Chem101 1

(Chem 101)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
First term
2023-2024
By
Dr. Mahmoud Abd-Elnaby
‫ محمود عبد النبى‬.‫د‬
Sources
1- Lectures
2- Books:
• Department booklet.
• Chemistry 10th edition by : Raymond Chang
3- Scientific Web Sites;……..
Contents
Chapter 1 “Gaseous Chapter 2 “ Liquid Chapter 3 “

State”: state” Solutions”
• Ideal and Real gases.

• Laws governing the ideal gas • General characteristics of • Components and Types of
behaviour: liquids. solutions.
(Boyle’s, Charle’s, Avogadro’s, Dalton’s,). • Evaporation, vapour pressure, • Modes of expressing
• kinetic molecular theory of ideal boiling and boiling point. concentration.
gases (KTG).
• Deviation from ideal behaviours , and
• Surface tension , capillary • Solutions of gases in liquids.
Van der Waals equation. action, Viscosity and Poiseuille • Solutions of liquids in liquids.
• The critical state and Andrews equation.
isotherms. • Completely immiscible liquids.
• Partial miscible liquids.
CHAPTER 1
GASEOUS
Gaseous State Lecture #2
STATE
The States of Matter
Matter: It is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Matter consists of very small particles called molecules:
 The molecules tend to fly apart because of their Kinetic Energy.
 There are intermolecular attractive forces among molecules called “Van der
waal’s forces”
 Accordingly the matter could be gas, liquid or solid.
EXAMPLES : water
Solid liquid gas

5
The Gaseous State
Non ideal
Ideal gas GAS Or
Real gas
1- obeys the gas laws such as 1- A real gas obeys the gas laws at
Charle’s , and Boyle’s law at all low pressures and high temperatures.
temperatures (T) and pressures (P).
2- Volume of gas molecules is very 2- Volume of gas molecules cann’t be

small and can be neglected compared neglected.
to the volume of its container.
3- There are no attraction or repulsion 3- the molecules of real gas exert

forces among the gas molecules. some attractive or repulsive forces on
each others.
Generally:
The gas behaves ideally when the temperature is very
high and the pressure is very low.
To completely describe the state of a gaseous substance, 4 quantities are needed:
–volume – amount – temperature – pressure

(force per unit area):
A gas expands The amount of a gas Pressures of gasses can be
uniformly to fill any is expressed in terms expressed in atm, or mmHg ,
container in which it of: the number of Pascal,
is placed. moles (n) & the
volume of a gas = mass in grams (m).
volume of its container
(Liters, cm3, …..): m = M x n
molar mass T K = [°C] + 273.15

1 atm = 76 cmHg = 760 mmHg
[°C] = ([°F] - 32) × 5/9 = 1 atm x 76 cm x 13.6 g/cm3 x 981 dyne/g
[°F] = [°C] × 9/5 + 32 = 1,013,961 dyne/cm2
= 1.03 x 105 Newton/m2 or (Pascal; Pa)
Chemistry department
The laws governing the ideal gas behaviour
1- Boyle’s law:
“At constant temperature (T), the volume (V) of a fixed amount

of a gas varies inversely as the pressure (P) on the gas.”
Thus if any three of these variables are known, the fourth one can be calculated.
2- Charle’s or Gay-Lussac’s Law:
‘At constant Pressure (P), the volume (V) of fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature (T)’.
• i.e. 𝑽 ∝𝑻 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑷&𝒏
• Or 𝑽 = 𝑲𝑷 𝑻 (where, KP is the proportionality constant).
𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟐
Or =
𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟏
N.B. :The absolute or Kelvin temperature, TK = t°C + 273.15

• The Mole:
“It is the number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12
grams of pure 12C”.
• This number (6.022x1023) is called Avogadro’s number.
• “ One mole of something consists of 6.022x1023 units of that substance.”
• The same as” one dozen of something contains 12 units of that thing.”
Samples containing one mole each of copper, aluminum, iron, sulfur, iodine, and (in the center) mercury.
• Molar mass (molecular weight) ; M :

The molar mass of a substance is the mass in
grams of one mole of the compound.

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(Chem 101)

Chapter 1 “Gaseous Chapter 2 “ Liquid Chapter 3 “

• Ideal and Real gases.

Solid liquid gas

2- Volume of gas molecules is very 2- Volume of gas molecules cann’t be

3- There are no attraction or repulsion 3- the molecules of real gas exert

–volume – amount – temperature – pressure

molar mass T K = [°C] + 273.15

“At constant temperature (T), the volume (V) of a fixed amount

N.B. :The absolute or Kelvin temperature, TK = t°C + 273.15

• Molar mass (molecular weight) ; M :

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