Precalculus Functions and Graphs 12th Edition Swokowski Solutions Manual
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Manik HandaPrecalculus Functions and Graphs 12th Edition Swokowski Solutions Manual
Uploaded by
Manik HandaPrecalculus Functions and Graphs 12th Edition Swokowski Solutions Manual
Table of Contents
1 Topics from Algebra................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Real Numbers • ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Exponents and Radicals • ............................................................................... 5
1.3 Algebraic Expressions • .................................................................................. 10
1.4 Equations • ...................................................................................................... 18
1.5 Complex Numbers • ....................................................................................... 27
1.6 Inequalities • ................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 1 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 37
Chapter 1 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 43
Chapter 1 Test • .............................................................................................. 46
2 Functions and Graphs........................................................................................................... 51
2.1 Rectangular Coordinate Systems • ................................................................. 51
2.2 Graphs of Equations • ..................................................................................... 55
2.3 Lines • ............................................................................................................. 66
2.4 Definition of Function • .................................................................................. 74
2.5 Graphs of Functions • ..................................................................................... 85
2.6 Quadratic Functions • ..................................................................................... 99
2.7 Operations on Functions • .............................................................................. 108
Chapter 2 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 117
Chapter 2 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 130
Chapter 2 Test • .............................................................................................. 132
3 Polynomial and Rational Functions................................................................................... 135
3.1 Polynomial Functions of Degree Greater Than 2 • ......................................... 135
3.2 Properties of Division • .................................................................................. 147
3.3 Zeros of Polynomials • ................................................................................... 152
3.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials • ............................................... 160
3.5 Rational Functions • ....................................................................................... 166
3.6 Variation • ....................................................................................................... 182
Chapter 3 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 186
Chapter 3 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 192
Chapter 3 Test • .............................................................................................. 195
4 Inverse, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions............................................................197
4.1 Inverse Functions • ......................................................................................... 197
4.2 Exponential Functions • .................................................................................. 203
4.3 The Natural Exponential Function • ............................................................... 215
4.4 Logarithmic Functions • ................................................................................. 223
4.5 Properties of Logarithms • .............................................................................. 233
4.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations • ...................................................... 240
Chapter 4 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 249
Chapter 4 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 256
Chapter 4 Test • .............................................................................................. 260
iv
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Table of Contents
5 The Trigonometric Functions............................................................................................. 263
5.1 Angles • .......................................................................................................... 263
5.2 Trigonometric Functions of Angles • ............................................................. 267
5.3 Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers • .................................................. 275
5.4 Values of the Trigonometric Functions • ........................................................ 285
5.5 Trigonometric Graphs • .................................................................................. 289
5.6 Additional Trigonometric Graphs • ................................................................ 305
5.7 Applied Problems • ......................................................................................... 318
Chapter 5 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 324
Chapter 5 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 333
Chapter 5 Test • .............................................................................................. 335
6 Analytic Trigonometry........................................................................................................ 339
6.1 Verifying Trigonometric Identities • .............................................................. 339
6.2 Trigonometric Equations • .............................................................................. 345
6.3 The Addition and Subtraction Formulas • ...................................................... 354
6.4 Multiple-Angle Formulas • ............................................................................. 362
6.5 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas • ........................................... 370
6.6 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions • .......................................................... 373
Chapter 6 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 385
Chapter 6 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 392
Chapter 6 Test • .............................................................................................. 394
7 Applications of Trigonometry.............................................................................................397
7.1 The Law of Sines • ......................................................................................... 397
7.2 The Law of Cosines • ..................................................................................... 401
7.3 Vectors • ......................................................................................................... 406
7.4 The Dot Product • ........................................................................................... 414
7.5 Trigonometric Form for Complex Numbers • ................................................ 417
7.6 De Moivre's Theorem and nth Roots of Complex Numbers • ........................ 422
Chapter 7 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 426
Chapter 7 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 431
Chapter 7 Test • .............................................................................................. 433
v
Table of Contents
8 Systems of Equations and Inequalities...............................................................................437
8.1 Systems of Equations • ................................................................................... 437
8.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables • ........................................... 446
8.3 Systems of Inequalities • ................................................................................ 452
8.4 Linear Programming • .................................................................................... 461
8.5 Systems of Linear Equations in More Than Two Variables • ........................ 468
8.6 The Algebra of Matrices • .............................................................................. 477
8.7 The Inverse of a Matrix • ................................................................................ 482
8.8 Determinants • ................................................................................................ 486
8.9 Properties of Determinants • ........................................................................... 491
8.10 Partial Fractions • ........................................................................................... 496
Chapter 8 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 501
Chapter 8 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 510
Chapter 8 Test • .............................................................................................. 513
9 Sequences, Series, and Probability..................................................................................... 519
9.1 Infinite Sequences and Summation Notation • ............................................... 519
9.2 Arithmetic Sequences • ................................................................................... 527
9.3 Geometric Sequences • ................................................................................... 532
9.4 Mathematical Induction • ................................................................................ 538
9.5 The Binomial Theorem • ................................................................................ 547
9.6 Permutations • ................................................................................................. 551
9.7 Distinguishable Permutations and Combinations • ......................................... 554
9.8 Probability • .................................................................................................... 558
Chapter 9 Review Exercises • ......................................................................... 566
Chapter 9 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................... 573
Chapter 9 Test • .............................................................................................. 577
10 Topics from Analytic Geometry......................................................................................... 581
10.1 Parabolas • ...................................................................................................... 581
10.2 Ellipses • ......................................................................................................... 588
10.3 Hyperbolas • ................................................................................................... 597
10.4 Plane Curves and Parametric Equations • ....................................................... 607
10.5 Polar Coordinates • ......................................................................................... 621
10.6 Polar Equations of Conics • ............................................................................ 636
Chapter 10 Review Exercises • ....................................................................... 642
Chapter 10 Discussion Exercises • ................................................................. 651
Chapter 10 Test • ............................................................................................ 654
vi
Preface
This manual contains solutions/answers to all exercises in the text Precalculus:
Functions and Graphs, Twelfth Edition, by Earl W. Swokowski and Jeffery A. Cole. A Student's
Solutions Manual is also available; it contains solutions for the odd-numbered exercises in each
section and for the Discussion Exercises, as well as solutions for all the exercises in the Review
Sections and for the Chapter Tests.
For most problems, a reasonably detailed solution is included. It is my hope that by
merely browsing through the solutions, professors will save time in determining appropriate
assignments for their particular class.
I appreciate feedback concerning errors, solution correctness or style, and manual style—
comments from professors using previous editions have greatly strengthened the ancillary package
as well as the text. Any comments may be sent directly to me at the address below, at
[email protected], or in care of the publisher: Brooks/Cole | Cengage Learning, 20
Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002-3098.
I would like to thank: Marv Riedesel and Mary Johnson for accuracy checking of the
new exercises; Andrew Bulman-Fleming, for manuscript preparation; Brian Morris and the late
George Morris, of Scientific Illustrators, for creating the mathematically precise art package; and
Cynthia Ashton, of Cengage Learning, for checking the manuscript. I dedicate this book to my
children, Becky and Brad.
Jeffery A. Cole
Anoka-Ramsey Community College
11200 Mississippi Blvd. NW
Coon Rapids, MN 55433
iii
To the Instructor
In the chapter review sections, the solutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions
were given in chapter sections. In easier groups of exercises, representative solutions are shown.
When appropriate, only the answer is listed.
All figures have been plotted using computer software, offering a high degree of
precision. The calculator graphs are from various TI screens. When possible, we tried to make
each piece of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph.
This manual was done using ê: The Scientific Word Processor.
The following notations are used in the manual.
Note: Notes to the instructor/student pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow.
{} { comments to the reader are in braces }
LS { Left Side of an equation }
RS { Right Side of an equation }
Ê { implies, next equation, logically follows }
Í { if and only if, is equivalent to }
ì { bullet, used to separate problem statement from solution or explanation }
æ { used to identify the answer to the problem }
§ { section references }
a { For all, i.e., aB means “for all B". }
‘ {+} { The set of all real numbers except +. }
... { therefore }
QI–QIV { quadrants I, II, III, IV }
vii
Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts of Algebra
1.1 Exercises
1 (a) Since B and C have opposite signs, the product BC is negative.
(b) Since B# ! and C !, the product B# C is positive.
B
(c) Since B ! {B is negative} and C ! {C is positive}, the quotient is negative.
C
B
Thus, B is the sum of two negatives, which is negative.
C
(d) Since C ! and B !, C B !.
B
2 (a) Since B and C have opposite signs, the quotient is negative.
C
(b) Since B ! and C# !, the product BC# is negative.
BC
(c) Since B C ! and BC !, !. (d) Since C ! and C B !, C C B !.
BC
3 (a) Since ( is to the left of % on a coordinate line, ( %.
(b) Using a calculator, we see that 1
# ¸ "Þ&(. Hence, 1
# "Þ&. (c) È##& œ "& Note: È##& Á „"&
4 (a) Since $ is to the right of ' on a coordinate line, $ '.
