Introduction

Before Starting java we will discuss about basics of computers.

Computer Ware.

1) Hardware

2) Software

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Introduction to Software
-->Software is a collection of programs.

-->Software is a set of programs (sequence of instructions / statements) that allows the users
to perform a well-defined function or some specified task.

Software basically two categories

Software
System software Application Software
it interacts with hardware components The sole purpose of application software is to
assist the user in doing specified tasks.
Ex: Microsoft Word and Excel, as well as popular
Device drivers and Operating systems web browsers like Firefox and Google
Chrome, are examples of application software.
Except Operating Systems, all are Application
software

Device Drivers:

These are programs to communicate with hardware components every device has it’s
own drivers.

Device drivers are supplied by hardware vendors.

Ex:
Printer driver, Network drivers

Operating System:

Que)

Can we run/execute any program without OS?

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Ans:

NO

Except BIOS, to run all programs OS is required.

BIOS  Basic Input and Output System.

BIOS is a hardware program, it is a chip level program

BIOS is responsible to boot/start Operating System

Booting is a process of loading OS from Hard Disk to RAM memory.

What is an Operating System?

1) It is a platform, where we can run all the application software.

2) It is an interface / medium between hardware and application software.

3) Every Operating System has its own libraries to communicate between Application
software and Hardware components.

4) Every program has to link with OS library before going to run.

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Application Software
Front End Software Back End Software
These are to interact with end users, it collects These are used to store and maintain data
data from end users and stores into backend Ex:
Ex:
Languages & Packages Databases and Files , HDFS ( Big Data storage )

Front End Software

Languages Packages
Programmer has to write coding. It is a readymade one, ready to use.
Complexity in development of application Easy to develop the applications
Ex: MS-Office, ERP packages, Tally Accounting
C, C++, JAVA ,Python, HTML, .Net package
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Language:
Language is a mode of communication between two party/human beings.

Computer Language / Programming Language:

To interact with computer we need one language which is known as computer
Language / programming language

Languages
Low Level Languages High Level Languages
These are machine (processor) understandable These are user understandable languages
languages. These are looks likes English language
Ex: Easy to understand.
Machine Language (I GL ) and
Assembly Language (II GL ) III GL and IV GL are high level

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 Introduction

languages
Assembly language in the form of mnemonic
codes /symbolic code.

Assembler Converts assembly language into

machine language

Software Languages:
================

1) Computer Understandable Language / Low Level Language

2) User Understandable Language / High Level Language

Computer Understandable Language:

============================

That depends on Generation of Computers.

There are five generations

I Gen --> Vaccum Tubes based

II Gen --> Transistor based

III Gen --> IC based

IV Gen --> Processor based (Present)

V Gen --> AI based (Present & Future)

Processor based Computer Understandable Language:

It is binary code (10011001011)

It is a System Understandable language.

System --> processor

AI based understandable language, is high level language like, R, java and Python

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Software languages are two Categories

1) Low Level Language

2) High Level Language

1) Low Level Language:

==================

it is a System/Machine understandable language

it is in the form of binary code ( 11000010010101010 )

System --> Processor

It is a Processor understandable language

Processor --> 8085 and 8086

It is called as Machine Language

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Machine Language/ Binary Language:

Machine Language is a language which is directly understood by the Computer, because it
is written in 0 & 1 and Computer understand 0 & 1 only.

Ex:
DD Singh (In ASCII D = 68, D = 68,etc.)

Each ASCII is converted into Binary which is understood by Machine.

Drawback Of Machine Language:-

It is a boring job to write each and every thing in the 0 & 1 or we can say that it is a TDS
(Tedious) job.

Assembly Language:
Assembly language uses the symbolic code instead of the numeric code. Symbolic code is also
known as Mnemonic Code.

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Disadvantage of Assembly Language:

Assembly Language was the Processor dependent language.

Note:-
These two languages (Machine & Assembly) are the Low level languages. Low Level Languages
are those languages which are having the dependency on the hardware.

