

w2 = 8.3 - 6 + 2x2 w2 = 5.6 6 + 1.5 x 2

8.3 - 2 2 5.6 - 2 2

=9.22m2 =9.33m2

Area of cut Area of cut

½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 } ½ p{w1+ w2) ( b + hp) - b2 }
2 2 2 2
½ x 2 { (5.64 + 9.22) ( 6 + 2x2) - 6 2 ½ x 2 { (4.42 + 9.33) ( 6 + 1.5 x2) - 6 2
2 2 2 2
= 86.02m2 = 42.40m2

40
MEASUREMENT ESTIMATING AND COSTING PAGE
SUBJECT UPGRADING OF4KM ROAD DESIGNE DIANA AKINYI
FROM KONGONI VOCATIONAL
COLLEGE TO ELDORET-KITALE R INDEX
HIGHWAY TO BITUMINOUS
STANDARD NO

CLIENT KENYA NATIONAL PAPER NO

EXAMINATION
COUNCIL
CALCULATION OF AREA
ch 0 + 160 ch 0 + 180
r= 5.6 , p =2 , n = 2, h = 1.8, b = 6 r = 3.3, p =2 , n = 2, h = 1.6 , b = 6
w1 = r b + hp w1 = r b + hp
r+p 2 r+p 2

w1 = 5.6 6 + 1.8 x 2 w1 = 3.3 6 + 1.6 x 2

5.6 + 2 2 3.3 + 2 2

= 4.86M2 = 3.86M2

w2 = r b + hp w2 = r b + hp
r -p 2 r-p 2

w2 = 5.6 6 + 1.8 x 2 w2 = 3.3 6 + 1.6 x 2

5.6 - 2 2 3.3 - 2 2

=10.27m2 =15.74m2

40
Area of cut Area of cut
½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 } ½ p { (w1 + w2) ( b + hp) - b2 }
2 2 2 2
½ x 2 { (4.86 + 10.27) ( 6 + 1.8x2) - 6 2 ½ x 2 { (3.86+ 15.74) ( 6 + 1.6 x2) - 6 2
2 2 2 2
= 81.86m2 = 103.52m2

CALCULATION OF VOLUMES

CHAINAGE VOLUME OF CUT VOLUME OF FILL TOTAL VOLUME

00 – 020 (25.95+22.48 ) 20 484.3M3

2

020 – 040 (22.48+24.55) 20 470.3M3

2

040 – 060 (24.55+23.57)20 481.2M3

2

060 – 080 (23.57+14.58)20 381.5M3

2

080 – 100 (14.58+14.75) 20 293.3M3

2

40
100 – 120 (14.75+34.23) 20 489.8M3
2

120 – 140 (34.23+16.13) 20 503.6M3

2

40
 140 – 160 (16.13+20.46)20 365.9M3
2

160 – 180 (20.46+25.86) 20 463.2M3

2

Scale
Hor. 1: 100
CH 0+000 Vert. 1: 100

2.5 2.5 3.5

100 Formation level

Scale

Hor. 1: 100
CH 0+020 Vert. 1: 100

40

2.5 2.5
100 Formation level
CH 0+040 Scale
Hor. 1:100
Vert. 1:100

2.5 2.5 3.5

Formation level
100

Scale
Hor. 1:100
CH 0 + 060 Vert.1:100

2.5 2.5 3.5

Formation level

CH 0 + 080 Scale
40

2.5 2.5 3.5

 Hor. 1: 100
Vert. 1: 100

Formation level

CH 0 + 100 Scale
Hor. 1: 100
Vert. 1:100 Formation

2.5 2.5 3.5

level

CH 0+120

Hor. 1:100
Vert. 1:100

2.5 Q 2.5
Formation level

Scale
Hor. 1:100
Vert. 1:100

2.5 2.5 3.5

 Scale
CH 0+160 Hor. 1:100
Vert. 1:100

100

2.5 2.5 3.5 Formation level

Scale
CH 0+180 Hor. 1:100
Vert. 1:10

2.5 2.5 Formation level

3.5

40
CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 PAVEMENT DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed road is a flexible designed road and it is designed on the basis of the road manual
part III.

4.1.1 THE SUB GRADE

Out of the soil test results got after the laboratory test, it analysis that the soil falls under S2
i.e. after the CBR value of 6% was got.
The rest analyzes the soil and found it’s a high clay silt soil; this is form the design manual
part III. Therefore, this concludes that the soil is not suitable for sub grade unless
improved with S3 granular material for it to increase the strength

4.1.2 TRAFFIC FACTORS

Since the proposed access road from Rukuriri tea factory to Mugui is a class E and has a traffic
volume, class T5 adopted
The anticipated axle load of this class is 0.25 – 0.91 million for the design period of 13 years and
annual growth of 7.5%

4.2 PAVEMENT STRUCTURES DESIGN

The following factors were considered:
 Economic factors
 Availability of the material for the project
 Type of the pavement Thus
the following were adopted:
- Soil class S3 = 7 – 13%
- Adopted traffic class – T5
- Pavement type B was selected

40
 Pavement consists of the following layers:
• Wearing course – wearing surface
• Base course – double surface dressing
• Road base – graded crashed stone class C