(b) Using a calculator, we see that 1
% ¸ !Þ(*. Hence, 1
% !Þ). (c) È#)* œ "( Note: È#)* Á „"(
" " # #
5 (a) Since "" œ !Þ!* œ !Þ!*!*á , "" !Þ!*. (b) Since $ œ !Þ' œ !Þ''''á , $ !Þ'''.
## ##
(c) Since ( œ $Þ"%#)&( and 1 ¸ $Þ"%"&*$, ( 1.
" " & &
6 (a) Since œ !."%#)&(, !Þ"%$. (b) Since œ !Þ)$ œ !Þ)$$$á , !Þ)$$.
(c) Since È# ¸ "Þ%"%, È# "Þ%.
( ( ' '
7 (a) “B is negative” is equivalent to B !. We symbolize this by writing “B is negative Í B !.”
(b) C is nonnegative Í C ! (c) ; is less than or equal to 1 Í ; Ÿ 1
(d) . is between % and # Í # . % (e) > is not less than & Í > &
(f) The negative of D is not greater than $ Í D Ÿ $
: "
(g) The quotient of : and ; is at most ( Í Ÿ( (h) The reciprocal of A is at least * Í *
; A
(i) The absolute value of B is greater than ( Í kBk (
Note: An informal definition of absolute value that may be helpful is
ksomethingk œ œ
itself if itself is positive or zero
itself if itself is negative
8 (a) , is positive Í , ! (b) = is nonpositive Í = Ÿ !
(c) A is greater than or equal to % Í A %
1
2 1.1 EXERCISES
" " " "
(d) - is between & and $ Í & - $ (e) : is not greater than # Í : Ÿ #
(f) The negative of 7 is not less than # Í 7 #
" < " "
(g) The quotient of < and = is at least & Í = & (h) The reciprocal of 0 is at most "% Í 0 Ÿ "%
(i) The absolute value of B is less than % Í kBk %
9 (a) k$ %k œ k(k œ ( {since ( !} œ (
(b) k&k k#k œ & # œ & # œ $ (c) k(k k%k œ ( c % d œ ( % œ ""
10 (a) k"" "k œ k"!k œ "! { since "! ! } œ "!
(b) k'k k$k œ ' c $ d œ ' $ œ $ (c) k)k k*k œ ) c * d œ ) * œ "(
11 (a) & k$ 'k œ & k$k œ & c $ d œ & $ œ "&
(b) k'kÎ # œ ' Î # œ 'Î # œ $ (c) k(k k%k œ ( % œ ( % œ ""
12 (a) % k' (k œ % k"k œ % c " d œ % " œ %
(b) &Îk#k œ &Îc # d œ &Î# (c) k"k k*k œ " c * d œ " * œ "!
13 (a) Since % 1 is positive, k% 1k œ % 1.
(b) Since 1 % is negative, k1 %k œ 1 % œ % 1.
(c) Since ŠÈ# "Þ&‹ is negative, ¹È# "Þ&¹ œ ŠÈ# "Þ&‹ œ "Þ& È#.
14 (a) Since ŠÈ$ "Þ(‹ is positive, ¹È$ "Þ(¹ œ È$ "Þ(.
(b) Since Š"Þ( È$‹ is negative, ¹"Þ( È$¹ œ Š"Þ( È$‹ œ È$ "Þ(.
(c) ¸ "& "$ ¸ œ ¸ "&
$
& ¸
"& œ ¸ "&
# ¸
œ ˆ "&
# ‰
œ #
"&
15 (a) . Eß F œ k( $k œ k%k œ % (b) . Fß G œ k& (k œ k"#k œ "#
(c) . Gß F œ . Fß G œ "# (d) . Eß G œ k& $k œ k)k œ )
16 (a) . Eß F œ k# ' k œ k%k œ % (b) . Fß G œ k% # k œ k'k œ '
(c) . Gß F œ . Fß G œ ' (d) . Eß G œ k% ' k œ k"!k œ "!
17 (a) . Eß F œ k" * k œ k"!k œ "! (b) . Fß G œ k"! "k œ k*k œ *
(c) . Gß F œ . Fß G œ * (d) . Eß G œ k"! * k œ k"*k œ "*
18 (a) . Eß F œ k% )k œ k"#k œ "# (b) . Fß G œ k" % k œ k$k œ $
(c) . Gß F œ . Fß G œ $ (d) . Eß G œ k" )k œ k*k œ *
Note: Because k+k œ k+k, the answers to Exercises 19–24 could have a different form. For example, k$ Bk ) is
equivalent to kB $k ).
19 E œ B and F œ (, so . Eß F œ k( Bk. Thus, “. Eß F is less than #” can be written as k( Bk #.
20 . Eß F œ ¹È# B¹ Ê ¹È# B¹ "
21 . Eß F œ k$ Bk Ê k$ Bk ) 22 . Eß F œ k% Bk Ê k% Bk Ÿ &
1.1 EXERCISES 3
23 . Eß F œ kB %k Ê kB %k Ÿ $ 24 . Eß F œ kB # k œ kB #k Ê kB #k %
Note: In Exercises 25–32, you may want to substitute a permissible value for the variable to first test if the expression
inside the absolute value symbol is positive or negative.
25 Pick an arbitrary value for B that is less than $, say &.
Since $ & œ # is negative, we conclude that if B $, then $ B is negative.
Hence, k$ Bk œ $ B œ B $.
26 If B &, then & B !, and k& Bk œ & B œ B &.
27 If B #, then # B !, and k# Bk œ # B.
28 If B (, then ( B !, and k( Bk œ ( B.
29 If + , , then + , !, and k+ , k œ + , œ , +.
30 If + , , then + , !, and k+ , k œ + , .
31 Since B# % ! for every B, kB# %k œ B# %.
32 Since B# " ! for every B, kB# "k œ B# " œ B# ".
+, +- +, +-
33 LS œ œ œ , - Á RS (which is , +- ).
+ + +
+, +- +, +-
34 LS œ œ œ , - œ RS.
+ + +
,- , -
35 LS œ œ œ RS.
+ + +
Á RS Šwhich is ‹.
+- + - + -
36 LS œ œ
,. ,. ,. , .
+ " + , - +-
37 LS œ + ƒ , ƒ - œ † œ . RS œ + ƒ , ƒ - œ + ƒ œ + † œ . LS Á RS
, - ,- - , ,
38 LS œ + , - œ + , - . RS œ + , - œ + , - . LS Á RS
+, ,+
39 LS œ œ œ " œ RS.
,+ ,+
40 LS œ + , œ + , Á RS (which is + , ).
41 (a) On the TI-83/4 Plus, the absolute value function is choice 1 under MATH, NUM.
Enter abs(3.2^2-È(%.#()). ¹$Þ## È%.#(¹ ¸ )Þ"($'
(b) É "&Þ' "Þ& #
%Þ$ &Þ% #
¸ "%Þ"%#)
$Þ%# "Þ#*
42 (a) ¸ !Þ#&"& (b) 1$ ¸ $"Þ!!'$
&Þ)$ #Þ'%
"Þ# ‚ "!$
43 (a) ¸ !Þ'&&( œ 'Þ&&( ‚ "!"
$Þ" ‚ "!# "Þ&# ‚ "!$
Note: For the TI-83/4 Plus, use 1.2E3Î(3.1E2 1.52E3), where E is obtained by pressing #nd EE .
(b) ˆ"Þ#$ ‚ "!% ‰ È%Þ& ‚ "!$ ¸ '(Þ!) œ 'Þ(!) ‚ "!"
44 (a) Èk$Þ%& "Þ# ‚ "!% k "!& ¸ $$%Þ( œ $Þ$%( ‚ "!#
4 1.1 EXERCISES
(b) "Þ(* ‚ "!# ‚ *Þ)% ‚ "!$ œ ",('",$'! ¸ "Þ('" ‚ "!'
45 Construct a right triangle with sides of lengths È# and ". The hypotenuse will have length ÊŠÈ#‹ "# œ È$.
#
Next construct a right triangle with sides of lengths È$ and È#. The hypotenuse will have length
ÊŠÈ$‹ ŠÈ#‹ œ È&.
# #
46 Use G œ #1< with < œ ", #, and "! to obtain #1, %1, and #!1 units from the origin.
47 The large rectangle has area œ width ‚ length œ + , - . The sum of the areas of the two small rectangles is
+, +- . Since the areas are the same, we have + , - œ +, +- .
ŒB" œ $ œ Œ œ Œ œ
$ " 8 " $ # " $ % " "( "(
48 B" œ and 8 œ # Ê B# œ .
# # B" # # #
# # $ # ' "#
ŒB# œ "( œ Œ œ Œ œ
" # " "( # " "( #% " &(( &((
B$ œ
# B# # "# "#
# "# "( # #!% %!)
49 (a) Since the decimal point is & places to the right of the first nonzero digit, %#(,!!! œ %Þ#( ‚ "!& .
(b) Since the decimal point is ) places to the left of the first nonzero digit, !Þ!!! !!! !*$ œ *Þ$ ‚ "!) .
(c) Since the decimal point is ) places to the right of the first nonzero digit, )"!,!!!,!!! œ )Þ" ‚ "!) .
