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Lec 07 Iteration Loop

Loops part 3

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20 views20 pages

Lec 07 Iteration Loop

Loops part 3

Uploaded by

Rajesh . K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS10003:

Programming & Data Structures

Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering


Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Autumn 2020
Iterations and
Loops – contd.
An Example
int main() {
int fact, i;
fact = 1; i = 1;
while ( i<10 ) { /* run loop –break when fact >100*/
fact = fact * i;
if ( fact > 100 ) {
printf ("Factorial of %d above 100", i);
break; /* break out of the while loop */
}
++i;
}
return 0;
3}
Test if a number is prime or not
int main() {
int n, i=2;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
while (i < n) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (“%d is not a prime \n”, n);
break;
}
++i;
}
if (i == n) printf (“%d is a prime \n”, n);
return 0;
}
More efficient??
int main() {
int n, i = 2, flag = 0;
double limit;
scanf (“%d”, &n);
limit = sqrt(n);
while (i <= limit) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (“%d is not a prime \n”, n);
flag = 1; break;
}
i = i + 1;
}
if (flag == 0) printf (“%d is a prime \n”, n);
return 0;
}
continue Statement
continue
Skips the remaining statements in the body of a
while, for or do/while structure while (expr)
Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop statement;

do {
while and do/while
statements;
Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately } while (expr);
after the continue statement is executed

for ( expr1; expr2; expr3)


for structure statement;
Increment expression is executed, then the loop-
continuation test is evaluated.
expr3 is evaluated, then expr2 is evaluated.
An Example with break and continue
int main() {
int fact = 1, i = 1;
while (1) {
fact = fact * i;
++i;
if ( i <=10 )
continue; /*not done yet! Go to loop for next iteration*/
break;
}
return 0;
}
Some Loop Pitfalls

while (sum <= NUM) ; for (i=0; i<=NUM; ++i);


sum = sum+2; sum = sum+i;

for (i=1; i!=10; i=i+2)


sum = sum+i;

double x;
for (x=0.0; x<2.0; x=x+0.2)
printf(“%.18f\n”, x);
Nested Loops: Printing a 2-D Figure

How would you print the following diagram?


*****
*****
*****

repeat 3 times
repeat 5 times
print a row of 5 *’s
print *
Nested Loops
const int ROWS = 3; row = 1;
while (row <= ROWS) {
const int COLS = 5;
/* print a row of 5 *’s */ outer
... loop
col = 1;
row = 1;
while (col <= COLS) {
while (row <= ROWS) {
printf (“* “);
/*print a row of 5 *’s*/ inner
col++; loop
}
... printf(“\n”);
++row; ++row;
} }
2-D Figure: with for loop

Print const int ROWS = 3;


***** const int COLS = 5;
....
***** for (row=1; row<=ROWS; ++row) {
***** for (col=1; col<=COLS; ++col) {
printf(“* ”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
Another 2-D Figure

Print const int ROWS = 5;


* ....
** int row, col;
for (row=1; row<=ROWS; ++row) {
*** for (col=1; col<=row; ++col) {
**** printf(“* ”);
***** }
printf(“\n”);
}
2d-figure.c
Yet Another One

const int ROWS = 5;


Print
....
***** int row, col;
**** for (row=0; row<ROWS; ++row) {
*** for (col=1; col<=row; ++col)
** printf(" ");
* for (col=1; col<=ROWS-row; ++col)
printf("* ");
printf ("\n");
}
break and continue with nested loops

For nested loops, break and continue are matched with


the nearest loops (for, while, do-while)

Example:
while (i < n) {
for (k=1; k < m; ++k) {
if (k % i == 0) break;
}
i = i + 1; Breaks here
}
int main()
{
int low, high, desired, i, flag = 0;
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &low, &high, &desired);
i = low;
while (i < high) {
Example for (j = i+1; j <= high; ++j) {
if (j % i == desired) {
flag = 1;
break;
} Breaks here
}
if (flag == 1) break;
i = i + 1;
Breaks here
}
return 0;
}
The comma operator
 Separates expressions
 Syntax
expr-1, expr-2, …,expr-n
where, expr-1, expr-2,… are all expressions
 Is itself an expression, which evaluates to the value of the
last expression in the sequence
 Since all but last expression values are discarded, not of
much general use
 But useful in for loops, by using side effects of the
expressions
Example

 We can give several expressions separated by


commas in place of expr1 and expr3 in a for loop to do
multiple assignments for example

for (fact=1, i=1; i<=10;++ i)


fact = fact * i;

for (sum=0, i=1; i<=N; ++i)


sum = sum + i * i;
Homework

Compute the following function given a value of x


with the accuracy of 10-6:

f(x)= 1-x2/2! + x4/4! –x6/6! + …..

You should not use any math library functions


or C function to calculate factorial.
Computing standard deviation
N
1 2
The Steps 
N
 (x )
i 1
i

1. Read N
N
2. Read Xi 1
3. Compute Mean

N
x
i 1
i

4. Compute Standard Deviation

The Problem
Thank You!

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