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13 views7 pages

Study 1

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visisad357
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Study Note: Basics of Classical Mechanics

1. Introduction to Classical Mechanics


Classical mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of
macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical
objects such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies.

2. Newton's Laws of Motion


First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in
motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted
upon by an unbalanced external force.
Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
𝐹
=
𝑚
𝑎
F=ma
Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
𝐹
12
=
−
𝐹
21
F
12

=−F
21

3. Kinematics
Displacement (
𝑠
s): The change in position of an object.
Velocity (
𝑣
v): The rate of change of displacement.
𝑣
=
𝑑
𝑠
𝑑
𝑡
v=
dt
ds

Acceleration (
𝑎
a): The rate of change of velocity.
𝑎
=
𝑑
𝑣
𝑑
𝑡
a=
dt
dv

Equations of Motion (for constant acceleration):


𝑣
=
𝑢
+
𝑎
𝑡
v=u+at
𝑠
=
𝑢
𝑡
+
1
2
𝑎
𝑡
2
s=ut+
2
1

at
2

𝑣
2
=
𝑢
2
+
2
𝑎
𝑠
v
2
=u
2
+2as
where
𝑢
u is the initial velocity,
𝑣
v is the final velocity,
𝑎
a is the acceleration,
𝑠
s is the displacement, and
𝑡
t is the time.
4. Dynamics
Force (
𝐹
F): An interaction that causes a change in an object's motion.
Weight: The force due to gravity acting on an object.
𝑊
=
𝑚
𝑔
W=mg
Friction: The force resisting the relative motion of surfaces in contact.
Static Friction: The force that keeps an object at rest.
Kinetic Friction: The force that opposes the motion of a moving object.
5. Work, Energy, and Power
Work (
𝑊
W): The product of the force and the displacement in the direction of the force.
𝑊
=
𝐹
⋅
𝑠
W=F⋅s
Kinetic Energy (
𝐾
𝐸
KE): The energy of motion.
𝐾
𝐸
=
1
2
𝑚
𝑣
2
KE=
2
1

mv
2

Potential Energy (
𝑃
𝐸
PE): The energy stored in an object due to its position. For gravitational
potential energy,
𝑃
𝐸
=
𝑚
𝑔
ℎ
PE=mgh
Conservation of Energy: The total energy in a closed system remains constant.
𝐾
𝐸
𝑖
+
𝑃
𝐸
𝑖
=
𝐾
𝐸
𝑓
+
𝑃
𝐸
𝑓
KE
i

+PE
i

=KE
f

+PE
f

Power (
𝑃
P): The rate at which work is done.
𝑃
=
𝑊
𝑡
P=
t
W

6. Momentum
Linear Momentum (
𝑝
p): The product of an object's mass and velocity.
𝑝
=
𝑚
𝑣
p=mv
Impulse: The change in momentum resulting from a force applied over a period of
time.
𝐽
=
Δ
𝑝
=
𝐹
Δ
𝑡
J=Δp=FΔt
Conservation of Momentum: In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of
a system remains constant.
7. Circular Motion and Gravitation
Uniform Circular Motion: Motion in a circle with constant speed.
Centripetal Force: The force directed towards the center of the circle.
𝐹
𝑐
=
𝑚
𝑣
2
𝑟
F
c

=
r
mv
2

Centripetal Acceleration: The acceleration towards the center of the circle.


𝑎
𝑐
=
𝑣
2
𝑟
a
c

=
r
v
2

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Every point mass attracts every other point
mass with a force along the line intersecting both points.
𝐹
=
𝐺
𝑚
1
𝑚
2
𝑟
2
F=G
r
2

m
1

m
2

, where
𝐺
G is the gravitational constant.
8. Rotational Dynamics
Torque (
𝜏
τ): A measure of the force causing an object to rotate.
𝜏
=
𝑟
𝐹
sin
⁡
(
𝜃
)
τ=rFsin(θ)
Moment of Inertia (
𝐼
I): A measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotation.
𝐼
=
∑
𝑚
𝑖
𝑟
𝑖
2
I=∑m
i

r
i
2

Angular Momentum (
𝐿
L): The rotational equivalent of linear momentum.
𝐿
=
𝐼
𝜔
L=Iω
Conservation of Angular Momentum: The total angular momentum of a closed system
remains constant.
9. Oscillations and Waves
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): A type of periodic motion where the restoring force
is directly proportional to the displacement.
Hooke's Law:
𝐹
=
−
𝑘
𝑥
F=−kx
Frequency (
𝑓
f) and Period (
𝑇
T):
𝑓
=
1
𝑇
f=
T
1

Angular Frequency (
𝜔
ω):
𝜔
=
2
𝜋
𝑓
ω=2πf
10. Further Reading
Classical Mechanics by Herbert Goldstein
Introduction to Classical Mechanics by David Morin
Summary
Classical mechanics provides a framework for understanding the motion of objects
under the influence of forces. It encompasses fundamental concepts such as Newton's
laws, energy, momentum, and rotational dynamics, forming the basis for more
advanced studies in physics and engineering.

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