50 (a) )&,#!! œ )Þ&# ‚ "!% (b) !Þ!!! !!& % œ &Þ% ‚ "!'
(c) #%,*!!,!!! œ #Þ%* ‚ "!(
51 (a) Moving the decimal point & places to the right, we have )Þ$ ‚ "!& œ )$!,!!!.
(b) Moving the decimal point "# places to the left, we have #Þ* ‚ "!"# œ !Þ!!! !!! !!! !!# *.
(c) Moving the decimal point ) places to the right, we have &Þ'% ‚ "!) œ &'%,!!!,!!!.
52 (a) #Þ$ ‚ "!( œ #$,!!!,!!! (b) (Þ!" ‚ "!* œ !Þ!!! !!! !!( !"
(c) "Þ#& ‚ "!"! œ "#,&!!,!!!,!!!
53 Since the decimal point is #% places to the left of the first nonzero digit,
!Þ!!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!" ( œ "Þ( ‚ "!#% .
"
54 *Þ" ‚ "!$ œ !Þ!!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! *"
55 It is helpful to write the units of any fraction, and then “cancel” those units to determine the units of the final
")',!!! miles '! seconds '! minutes #% hours $'& days
answer. † † † † † " year ¸ &Þ)( ‚ "!"# mi
second " minute " hour " day " year
56 (a) "!! billion œ "!!,!!!,!!!,!!! œ " ‚ "!""
(b) . ¸ "!!,!!! yr Œ&Þ)( ‚ "!"# œ &Þ)( ‚ "! mi
mi "(
yr
"Þ!" grams
mole "Þ!" grams
57 † " atom œ ¸ !Þ"'() ‚ "!#$ g œ "Þ'() ‚ "!#% g
'Þ!# ‚ "!#$ atoms 'Þ!# ‚ "!#$
mole
58 #Þ& million !Þ!!!$&% œ #Þ& ‚ "!' $Þ& ‚ "!' œ )Þ(& ¸ * halibut
1.1 EXERCISES 5
#% frames '! seconds '! minutes
59 † † † %) hours œ %Þ"%(# ‚ "!' frames
second " minute " hour
# ‚ "!"" calculations '! seconds '! minutes #% hours
60 † † † † '! days œ "Þ!$') ‚ "!") calculations
second " minute " hour " day
61 (a) " ft# œ "%% in# , so the force on one square foot of a wall is "%% in# ‚ "Þ% lbÎin# œ #!"Þ' lb.
(b) The area of the wall is %! ‚ ) œ $#! ft# , or $#! ft# ‚ "%% in# Îft# œ %',!)! in# .
The total force is %',!)! in# ‚ "Þ% lbÎin# œ '%,&"# lb.
Converting to tons, we have '%,&"# lbÎ #!!! lbÎton œ $#Þ#&' tons.
62 (a) We start with %!! adults, "&! yearlings, and #!! calves {total œ (&!}
Number of Adults œ surviving adults surviving yearlings
œ !Þ*! %!! !Þ)! "&! œ %)!
Number of Yearlings œ surviving calves
œ !Þ(& #!! œ "&!
Number of Calves œ number of female adults
œ !Þ&! %)! œ #%!
(b) (&% of last spring’s calves equal the number of this year’s yearlings ("&!), so the number of calves is #!!.
The number of calves is equal to the number of adult females and this is one-half of the number of adults,
so the number of adults is %!!.
*!% of these ($'!) are part of the %!! adults this year. The other %! adults represent
)!% of last year’s yearlings, so the number of yearlings is &!.
1.2 Exercises
1 ˆ #$ ‰% œ ˆ #$ ‰ † ˆ #$ ‰ † ˆ #$ ‰ † ˆ #$ ‰ œ "'
)"
% %
Note: Do not confuse B and B% since B œ B% and B% is the negative of B% .
$ #(
2 $ œ #( œ "
#$ $# *
3 #
œ $
œ
$ # )
" " "
Note: Remember that negative exponents don’t necessarily give negative results—that is, #$ œ $ œ , not .
# ) )
#! !# "! "
4 œ œ
#! # #
5 #% $" œ "' "
$ œ %)
$
"
$ œ %(
$ 6 ˆ $# ‰% #% œ )"
"' "
"' œ )!
"' œ &
"
*&Î# œ ŠÈ*‹ œ $& œ "'$Î% œ "Î"'$Î% œ "ÎŠÈ "'‹ œ "Î#$ œ
& $
#%$ "
7 " 8 %
)
œ ŠÈ !Þ!!)‹ œ !Þ#
#
#Î$ # % "
9 !Þ!!) $
œ !Þ!% œ "!! œ #&
œ "ÎŠÈ !.!!)‹ œ "Î !Þ#
#
#Î$ #Î$ # #&
10 !.!!) œ "Î !.!!) $
œ "Î !.!% œ "
11 ˆ "# B% ‰ "'B& œ ˆ "# † "'‰B%& œ )B*
12 $B# ˆ%B% ‰ œ $ † % B#% œ "#B#
6 1.2 EXERCISES
$
13 A common mistake is to write B$ B# œ B' , and another is to write B# œ B& .
The following solution illustrates the proper use of the exponent rules.
#B$ $B# # † $ B$# 'B& '
$
œ #†$
œ '
œ 'B&' œ 'B" œ
B# B B B
$
#B# C# )B'
14 % #
œ % œ #B#
%B C %B
15 ˆ "' +& ‰ $+# ˆ%+( ‰ œ "
' † $ † % † +&#( œ #+"%
16 %, $ ˆ "' , # ‰ˆ*, % ‰ œ % † "
' † * † , $#% œ ', *
† ˆ$B# ‰ œ
#
'B$ ! '# B$†# $'B' $' *
17 $ $ #†$
† " {an expression raised to the zero power is equal to " } œ '
œ œ
#B# # B )B ) #
$C$ ˆ%C% ‰
† ˆ&C$ ‰ œ
#
$C$ #C# ! "#C( "#
18 $
† " œ œ &
C% C"# C"# C
19 ˆ$?( @$ ‰ˆ%?% @& ‰ œ "#?(% @$Ð&Ñ œ "#?"" @# œ
"#?""
@#
#B' D &
20 B# CD $ #BD # B$ C# œ #B#"$ C"# D $# œ #B' C" D & œ
C
21 ˆ)B% C$ ‰ˆ "# B& C# ‰ œ %B%& C$# œ %B" C" œ
%
BC
22 Œ Œ % œ
%+# , &+# , #!+## , "" #!+% , # "!+%$ , #' "!+
$ # $ #%
œ $ '
œ œ %
+ , #, #+ , #+ , " ,
23 Œ B% C$ œ Œ ˆB% ‰ C$ œ Œ B) C' œ $# B) C' œ )
# # #
" " # # $ *C'
$ $ " B
Œ Œ œ %B C
& B( B(
24 #BC# œ $#B & "!
C "# (
)C$ )C$
% $ " )" '
25 $C$ %C# œ $% C"# † %$ C' œ )"C' † $
œ C
% '%
$ #(+'
26 $+# , & œ #(+' , "& œ
, "&
27 ˆ#<% =$ ‰ œ #
# # ) ' =' ='
< = œ # )
œ
# < %<)
#B# C& 'B$ C ˆ "$ B" C$ ‰ œ %B# C" œ
%
28
B# C
&B# C$ ˆ%B& C% ‰ œ #!B#& C$% œ #!B$ C" œ
#!C
29
B$
& #
30 #<# = $<" =$ œ $#<"! =& *<# =' œ #))<) =""
31 Œ {remember that B œ ", cancel D } œ
#
$B& C% D *B"! C)
! $
!