To overcome this problem (Hardware Dependency) some high level languages was introduced.
These Languages are-

COBOL- Common Business Oriented Language

BASIC- Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
FORTRAN- Formula Translation
ALGOL- Algorithm Language

Disadvantage of above high level languages:

These all languages are the target based languages.

Ex:
COBOL is used for Business Oriented project, FORTRAN is used for Scientific Calculations,
etc.

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 Introduction

To overcome the above problem (Target Based) one language was introduced i.e. C.
C is the middle level language because in that we can do the low-level programming as well
as we can do the high-level programming.

2) High Level Language:

===================

it is like a English Language, it is very easy to Understand

Ex:
C, C++, Java, Python, HTML, C#, Scala..

Every High Level Language program has to convert into binary code (10100101110 )

High Level Language ---> Binary code

Interpreter or Compiler converts from High Level Language to Binary code.

Generation of Languages

I GL Machine Language , It is in form of binary code ( 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0)

Low Level
Languages Assembly Language in form of mnemonic codes
II GL
Assembler coverts assembly language into binary code
(Procedure Oriented Programming languages ) Cobol, Pascal, Basic,
High Level III GL
FORTRAN ,C,Python
Languages
IV GL (Functional, OOP, Object Based languages ) C, C++, Java,. Net

Procedure and Function, both are set of statements to perform some specific task,

The difference is that, function returns a value whereas procedure does not return a value.

Compliers and interpreters are used to convert from high level languages into low level
language (processor understandable language)

Difference between compiler and interpreter

S.No Interpreter Compiler

1 It interprets line by line and executes Whole program at a time
2 It gives the result line by line It gives whole output at a time

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If any error occurs interpreter stops It checks all statements in the program and
3
Hence it shows only one error shows all the errors in the program.
If no errors in the program, then it generates
4 It will not generate executable file.
executable file.
5 It always executes only source code It executes exe file

6 all scripting languages. all programming language

Ex;
Ex: HTML, PERL, Java Script, Python,
7 C, C++ and C#.Net
Shell
Interpreter based languages don’t have exe Every program converts into exe file
8 file concept.
Open Source, it can be modified any time It is not an open source , it is exe based , it’s
9 code can not be modified.
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Java  depends on both Compiler as well as interpreter,In Java Errors Checking by the Compiler

If no errors, then Java compiler generates .class file

.class file is a byte code file

Java runtime by the Interpreter

[Source Code ( .java ) ]  javac ( java compiler )  [Byte Code file ( .class ) ]  java ( interpreter ) 
byte code  binary and links with OS Library  Output

Source Code  Byte Code  Binary Code  Processor  Output

Source Code  Byte Code  [java compiler]

Byte Code  Binary Code  [java interpreter]

Java depending on Both Compiler as well as Interpreter.

Java runtime is an Interpreter based.

Any language, runtime is an interpreter based, no exe file.

Since Java runtime is an Interpreter based, No exe file concept in Java.

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 Introduction

Que)

Can we create .exe file[Executable File] in Java

Ans)

NO

There is no Concept of exe files in Java,

In Java everything is a .class file, .class file is not an exe file.

.exe file is a binary code file and it is a Processor Understandable language.

.class file is a byte code file and it is a JVM / JRE Understandable Language

.exe file is an OS dependent, .class file is an independent of OS.

Que)

.EXE file is prepared on Windows OS, Can I run that .exe on Linux OS. ?

Ans:

No

Reason:

.exe file is an Operating System dependent.

Que)

Why .exe file is OS Dependent?

Ans:

What is a Linker
A linker is a computer program that takes one or more object files generated by a compiler and

Combines/merge them into one, executable program.

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Ex:

Let Us Assume You are creating one small calculator project in C Programming Language in that you

have created 4 c program like

Add.c , Sub.c , Mult.c and Div.c

Why .exe file is OS dependent ?

Ans:-

Because It[.exe) Contains OS Specific Library.