Sub……………………………………………
base – improved natural material 30mm double surface
…………
dressing(asphalt) 150mm base concrete
//////////////////////////////////////
200mm sub base course
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
4.3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT

4.3.1 WEARING
COURSE BITUMEN
Prime coat – MC30 shall be used to water proof the road base at spray rate of 1:2 i.e.
1L per 1 M2 of the ground
Track coat – (MC250, 500 or 3000) will be used to blend the required bond. The spray rate of
0:6:1 will be used
Binder – Mc3000 mixed with some activities will be used to
CHIPPING
They shall be of class 4 since the 200 per day with the following requirements:
• L.A.A max 35
• A.C.V max 26
• S.S.S max 12
• F.I max 25
The chipping will be 1.2% passing 0.075 BS and free from any solvent material. 10/14 or 0/6
should be used on this road chipping grade.

S I E V E NORMAL SIZE (mm)

- 1 0 / 1 4 0 / 6
2 8 - -

40
 2 0 1 0 0 -
1 4 8 5 - 1 0 0 -
1 0 6 - 3 0 1 0 0
6 3 0 - 7 8 5 - 1 0 0
5 - -
3 - 0 - 3 0
2 - 0 - 1 0
0 . 5 - 0 - 2

SURFACE DRESSING DESIGN

Chipping size
A.L.D for 0/6 = 4.1 mm

A.L.D for 10/14 = 8.8mm

In this road the chipping will be got away from the site

4.3.2. ROAD BASE

It shall have 100mm thick of natural gravel with C.B.R of at least 56% at 95 MDD (modified
ASHTO) after 4 days soak
• Gravel requirement shall be as follows :
• Aggregate crushing value (A.C.V) 40%
• Plasticity index 20%
• Los Angeles Abrasion test (L.A.A) 100%
• Materials shall be graded as follows:

GRADING AFTER COMPACTION

40
 S I E V ( m m ) 5 BY WEIGHT PASSING
E
5 1 0 0
7 . 5 9 5 - 1 0 0
1 0 8 0 - 1 0 0
2 0 6 0 - 1 0 0
3 0 3 5 - 9 0
3 5 2 0 - 7 5
4 0 1 2 - 5 0
5 0 1 0 - 4 0
6 0 7 - 3 3
7 5 4 - 2 0

CONDITIONS OF THE MATERIAL

Should be kept wet during handling or transporting them with initial moisture content to avoid
segregation .
Stock piling should not exceed 5.0m high.
Should have a minimum piling thickness of a 2mm of compacted layer using grade compaction.
Should have a minimum dry density of 95% MDD (modified ASHTO). This increases the
bearing strength provided the modular hardness is adequate.
Should have moisture content between 805 to 105%

4.3.3 SUB – BASE

It should have a thickness of 200mm natural compacted to 80% MDD (modified ASHTO) 4 days
soak and end minimum 80%

40
GRADING (NATURAL GRAVER)
Uniformity of coefficient minimum 5% Plasticity
index 20%
Plasticity modules maximum 25%
Maximum size of the gravel should be 2/3 thickness of 25%

4.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

The construction of the road pavement will involve the following activities.
• Decoration of verandas
• General excavation e.g Top soil stripping
• Formation of the sub-grade improved materials is used
• Formation of road base
• Formation of road base
• Formation of wearing course – this will involve double surfacing

GRADIENT OF PAVEMENT
The proposed road is bitumen standard and shall have the following:
• Carriage way cross fall – 2-5%
• Shoulder slope -4%

40
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DRAINAGE

5.1 DRAINAGE FACILITIES

There are facilities which are used to drain water out of the road which may course weakness to
the pavement structure.
The following facilities will be provided
- Calvert
- Side drain
- Scour checks

5.1.1 CALVERT
Since there is no Calvert existing, a cross Calvert will be provided according to specified
chainage where there is junction and convey the water to a side drain on the left.

5.1.2 SCOUR CHECKS

These are the structure provided in the side drain to reduce the water velocity
flowing in the drain.
The reason to provide this facility is in a willing terrain and during rainy season a lot of scouring
occurs in the road hence checks are needed to reduce the velocity of water.
According to the average gradient of the road which is (5.9 +
5.6 + 7.3)%
3
=6.27%

The scour check interval will be 10m. This is according to specification below.
g r a d i e n t Scour check spacing

40
 4 % o r l e s s N o l i q u i d
5 % 2 0 m
8 % 1 0 m
1 0 % 5 m
1 2 % 4m lower ditch deepened

5.1.3 SIDE DRAIN

This is the drain parallel to the carriage way. It collects water run on the carriage way and the
adjacent areas. V shaped side drain will be used(IBDS)

5.2 EXISTING DRAINAGE FEATURES

The proposed access road from Rukuriri to Mugui had no existing side drains or culvert.

5.3 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY

The area of the proposed road experiencing high rainfall extensity according to the data
collected. Therefore the provision of the facilities in the road helps to increase the life span of
the road according to the design of 13 years.

PROJECT BRIEF
The following are the activities to be carried out in the proposed project:
• Surveying
• Soil alignment
• Geometric design
• Drainage provision

40