œ *B"! C) ' œ *B"! C"%
B C D C'
%+# , Œ œ ˆ#&'+ , ‰Œ # œ '%+ ,
#
% +$ +'
32 ) % "% #
#, %,
33 ˆ&+$Î# ‰ˆ#+"Î# ‰ œ & † #+Ð$Î#ÑÐ"Î#Ñ œ "!+%Î# œ )+#
1.2 EXERCISES 7
34 ˆ'B(Î& ‰ˆ#B)Î& ‰ œ ' † #BÐ(Î&ÑÐ)Î&Ñ œ "#B"&Î& œ "#B$
35 ˆ$B&Î' ‰ˆ)B#Î$ ‰ œ $ † )B &Î' %Î' œ #%B*Î' œ #%B$Î#
"Î$ ˆ
36 )< #<"Î# ‰ œ ˆ#<"Î$ ‰ˆ#<"Î# ‰ œ %< #Î' $Î' œ %<&Î'
#Î$ +% " " "
ŠÈ
37 #(+' œ #(#Î$ +"#Î$ œ
#(‹ +%
#Î$
œ #
œ # % œ %
#( $ $ + *+
38 ˆ#&D % ‰
$Î# D ' " " "
ŠÈ#&‹ D '
œ #&$Î# D "#Î# œ œ $
œ $ ' œ
#& $Î# & D "#&D '
39 ˆ)B#Î$ ‰B"Î' œ )B %Î' "Î' œ )B$Î' œ 40 ˆ$B"Î# ‰ˆ#B&Î# ‰ œ 'B "Î# &Î# œ 'B$
)
B"Î#
ŠÈ )‹ BÐ$ÑÐ#Î$Ñ
#
41 Π'
#Î$ #Î$ $
#Î$
)B$ ) B$ # # B# %B#
œ #Î$
œ œ %
œ % œ %B# C%
C C' CÐ'ÑÐ#Î$Ñ C C
$
42 "Î$ œ " œ C""Î#
C$Î# C*Î#
C C
43 Œ 44 Œ
"Î# $Î%
B' B$ "'"Î# % - % - $ - $ "
ŠÈ )"‹ . '
œ œ œ $ # œ $
œ œ
"'C% "'"Î# C# $
B C # B C )". ) %
$
$ . ' #(- $ . '
"Î$ "Î$ "Î$
B' C $ B' C$ B# C"
45 œ œ œ" 46 +%Î$ +$Î# +"Î' œ + )Î' *Î' "Î' œ +!Î' œ +! œ "
B% C # "Î#
B% "Î#
C# "Î# B# C"
47 È B% C œ ˆB% C‰ 48 È
"Î% "Î$
% $
B$ C # œ B $ C #
49 É œ + , #‘ 50 É+ È, œ ˆ+ , "Î# ‰
$ # "Î$ #Î$ "Î#
+, œ +,
51 ÈB# C# œ B# C# Note: ÈB# C# Á B C 52 È
"Î# "Î$
$
< $ =$ œ < $ = $
53 (a) %B$Î# œ %B" B"Î# œ %BÈB (b) %B $Î#
œ %B "
%B "Î#
œ %B " %"Î# B"Î# œ %B † # † B"Î# œ )BÈB
54 (a) % B$Î# œ % B" B"Î# œ % BÈB (b) % B $Î#
œ %B "
%B "Î#
œ % B È% B
55 (a) ) C"Î$ œ ) È
$ C (b) )C "Î$
œÈ
$
)C
56 (a) '%C"Î$ œ '%È
$ C (b) '%C "Î$
œ '%"Î$ C"Î$ œ %È
$ C
57 È)" œ È*# œ * 58 È
$
#"' œ É
$
' $
œ '
59 È
&
'% œ È
&
$# È
&
#σ
&
# & È
&
# œ # È
&
# 60 È
%
&"# œ È
%
#&' È
%
#œÈ
%
%% È
%
# œ %È
%
#
61 In the denominator, you would like to have È
$
#$ . How do you get it? Multiply by È
$
## , or, equivalently, È
$
%. Of
course, we have to multiply the numerator by the same value so that we don’t change the value of the given fraction.
" È È È È
œ È
$ $ $ $
È È È È È
" % % % % " $
œ † œ œ œ %
$
# $
# $
% $
#†% $
) # #
È" " È&
62 Ê œ È&
È& È& È&
" "
œ œ †
& &
8 1.2 EXERCISES
63 È*B% C' œ ˆ*B% C' ‰ œ *"Î# ˆB% ‰ C'
"Î# "Î# "Î# $C$
œ $B# C$ œ
B#
64 È"'+) , # œ %+% , " œ
%+%
,
65 È 66 È)"<& =) œ È$% <% =) È < œ $<=# È
#+# %
)+' , $ œ #+# , " œ
$ % % %
<
,
Note: For exercises similar to numbers 67–74, pick a multiplier that will make all of the exponents of the terms in the
denominator a multiple of the index.
67 The index is #. Choose the multiplier to be È#C so that the denominator contains only terms with even exponents.
$B È#C È'BC È'BC
Ê $ œÊ $ †È œ È % œ , or # È'BC
$B "
#C #C #C %C #C# #C
È$BC È$BC
68 Ê œÊ $ † œ # È$BC
$B C È$BC È*B% C#
" " "
œ
$B$ C $B C
69 The index is $. Choose the multiplier to be È
$
$B# so that the denominator contains only terms with exponents that
are multiples of $.
% % È È È B' C $ È B# C È BC È
Ë œË
#B% C% $
$B# 'B' C% $
'C 'C
È$B# È#(B$
$ $ $
$ $ #B C
$
† $ œ $ œ œ œ 'C
*B *B $B $B $
# & È È È B$ C $ È BC È
70 Ê œÊ œ È
$B# C& $
#B# 'B% C& 'BC# 'BC#
È È
$ $ $ $
$ $ $B C C $
† $ œ $ œ œ 'BC#
%B %B #B # )B $ #B #B #
71 The index is %. Choose the multiplier to be È
%
$B# so that the denominator contains only terms with exponents that
are multiples of %.
) $ È È È B) È B# È
Ê Ê œ È
&B) C$ %
$B# "&B"! C$ %
"&B# C$ "&B# C$
#(B# È È
% % %
% % &B C B %
œ † œ œ œ "&B# C$
#(B# %
$B # %
)"B % $B $B $
( "# È È È B) C"# È B# C $ È BC$ È
72 Ê œÊ
B( C"# %
&B$ &B"! C"# %
&B# %
&B#
"#&B È&B$ È'#&B%
% %
% % B C %
† % œ % œ œ œ &B#
"#&B &B &B &
73 The index is &. Choose the multiplier to be È
&
%B# so that the denominator contains only terms with exponents that
are multiples of &.
( # È È È B& È BÈ
Ë Ë œ È
&B( C# &
%B# #!B* C# &
#!B% C# #!B% C#
)B$ È È
& & &
& & &B C " &
œ † œ œ œ #!B% C#
)B$ &
%B # &
$#B & #B #B #
"" $ È È È B"! È B# È
74 Ê Ê œ È
$B"" C$ &
#(B$ )"B"% C$ &
)"B% C$ )"B% C$
È È
& & &
& & $B C B &
œ † œ œ œ )"B% C$
*B# *B# &
#(B $ &
#%$B & $B $B $
75 É 76 É (?$ @%
% &B& ' (@%
œ (?$ @% œ
'
%
&B& C# œ &B& C# œ
C# ?$
% È È $#B& È È $#B& È
77 Ë % Ë # œ Ë % Ë # † & œ # È
$ % $ & &
C% B# C % B# C %
ÈC% È
& & &
& )B & %B & )B & %B #B & # %
œ œ #
B C
C C C C &
C"! C C
78 È&BC( È"&B$ C$ œ È#&B% C"! È$ œ &B# C& È$
1.2 EXERCISES 9
79 È
$
$>% @# È
$
*>" @% œ È
$
#(>$ @' œ $>@# 80 É
$
#< = $
œ #< =
81 ÈB' C% œ É B$ #
C# #
œ É B$ # É C # #
œ kB$ kkC# k œ kB$ kC# since C# is always nonnegative.
Note: kB$ k could be written as B# kBk.
82 ÈB% C"! œ É B# #
C& #
œ kB# kkC& k œ B# kC& k
83 É œ É B# % ˆ C $ $ ‰ œ kB# k¸ C $ $ ¸ œ B# ¸ C $ $ ¸, or B# C $ # k C $ k
% "# % %
B) C $
84 É œ Ɉ B # $ ‰ C% œ ¸ B # $ ¸kCk, or B # # k B # Ck
% "# % % %
B# C
# #
85 +< œ +#< Á +Ð< Ñ since #< Á <# for all values of <; for example, let < œ ".
#
86 Squaring the right side gives us + " œ +# #+ ". Squaring the left side gives us +# ".
+# #+ " Á +# " for all values of +; for example, let + œ ".
BC
87 +, œ +BC , BC Á +B , C for all values of B and C; for example, let B œ " and C œ #.
88 È+< œ +< œ ˆ+"Î# ‰ œ ˆÈ + ‰ Ê œŒ
"Î8
""Î8
È-
"Î# < < " " "
89 8
œ œ 8
- - - "Î8
"
90 œ +5 Á +"Î5 since 5 Á "Î5 for all values of 5 ; for example, let 5 œ ".
+5
œ $ # ‘ œ ’ ( % “
"Î& "Î$
#Î& %Î$
91 (a) $ œ *"Î& ¸ "Þ&&") (b) ( œ #%!""Î$ ¸ "$Þ$*!&
œ "Þ# $ ‘
$Î( "Î( "Î(
92 (a) "Þ# œ "Þ(#) ¸ "Þ!)"$
œ ’ &Þ!) ( “
"Î$
(Î$ "Î$
(b) &Þ!) ¸ )(,$!'Þ$) ¸ %%Þ$'#%
93 (a) È1 " ¸ #Þ!$&" (b) È
$
"(Þ" &"Î% ¸ %Þ!("(
# È(
94 (a) #Þ' "Þ$ ¸ !Þ&*"( (b) & ¸ (!Þ')!(
")!
95 $#!! "Þ!% ¸ $#$#,)#&Þ()
96 2 œ "%&% ft Ê . œ "Þ#È2 œ "Þ#È"%&% ¸ %&Þ) mi
97 [ œ #$! kg Ê P œ !Þ%'È
$
[ œ !Þ%'È
$
#$! ¸ #Þ)# m
#Þ%$
98 P œ #& ft Ê [ œ !.!!"'P#Þ%$ œ !.!!"' #& ¸ $Þ** tons
È È
A ")!
