(Chem 101)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
First term
2023-2024
By
Dr. Mahmoud Abd-Elnaby
محمود عبد النبى.د
Sources
1- Lectures
2- Books:
• Department booklet.
• Chemistry 10th edition by : Raymond Chang
3- Scientific Web Sites;……..
Contents
Chapter 1 “Gaseous Chapter 2 “ Liquid Chapter 3 “
State”: state” Solutions”
• Ideal and Real gases.
• Laws governing the ideal gas • General characteristics of • Components and Types of
behaviour: liquids. solutions.
(Boyle’s, Charle’s, Avogadro’s, Dalton’s,). • Evaporation, vapour pressure, • Modes of expressing
• kinetic molecular theory of ideal boiling and boiling point. concentration.
gases (KTG).
• Deviation from ideal behaviours , and
• Surface tension , capillary • Solutions of gases in liquids.
Van der Waals equation. action, Viscosity and Poiseuille • Solutions of liquids in liquids.
• The critical state and Andrews equation.
isotherms. • Completely immiscible liquids.
• Partial miscible liquids.
CHAPTER 1
GASEOUS
Gaseous State Lecture #2
STATE
The States of Matter
Matter: It is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Matter consists of very small particles called molecules:
The molecules tend to fly apart because of their Kinetic Energy.
There are intermolecular attractive forces among molecules called “Van der
waal’s forces”
Accordingly the matter could be gas, liquid or solid.
EXAMPLES : water
Solid liquid gas
5
The Gaseous State
Non ideal
Ideal gas GAS Or
Real gas
1- obeys the gas laws such as 1- A real gas obeys the gas laws at
Charle’s , and Boyle’s law at all low pressures and high temperatures.
temperatures (T) and pressures (P).
2- Volume of gas molecules is very 2- Volume of gas molecules cann’t be
small and can be neglected compared neglected.
to the volume of its container.
3- There are no attraction or repulsion 3- the molecules of real gas exert
forces among the gas molecules. some attractive or repulsive forces on
each others.
Generally:
The gas behaves ideally when the temperature is very
high and the pressure is very low.
To completely describe the state of a gaseous substance, 4 quantities are needed:
–volume – amount – temperature – pressure
(force per unit area):
A gas expands The amount of a gas Pressures of gasses can be
uniformly to fill any is expressed in terms expressed in atm, or mmHg ,
container in which it of: the number of Pascal,
is placed. moles (n) & the
volume of a gas = mass in grams (m).
volume of its container
(Liters, cm3, …..): m = M x n
molar mass T K = [°C] + 273.15
1 atm = 76 cmHg = 760 mmHg
[°C] = ([°F] - 32) × 5/9 = 1 atm x 76 cm x 13.6 g/cm3 x 981 dyne/g
[°F] = [°C] × 9/5 + 32 = 1,013,961 dyne/cm2
= 1.03 x 105 Newton/m2 or (Pascal; Pa)
Chemistry department
The laws governing the ideal gas behaviour
1- Boyle’s law:
“At constant temperature (T), the volume (V) of a fixed amount
of a gas varies inversely as the pressure (P) on the gas.”
Thus if any three of these variables are known, the fourth one can be calculated.
2- Charle’s or Gay-Lussac’s Law:
‘At constant Pressure (P), the volume (V) of fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature (T)’.
• i.e. 𝑽 ∝𝑻 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑷&𝒏
• Or 𝑽 = 𝑲𝑷 𝑻 (where, KP is the proportionality constant).
𝑽𝟐 𝑻𝟐
Or =
𝑽𝟏 𝑻𝟏
N.B. :The absolute or Kelvin temperature, TK = t°C + 273.15
• The Mole:
“It is the number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12
grams of pure 12C”.
• This number (6.022x1023) is called Avogadro’s number.
• “ One mole of something consists of 6.022x1023 units of that substance.”
• The same as” one dozen of something contains 12 units of that thing.”
Samples containing one mole each of copper, aluminum, iron, sulfur, iodine, and (in the center) mercury.
• Molar mass (molecular weight) ; M :
The molar mass of a substance is the mass in
grams of one mole of the compound.