Since exe file linked with OS Library, It is an OS Dependent.

Ex:

C Program Exe file, Prepared on Windows OS, then it contains,

[Binary Code/Machine Code for C-Program] + [Binary Code/Machine Code for C

Library] + [Binary Code for Windows OS Library]
Exe file contains binary code,
It is a file with actual program code, application software library, and OS library and hardware
information.

Exe file is OS dependent as it contains OS library.

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Exe file is prepared file for specific operating system.

Ex:
Any exe file prepared on windows will not execute on Linux and vice versa

Java Byte Code files not an exe file.

Exe file always links With OS Library.

Test.exe file prepare on Win OS, Then it links with Win OS Library.

Test.exe file working On different operating systems (Platform)

Above thing will not work.

OS Library Links with Exe file, at the time of generating exe file.

It is a statically linking.

JAVA:

Java Program .class file, Prepared on Windows OS , Then it contains ,

[BYTE Code for Java Program] + [Byte Code For Java Library].

It is a Purely Java Program in Byte Code Format.

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.class file is free from OS Library. It Don’t have any OS Library.

Java Program .class file is prepared on any OS, It Don’t have any OS Library.

Test.class file Working on different platform Operating System.

In Java , .class file dynamically linking to OS Library by the JVM.

Since it is linking dynamically to current OS .It[Java] is Independent of OS

(Platform).

Difference between .exe file and .class file:

.exe file .class file
1) It is a binary code file It is a byte code file
2) It is a system understandable language It is a JVM understandable language
3) It contains program code + Software It is a Pure Java program in byte format.
Library + OS library Don’t have any OS library
It contains byte code for java program + Byte
Code for Java Library
4) .exe file is a prepared file for specific OS .class file is not a prepared file, it don’t have
any OS library
5) OS library, statically linking with exe OS library dynamically linking with .class file
file at run time .
6) Exe file is already prepared one, before .class file is not a prepared file , after moving on
moving OS to OS, JVM prepares as per current OS
7) Exe file executes faster than .class file Since .class file preparing at runtime , it
executes slowly than exe file
8) To run .exe file , Application Software To run .class file JDK/JRE/JVM should be
not required to install installed on OS.

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Java is an independent of platform, what does it mean?

Platform means -> Operating system

Java Program can run on any Operating System.

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Recape

Introduction to Programming:

Why Communication:

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History of Java:

What is JAVA:

Java is a programming language / computer language/Coding Language.

or

Java is High Level , Object Oriented, Internet Programming Language & a

Platform Independent Language.

It uses main two terms, i.e:

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1. Java [Programming Language]

2. JDK [Software]

Note:

In jdk 1.2 & jdk 1.5, highly or drastic changes occurs in JAVA.

JDK & JRE is essential for Development Machine.

JRE is essential for Production Machine.

Platform:

Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, known as a

platform.

Since Java has its own Runtime Environment (JRE) and API (Application
Programming Interface). it is called platform.

Java Platform= JRE + API(Library)

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Where it is used?

According to Sun (The Sun name is derived from the initials of the Stanford
University Network.), 3 billion devices run java.

There are many devices where java is currently used

Some of them are as follows:

1) Stand Alone Application / Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader,

media player, antivirus etc.

2) Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, icicibank.com etc.

3) Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.

Types of Java Applications:

1. Standalone Application / Desktop Application

2. Web Application / Enterprise Application

3. Mobile Application

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1) Standalone Application:

It is also known as Desktop Application or Window-Based application.

An application that we need to install on every machine such as media

player, antivirus etc.

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) and Swing are used in java for creating

standalone applications.

2) Web Application / Enterprise Application:

An application that runs on the web/server side and creates dynamic page, is
called web application. Currently Servlet , JSP technologies are used for creating
web applications in java.

3) Mobile Application:

An application that is created for mobile devices. Currently Android and Java ME
(Micro Edition) are used for creating mobile applications.

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Java as Pre-requisite:

Where Does Java Fit it

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Features of JAVA:

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