99 , œ (& and A œ ")! Ê [ œ $
œ $ ¸ &#Þ'.
, $& (& $&
È, $& È"#! $&
A #&!
, œ "#! and A œ #&! Ê [ œ $ œ $ ¸ &'Þ*.
It is interesting to note that the (&-kg lifter can lift #Þ% times hisÎher body weight and the "#!-kg lifter can lift
approximately #Þ!) times hisÎher body weight, but the formula ranks the "#!-kg lifter as the superior lifter.
!Þ%#& !Þ(#&
100 (a) 2 œ (# in. and A œ "(& lb Ê W œ !Þ"!*" A!Þ%#& 2 !Þ(#& œ !Þ"!*" "(& (# ¸ #"Þ(' ft# .
!Þ(#&
(b) 2 œ '' in. Ê W" œ !Þ"!*" A!Þ%#& '' . A "!% increase in weight would be represented by "Þ"A and
!Þ%#& !Þ(#& !Þ%#&
thus W# œ !Þ"!*" "Þ"A '' . W# ÎW" œ "Þ" ¸ "Þ!%, which represents a %% increase in W .
10 1.2 EXERCISES
101 [ œ !Þ""''2"Þ( Height '% '& '' '( ') '* (! ("
Weight "$( "%" "%& "%) "&# "&' "'! "'%
Height (# ($ (% (& (' (( () (*
Weight "') "(# "(' ")! ")% ")) "*# "*'
102 [ œ !Þ"!%*2"Þ( Height '! '" '# '$ '% '& '' '(
Weight """ ""% ""( "#! "#$ "#( "$! "$$
Height ') '* (! (" (# ($ (% (&
Weight "$( "%! "%% "%( "&" "&% "&) "'#
1.3 Exercises
1 #? $ ? % %? ? # œ #?# &? "# %?# )? œ '?# "$? "#
2 $? " ? # (? ? " œ $?# &? # (?# (? œ "!?# "#? #
)B# C$ 'B$ C )B# C$ 'B$ C
3 #
œ #
# œ %C# $B
#B C #B C #B C
'B# CD $ BC# D 'B# CD $ BC# D
4 œ œ 'BD # C
BCD BCD BCD
5 We recognize this product as the difference of two squares.
# #
#B (C #B (C œ #B (C œ %B# %*C#
# #
6 &B $C &B $C œ &B $C œ #&B# *C#
# # #
7 $B #C œ $B # $B #C #C œ *B# "#BC %C#
# # #
8 &B %C œ &B # &B %C %C œ #&B# %!BC "'C#
9 ˆÈB ÈC‰ˆÈB ÈC‰ œ ˆÈB‰# ˆÈC‰# œ B C
10 ˆÈB ÈC‰ ˆÈB ÈC‰ œ ˆÈB ÈC‰ˆÈB ÈC‰‘ œ B C
# # # #
œ B# #BC C #
11 Use Product Formula (3) on page 30 of the text.
$ $ # # $
B #C œ B $ B #C $ B #C #C œ B$ 'B# C "#BC# )C $
$ $ # # $
12 B $C œ B $ B $C $ B $C $C œ B$ *B# C #(BC# #(C $
13 We recognize )B# "(B #" as a trinomial that may be able to be factored into the product of two binomials.
Using trial and error, we obtain )B# "(B #" œ )B ( B $ . If you are interested in a sure-fire method for
factoring trinomials, see Example 6 on page 48 of the text.
14 Using trial and error, we obtain (B# "!B ) œ (B % B # .
15 The factors for B# %B & would have to be of the form ˆB ‰ and ˆB ‰.
The factors of & are " and &, but their sum is ' (not %). Thus, B# %B & is irreducible.
16 $B# %B # is irreducible.
# #
17 $'B# '!B #& œ 'B & 'B & œ 'B & 18 *B# #%B "' œ $B % $B % œ $B %
1.3 EXERCISES 11
19 B% %B# œ B# B# % œ B# B# ## œ B# B # B #
20 B$ "'B œ B B# "' œ B B# %# œ B B % B %
21 We recognize )B$ C' as the difference of two cubes.
ˆC# ‰ œ ˆ#B C# ‰ ’ #B #B ˆC# ‰ ˆC# ‰ “
$ $ # #
)B$ C' œ #B
œ ˆ#B C# ‰ˆ%B# #BC# C% ‰
œ B# $C ’ B# B# $C $C # “ œ B# $C ˆB% $B# C *C # ‰
$ $ #
22 B' #(C$ œ B# $C
23 We recognize $%$B$ C* as the sum of two cubes.
ˆC$ ‰ œ ˆ(B C$ ‰ ’ (B (B ˆC$ ‰ ˆC$ ‰ “
$ $ # #
$%$B$ C* œ (B
œ ˆ(B C$ ‰ˆ%*B# (BC$ C' ‰
24 B$ '% œ B $
% $
œ B% B #
B % % # ‘ œ B % B# %B "'
25 $B$ $B# #(B #( œ $ˆB$ B# *B *‰ {gcf œ $}
œ $ B # B " * B " ‘ {factor by grouping}
œ $ ˆB * ‰ B "
#
{factor out B " }
œ$ B$ B$ B" {difference of two squares}
26 &B$ "!B# #!B %! œ &ˆB$ #B# %B )‰ œ &B# B # % B # ‘
œ & ˆB # % ‰ B # œ & B # B # B # œ & B # #
B#
27 We could treat +' , ' as the difference of two squares or the difference of two cubes. Factoring +' , ' as the
difference of two squares and then factoring as the sum and difference of two cubes leads to the following:
+' , ' œ ˆ+$ ‰ ˆ, $ ‰ œ ˆ+$ , $ ‰ˆ+$ , $ ‰
# #
œ + , + , ˆ+# +, , # ‰ˆ+# +, , # ‰
28 B) "' œ ˆB% ‰ %# œ ˆB% %‰ˆB% %‰ œ ˆB% %‰ B# # B# #
#
29 We might first try to factor B# %B % *C# by grouping since it has more than $ terms, but this would prove to
be unsuccessful. Instead, we will group the terms containing B and the constant term together, and then proceed as
in Example 2(c).
# #
B# %B % *C# œ B # $C œ B # $C B # $C
# #
30 B# %C# 'B * œ B# 'B * %C# œ B $ #C œ B $ #C B $ #C
#
C #& C& C& C&
31 œ œ #
C$ "#& C & C# &C #& C &C #&
"# < <# $< %< %<
32 œ œ
<$ $<# <# < $ <#
*B# % *B% 'B$ %B# $B # $B # B# *B# 'B %
33 † œ †
$B# &B # %
#(B )B $B # B " B #(B$ )
$B # $B # B *B# 'B %
#
B
œ #
œ
$B # B " B $B # *B 'B % B"
&+# "#+ % #&+# #!+ % &+ # + # + +# +
34 ƒ œ # † œ #
+% "' +# #+ + % +# +# &+ # &+ # + % &+ #
12 1.3 EXERCISES
% "" % $= " "" "#= % "" "#= (
35 #
œ #
#
œ #
œ #
$= " $= " $= " $= " $= " $= "
% = % = &= # % &=# #= &=# #= %
36 #
œ #
#
œ #
œ #
&= # &= # &= # &= # &= # &= #
# $B " B # #B# $B " B B# #B# $B# B B # &B# #
37 œ œ œ
B B# B$ B$ B$ B$ B$ B$
& #B " B ( &B# #B " B B ( &B# #B# B B ( $B# #B (
38 œ œ œ
B B# B$ B$ B$ B$ B$ B$
$> &> %! $> &> %!
39 # œ
># ># > % ># ># ># >#
$> > # &> > # %!
œ
># ># ># ># ># >#
$># '> &># "!> %!
œ
># >#
)># %> %! % #># > "! % #> & > # % #> &
œ œ œ œ
># ># ># ># ># ># >#
> %> ") > > $ %> > $ ") &># *> ") &> ' > $ &> '
40 # œ #
œ œ œ
>$ >$ > * > * ># * >$ >$ >$
%B ) # %B B ) # $B % %B# 'B #B #B $ # #B $
41 # œ œ œ œ
$B % $B %B B B $B % B $B % B $B % $B %
"#B $ & "#B B $ & #B " "#B# "!B # # 'B# &B "
42 # œ œ œ
#B " #B B B B #B " B #B " B #B "
# #B " $B " # $B "
œ œ
B #B " B
#B ) $ #B B ) $ B # #B# $B # #B " B # #B "
43 # œ œ œ œ
B # B #B B B B# B B# B B# B
&B ' # &B B ' # #B $ &B# %B B &B % &B %
44 # œ œ œ œ
#B $ #B $B B B #B $ B #B $ B #B $ #B $
& #? $? $? " & $? " #? ?
45 $ œ {common denominator}
? $? " ? $? "
*?# $? "&? & #?#
œ {multiply terms}
? $? "
#
""? ")? &
œ {add like terms}
? $? "
# $? '? ? & # ? & $? ? $?# $#? "!
46 ' œ œ
? ?& ? ?& ? ?&
#B " 'B $ #B " 'B $
47 œ
B# %B % B# % B # B# # B# B# B#
#B " B # 'B B # $ B# %B %
œ
B# # B#
#B# $B # 'B# "#B $B# "#B "#
œ
B# # B#
#
B $B "! B# $B "! B& B# B&
œ #
œ #
œ #
œ
B# B# B# B# B# B# B# #
1.3 EXERCISES 13
%B "# &B ( % &B ( % B $ &B ( B $ "'B *
48 œ œ œ #
B# 'B * B# * B $ B $ B# * B $ B# * B *
49 The lcd of the entire expression is +, . Thus, we will multiply both the numerator and denominator by +, .
Œ † +,
, + , +
, # +# ,+ ,+
+ , œ + , œ œ œ+,
Œ † +,
" " " " ,+ ,+
+ , + ,
50 The lcd of the entire expression is B# C# . Thus, we will multiply both the numerator and denominator by B# C# .
Œ # #†B C
B C B C # #
#
C# B C B B$ C $ B C B# BC C# B# BC C#
œ œ # œ œ
Œ # † B# C #
" " " " B C# BC BC BC
#
#
C B C # B
51 The lcd of the entire expression is BC. Thus, we will multiply both the numerator and denominator by BC .
Œ † BC
" " " "
" "
C B C B C B BC
œ œ œ œBC
Œ † BC
BC " " " "
BC BC
Œ # #†B C
" " " " # #
#
C# B# C# B C B B# C #
52 # œ œ œ
Œ # † B# C #
C B# " " " " B# C #
#
#
C B C # B
Š ‹ † < # =#
< = < =
<$ = <=$ <= <# =# <=
53 #= < œ = < œ % œ # œ #
Œ
# # # < =% < = # < # =# < =#
< = < = # =#
† <
=# <# =# <#
# % # #A " %A
%A # %A #
A #A "
54 A #A " œ œ œ
& ) & #A " )A "!A & )A ")A &
A #A " A #A "
#
B2 $ B 2 B# $B B# #B2 2 # $B $2 B# $B
55 œ
2 2
#B2 2# $2 2 #B 2 $
œ œ œ #B 2 $
2 2
$
B2 & B 2 B$ &B B$ $B# 2 $B2 # 2 $ &B &2 B$ &B
56 œ
2 2
$B# 2 $B2# 2$ &2
œ
2
2 $B# $B2 2# &
œ œ $B# $B2 2# &
2
& & & +" & B"
B" +" &+ &B & +B
57 B" +" œ œ œ
B+ B+ B" +" B+ B" +" B+
&
œ
B" +"
14 1.3 EXERCISES
B# +# + B# B +#
#+ #B # +B #
58 B + œ +B œ œ œ
B+ B+ +B B + +B B + +B
$
" " B$ B 2
$
$ $
B2 B$ B2 B
59 œ
cB B 2 dB# B B 2 B 2 # ‘
2 2
edifference of two cubesf
$
B$ B 2
œ œ
2B$ B 2 $ 2B$ B 2 $
2cB# B# B2 B# #B2 2# d 2 $B# $B2 2 # $B# $B2 2 #
œ $
œ $
œ
2B$ B 2 2B$ B 2 B$ B 2 $
" " B B2
2 "
B2 B
60 B 2 B œ œ œ
2 2 2B B 2 B B2
61 The conjugate of È> & is È> &. Multiply the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator. This will eliminate the radical in the denominator.
È> & È> & È> & ŠÈ>‹ # † &È> &# > "!È> #&
#
È> & È> & È> &
ŠÈ>‹ &#
œ † œ #
œ
> #&
"'B# C# #ÈB ÈC %B C %B C ˆ#ÈB ÈC‰
œ %B C ˆ#ÈB ÈC‰
"'B# C#
#È B È C #È B È C # È B È C
62 œ † œ
%B C
63 We must recognize È
$
+È
$
, as the first factor of the product formula for the difference of two cubes,
B$ C$ œ B C B# BC C# . The second factor is then
ˆÈ + ‰ ˆÈ +‰ŠÈ , ‹ ŠÈ ,‹ œ È +# È +, È
# #
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
,#.
È
$
+# È
$
+, È
$
,# È
$
+# È
$
+, È
$
,#
+È +È , È +, È
" "
È È +# È
œ † œ
$ $
, $ $ $ $ $
,# +,
È
$
$ BC È
B# È $
C# È
$
$ BC È
B# È $
C#
ÈB È ÈB È È B# È
" "
$ BC È
64 œ † œ
$ $ C $ $ C $ $
C# BC
È+ È, È + È, È+ È,
È
+, "
È+ , + , + , ŠÈ+ È, ‹ + , ŠÈ+ È, ‹
65 œ † œ œ
+# , # #
+ , #
È, È- È, È- È, È-
È, È-
,- "
, - , - ŠÈ, È- ‹ , - ŠÈ, È- ‹
66 œ † œ œ
,# -# ,# -#
È# B 2 " È#B " È# B 2 " È#B " È# B 2 " È#B "
È# B 2 " È#B "
67 œ †
2 2
2ˆÈ# B 2 " È#B "‰
#B #2 " #B "
œ
2ˆÈ# B 2 " È#B "‰ È# B 2 " È#B "
#2 #
œ œ
1.3 EXERCISES 15
ÈB ÈB 2 È B ÈB 2 ÈB ÈB 2
2 È BÈ B 2 È È
B B2
È È 2ÈB B 2 ŠÈB ÈB 2‹
È
68 œ † œ
2 B B2 B B2
2 "
2ÈBÈB 2 ŠÈB ÈB 2‹ ÈBÈB 2 ŠÈB ÈB 2 ‹
œ œ
$B# B ( $B# B (
69 #Î$
œ #Î$ #Î$ #Î$ œ $B%Î$ B"Î$ (B#Î$
B B B B
B# %B ' B#
ÈB ÈB ÈB ÈB
%B '
70 œ œ B$Î# %B"Î# 'B"Î#
#
B# # B% %B# % B% %B# %
71 œ œ & œ B" %B$ %B&
B& B& B& B& B
ˆÈ B $ ‰ # B 'È B * B 'È B *
72 $
œ $
œ $ $ $ œ B# 'B&Î# *B$
B B B B B
Note: You may wish to demonstrate the three techniques shown in Example 7 with one of these simpler expressions in
73–76.
Note: Exercises 73–90 are worked using the factoring concept given as the third method of simplification in Example 7.
73 The smallest exponent that appears on the variable B is $.
B$ B# {factor out B$ } œ B$ ˆ" B#Ð$Ñ ‰ œ B$ ˆ" B& ‰ œ
" B&
B$
74 B& B {factor out B& } œ B& ˆ" B"Ð&Ñ ‰ œ B& " B' œ
" B'
B&
75 B"Î# B$Î# {factor out B"Î# } œ B"Î# ˆ" B$Î#Ð"Î#Ñ ‰ œ B"Î# " B# œ
" B#
B"Î#
76 B#Î$ B(Î$ {factor out B#Î$ } œ B#Î$ ˆ" B(Î$Ð#Î$Ñ ‰ œ B#Î$ " B$
" B$
œ #Î$
B
77 ˆ#B# $B "‰ % $B # $ $ $B # % %B $
œ $B # $ "#ˆ#B# $B "‰ $B # %B $ ‘ ˜factor out the gcf of $B # $ ™
œ $B # $ ˆ#%B# $'B "# "#B# B '‰
œ $B # $ ˆ$'B# $(B '‰
# ˆB# %‰ #B ˆB# %‰ $ 'B & ' œ # 'B & # ˆB# %‰#B 'B & *ˆB# %‰‘
$ # #
78 'B &
œ # 'B & # ˆB# %‰ˆ"#B# "!B *B# $'‰
œ #ˆB# %‰ 'B & # ˆ#"B# "!B $'‰
79 The smallest exponent that appears on the factor B# % is "# and the smallest exponent that appears on the factor
"Î#
#B " is #. Thus, we will factor out B# % #B " # .
# #B " $ ˆ "# ‰ B# % #B " # c' B# % B #B " d
"Î# # "Î# "Î#
B# % $ #B " #B œ B# %
If you are unsure of this factoring, it is easy to visually check at this stage by merely multiplying the expression—
that is, we mentally add the exponents on the factor B# % , "# and ", and we get "# , which is the exponent we
started with.
Proceeding: ˆB# %‰ #B " # 'ˆB# %‰ B #B " ‘ œ ˆB# %‰ #B " # ˆ'B# #% #B# B‰
"Î# "Î#
#
#B " )B# B #%
œ "Î#
B# %
16 1.3 EXERCISES
# %B & % %B & # Π$B # %B & c) $B # %B & d
"Î$ " #Î$ #Î$
80 $B # $ œ $B #
$
%B & #)B ""
œ #Î$
$B #
81 $B " ' ˆ "# ‰ #B & "Î#
# #B & "Î#
' $B " &
$
œ $B " &
#B & "Î#
c $B " ") #B & d šfactor out $B " &
#B & "Î#
›
& &
$B " $B " $'B *! $B " $*B )*
œ "Î#
œ "Î#
#B & #B &
82 ˆB# *‰ ˆ "$ ‰ B ' % ˆB# *‰ #B
% %Î$ "Î$ $
B'
œ ˆ "$ ‰ˆB# *‰ B ' %Î$
ˆB# *‰ #%B B ' ‘ œ
$
$ B# * #$B# "%%B *
%Î$
$ B'
'B " $
#(B# # *B$ #B $ 'B " #
' 'B " # c 'B " #(B# # ") *B$ #B d
83 '
œ
'B " 'B " '
#
'B " "'#B$ #(B# "#B # "'#B$ $'B
œ '
'B "
#(B# #%B #
œ %
'B "
#B B# " c B# " %B# d
% $ $
B# " #B B# % B# " #B #B $B# " #B $B# "
84 )
œ )
œ &
œ &
B# " B# " B# " B# "
#B ’ B# # B# $ “
# "
B# #
$
#B B# $ B# #
#
#B B# #
B# # $ ‘
85 #
œ '
œ
B# #
#B B# # $B# #B # #B# %B " B#
%
œ %
œ %
B# # B# # B# #
B# ’ B# & $ B % #B “
$ "
B# &
%
$B# B$ % B# &
$
#B B# &
86
’ B# & % “
#
œ )
œ
B# &
B# $B# "& )B# B# &B# "& &B# B# $
&
œ &
œ &
B# & B# & B# &
$ $B ˆ "$ ‰ B# % c$ B# % #B# d
"Î$ #Î$ #Î$
B# % #B B# % $B# "# #B# B# "#
87
’ B# % “
#
œ #Î$
œ %Î$
œ %Î$
"Î$ B# % B# % B# %
#B B# ˆ "# ‰ " B# c# " B# B# d
"Î# "Î# "Î#
" B# #B B " B# B # #B# B# B # B#
88
’ " B# “
#
œ "
œ $Î#
œ $Î#
"Î# " B# " B# " B#
# #B $ ˆ "# ‰ %B# * c# %B# * %B #B $ d
"Î# "Î# "Î#
%B# * )B %B# *
89
’ %B# * “
#
œ "
"Î# %B# *
)B# ") )B# "#B ") "#B ' $ #B
œ $Î#
œ $Î#
œ $Î#
%B# * %B# * %B# *
1.3 EXERCISES 17
"Î# ˆ " ‰ #Î$ "Î$ ˆ " ‰ "Î#
$B # $ #B $ # #B $ # $B # $
90
’ $B # “
#
"Î#
ˆ "$ ‰ˆ "# ‰ $B # "Î#
#B $ #Î$
c% $B # * #B $ d
œ "
ˆ "' ‰ "#B ) ")B #( ˆ "' ‰ 'B "*
$B #
'B "*
œ œ œ
$B # $Î# #B $ #Î$ $B # $Î# #B $ #Î$
' $B # $Î#
#B $ #Î$
""$B$ #)!B# "&!B $B %B#
91 Table Y" œ $ #
and Y# œ .
##B ((B "!!B $&! #B ( "Þ"B# &
B Y1 Y2
" !Þ'*#$ !Þ'*#$
# #'Þ"# #'Þ"#
$ )Þ!$*# )Þ!$*#
% &Þ)(*% &Þ)(*%
& &Þ$#') &Þ$#')
The values for Y" and Y# agree. Therefore, the two expressions might be equal.
#!B# %"B $" " " $Þ#
92 Table Y" œ $ #
and Y# œ #.
"!B "!B B B" B
B Y1 Y2
" %Þ' %Þ(
# "Þ'!)$ "Þ'$$$
$ !Þ*#(() !Þ*$))*
% !Þ'%$(& !Þ'&
& !Þ%*!'( !Þ%*%'(
The values for Y" and Y# do not agree. Therefore, the two expressions are not equal.
93 In the second figure, the dimensions of area I are B and B C . The area of I is B C B, and the area of II is
B C C. The area E œ B# C# {in the first figure}
œ BC B BC C {in the second figure}
œ BC BC . {in the third figure}
94 Volume of I is B# B C , volume of II is BC B C , and volume of III is C# B C .
Z œ B$ C$ œ B# B C BC B C C# B C œ B C B# BC C # .
95 (a) For the #&-year-old female, use
G0 œ ''Þ& "$Þ)A &2 'Þ)C with A œ &*, 2 œ "'$, and C œ #&.
G0 œ ''Þ& "$Þ) &* & "'$ 'Þ) #& œ "&#&Þ( calories
For the &&-year-old male, use
G7 œ '&& *Þ'A "Þ*2 %Þ(C with A œ (&, 2 œ "(), and C œ &&.
G7 œ '&& *Þ' (& "Þ* "() %Þ( && œ "%&%Þ( calories
(b) As people age they require fewer calories. The coefficients of A and 2 are positive because large people
require more calories.
18 1.4 EXERCISES
1.4 Exercises
1 %B $ œ &B ' Ê %B &B œ ' $ Ê *B œ * Ê Bœ"
2 &B % œ # B # Ê &B % œ #B % Ê $B œ ! Ê Bœ!
#
3 $B # œ B & *B % Ê *B# "#B % œ *B# %"B #! Ê #*B œ #% Ê B œ #%
#*
# #
4 B& $œ B# Ê B# "!B #& $ œ B# %B % Ê "%B œ #% Ê B œ "#
(
” • † 'B # %B "$
$B " #B &
5 œ Ê $B " %B "$ œ #B & 'B # Ê
'B # %B "$
$ ˜ "$ ™
"#B# $&B "$ œ "#B# #'B "! Ê $ œ '"B Ê B œ '" note that B Á "$ , %
” • † "%B $ #B $
(B # B)
6 œ Ê (B # #B $ œ B ) "%B $ Ê
"%B $ #B $
*
"%B# #&B ' œ "%B# ""&B #% Ê "%!B œ ") Ê Bœ (!
” •† B# B#
% " &B '
7 œ # Ê % B # " B # œ &B ' Ê
B# B# B %
%B ) B # œ &B ' Ê &B ' œ &B ' eor ! œ !f, indicating an identity. The solution is ‘ e„#f.
” • † #B & #B &
# $ "!B &
8 œ # Ê # #B & $ #B & œ "!B & Ê
#B & #B & %B #&
%B "! 'B "& œ "!B & Ê "!B & œ "!B & eor ! œ !f, indicating an identity.
The solution is ‘ ˜„ &# ™.
” • † #B $ #B $
& % "%B $
9 œ Ê & #B $ % #B $ œ "%B $ Ê
#B $ #B $ %B# *
"!B "& )B "# œ "%B $ Ê ")B $ œ "%B $ Ê %B œ ' Ê
B œ $# , which is not in the domain of the given expressions. No solution
10 ” •† B% B%
$ ( &B %
œ # Ê $ B % ( B % œ &B % Ê
B% B% B "'
$B "# (B #) œ &B % Ê %B %! œ &B % Ê *B œ $' Ê
B œ %, which is not in the domain of the given expressions. No solution
11 Divide both sides by a nonzero constant whenever possible. In this case, & divides evenly into both sides.
(&B# $&B "! œ ! {divide by &} Ê "&B# (B # œ ! {factor} Ê
$B # &B " œ ! {zero factor theorem} Ê B œ #$ ß "&
12 %)B# "#B *! œ ! {divide by '} Ê )B# #B "& œ ! Ê #B $ %B & œ ! Ê B œ $# ß &%
13 Here, the lcd is B B $ and we need to remember that B Á !ß $.
” • † B B $ Ê B B " B $ % B $B œ *
B " * #
%œ # Ê
B$ B B $B
B# B $ %B# "#B œ * Ê ! œ $B# ""B ' Ê $B # B $ œ ! Ê
B œ #$ e$ is not in the domain of the given expressionsf
1.4 EXERCISES 19
14 ” •† B# B#
$B " %
œ # Ê $B B # " B # œ % Ê
B# B# B %
$B# 'B B # œ % Ê $B# (B # œ ! Ê $B " B # œ ! Ê
Bœ "$ e# is not in the domain of the given expressionsf
15 #&B# œ * Ê B# œ *
#& Ê B œ „É #&
*
Ê B œ „ $&
16 '%B# œ %* Ê B# œ %*
'% Ê B œ „É %*
'% Ê B œ „ ()
17 B$ #
œ "( Ê B $ œ „È"( Ê B œ $ „ È"(
18 B& #
œ #* Ê B & œ „È#* Ê B œ & „ È#*
' „ È$' "# ' „ È#% ' „ #È'
19 B# 'B $ œ ! Ê Bœ œ œ œ $ „ È'
#" # #
% „ È"' ) % „ È#% % „ #È '
20 B# %B # œ ! Ê Bœ œ œ œ # „ È'
#" # #
, „ È, # %+-
21 The expression is B# B $!. The associated quadratic equation is B# B $! œ !.
Using the quadratic formula, B œ , to solve for B with + œ ", , œ ", and - œ $! gives us:
#+
" „ È"# % " $! " „ È" "#! " „ È"#" " „ "" "! "#
Bœ œ œ œ œ ß œ &ß '
#" # # # # #
Write the equation as a product of linear factors: cB & d cB ' d œ !
Now simplify: B & B ' œ !
So the final factored form of B# B $! is B & B ' .
"" „ È"#" !
22 B# ""B œ ! e+ œ ", , œ "", - œ !f, so B œ
"" „ ""
œ œ ""ß !.
# #
Thus, B# ""B œ B "" B ! œ B B "" .
"' „ È#&' "%%
23 "#B# "'B $ œ ! e+ œ "#, , œ "', - œ $f, so B œ
"' „ #! $ "
œ œ ß .
Write the equation as a product of linear factors: B ˆ $# ‰‘ B ˆ "' ‰‘ œ !
#% #% # '
Now multiply the first factor by # and the second factor by '. #B $ 'B " œ !
So the final factored form of "#B# "'B $ is #B $ 'B " .
$% „ È""&' *'!
24 "&B# $%B "' œ ! e+ œ "&, , œ $%, - œ "'f, so B œ
$% „ %' # )
œ œ ß .
Thus, "&B# $%B "' œ & B ˆ #& ‰‘ † $ B ˆ )$ ‰‘ œ &B # $B ) .
$! $! & $
25 We must first isolate the absolute value term before proceeding.
k$B #k $ œ ( Ê k$B #k œ % Ê $B # œ % or $B # œ % Ê
$B œ ' or $B œ # Ê B œ # or B œ #$
26 #k&B #k " œ & Ê #k&B #k œ ' Ê k&B #k œ $ Ê
"
&B # œ $ or &B # œ $ Ê &B œ " or &B œ & Ê Bœ & or B œ "
27 $kB "k & œ "" Ê $kB "k œ ' Ê kB "k œ #.
Since the absolute value of an expression is nonnegative, kB "k œ # has no solution.
20 1.4 EXERCISES
28 kB $k ' œ ' Ê kB $k œ !. Since the absolute value of an expression can only
equal ! if the expression itself is !, kB $k œ ! Ê B$œ! Ê B œ $.
29 Since there are four terms, we first try factoring by grouping.
*B$ ")B# %B ) œ ! Ê *B# B # % B # œ ! Ê
%
#
*B % B # œ ! Ê B# œ * or B œ # Ê B œ „ #$ ß #
30 Notice that we can factor an B out of each term, and then factor by grouping.
%B% "!B$ œ 'B# "&B Ê %B% "!B$ 'B# "&B œ ! Ê B %B$ "!B# 'B "& œ ! Ê
B c#B #B & $ #B & d œ !
#
Ê #
B #B $ #B & œ ! Ê
B œ ! or B# œ $
or B œ &# Ê B œ !ß „ "# È'ß &#
œ „ " È'.
È È# È'
B œ „É $# œ „ È$# †
#
È#
$
Note: B# œ # Ê œ„ # #
There are several ways to write this answer—your professor may have a preference.
31 C$Î# œ &C Ê C$Î# &C œ ! Ê CˆC"Î# &‰ œ ! Ê C œ ! or C"Î# œ &.
œ & Ê ˆC"Î# ‰ œ &# Ê C œ #&. The solutions are C œ ! and C œ #&.
#
C"Î#
Note: The following guidelines may be helpful when solving radical equations.
Guidelines for Solving a Radical Equation
(1) Isolate the radical. If we cannot get the radical isolated on one side of the equals sign because there is more
than one radical, then we will split up the radical terms as evenly as possible on each side of the equals sign.
For example, if there are two radicals, we put one on each side; if there are three radicals, we put two on
one side and one on the other.
(2) Raise both sides to the same power as the root index. Note: Remember here that
ˆ+ , È8‰# œ +# #+, È8 , # 8
and that ˆ+ , È8‰ is not +# , # 8.
#
(3) If your equation contains no radicals, proceed to part (4). If there are still radicals in the equation, go back
to part (1).
(4) Solve the resulting equation.
(5) Check the answers found in part (4) in the original equation to determine the valid solutions.
Note: You may check the solutions in any equivalent equation of the original equation, that is, an equation
which occurs prior to raising both sides to a power. Also, extraneous real number solutions are introduced
when raising both sides to an even power. Hence, all solutions must be checked in this case. Checking
solutions when raising each side to an odd power is up to the individual professor.
32 C%Î$ œ %C Ê C%Î$ %C œ ! Ê CˆC"Î$ %‰ œ ! Ê C œ ! or C"Î$ œ %.
Ê ˆC"Î$ ‰ œ % $
$
C"Î$ œ % Ê C œ '%. C œ !ß '%
33 È( &B œ ) ŠÈ( &B‹ œ )#
#
Ê Ê ( &B œ '% Ê &( œ &B Ê B œ &(
&
34 È$ B B œ $ ŠÈ$ B‹ œ B $
#
#
Ê Ê $ B œ B# 'B * Ê B# (B ' œ ! Ê
B" B' œ! Ê B œ " and ' is an extraneous solution.
1.4 EXERCISES 21
35 B œ $ È&B * Ê B $ œ È&B * Ê B# 'B * œ &B * Ê
#
B ""B ") œ ! Ê B# B* œ! Ê B œ * and # is an extraneous solution.
36 B È&B "* œ " Ê È&B "* œ B " Ê &B "* œ B# #B " Ê
B# $B ") œ ! Ê B' B$ œ! Ê B œ $ß '.
Check B œ $: LS œ $ # œ " œ RS Ê B œ $ is a solution.
Check B œ ': LS œ ' ( œ "$ Á RS Ê B œ ' is an extraneous solution.
Note: Substitution could be used instead of factoring for the following exercises.
( „ È"* "! (! „ "!È"*
37 We recognize this equation as a quadratic equation in C# and apply the quadratic formula, solving for C# , not C.
Ê C œ „ É(! „ "!È"*
"
&C% (C# "Þ& œ ! Ê C# œ † œ
"! "! "!! "!
Alternatively, let ? œ C# and solve &?# (? "Þ& œ !.
& „ È( ' $! „ 'È(
C œ „ É$! „ 'È(
"
38 $C% &C# "Þ& œ ! Ê C# œ † œ Ê
' ' $' '
39 $'B% "$B# " œ ! Ê %B# " *B# " œ ! Ê B# œ "% ß "* Ê B# œ % ß * Ê B œ „#ß „$
Alternatively, let ? œ B# and solve $'?# "$? " œ !.
40 B# #B" $& œ ! Ê B" ( B" & œ ! Ê B" œ (ß & Ê B œ "( ß "&
41 $B#Î$ %B"Î$ % œ ! Ê ˆ$B"Î$ #‰ˆB"Î$ #‰ œ ! Ê
È B œ ˆ #$ ‰ ß #
$ $
$
B œ #$ ß # Ê Ê Bœ )
#( ß )
Alternatively, let ? œ B"Î$ and solve $?# %? % œ !.
42 #C"Î$ $C"Î' " œ ! Ê ˆ#C"Î' "‰ˆC"Î' "‰ œ ! Ê È
' C œ "ß"
# Ê Cœ "
'% ß "
43 See the illustrations and discussion on text page 51 for help on solving equations by raising both sides to a
reciprocal power. Note that if B7Î8 is in the given equation and 7 is even, we have to use the „ symbol for the
solutions. Here are a few more examples:
Equation Solution
B"Î# œ % ˆB "Î# ‰#Î"
œ %#Î" Ê B œ "'
B"Î# œ & ˆB "Î# ‰#Î"
œ &#Î" Ê Bœ "
ˆB$Î% ‰%Î$ œ )%Î$
#&
B$Î% œ ) Ê B œ "'
B%Î$ œ )" ˆB%Î$ ‰$Î% œ )"$Î% Ê B œ „#( e „ since % is evenf
ˆB&Î$ ‰$Î& œ $# B œ ŠÈ $#‹ œ #$ œ )
$
$Î&
(a) B&Î$ œ $# Ê Ê &
ˆB%Î$ ‰$Î% œ „ "' B œ „ŠÈ "'‹ œ „#$ œ „)
$
$Î%
(b) B%Î$ œ "' Ê Ê %
ˆB#Î$ ‰$Î# œ „ '% B œ „ŠÈ'%‹ , which are not real numbers.
$
$Î#
(c) B#Î$ œ '% Ê Ê
No real solutions
ˆB$Î% ‰%Î$ œ "#& B œ ŠÈ "#&‹ œ &% œ '#&
%
%Î$
(d) B$Î% œ "#& Ê Ê $
ˆB$Î# ‰#Î$ œ #( B œ ŠÈ #(‹ œ $
#
#Î$ #
(e) B$Î# œ #( Ê Ê $
œ *,
which is an extraneous solution. No real solutions
22 1.4 EXERCISES
ˆB$Î& ‰&Î$ œ #( B œ ŠÈ #(‹ œ $
&
&Î$ &
44 (a) B$Î& œ #( Ê Ê $
œ #%$
ˆB#Î$ ‰$Î# œ „ #& B œ „ŠÈ#&‹ œ „&$ œ „"#&
$
$Î#
(b) B#Î$ œ #& Ê Ê
ˆB%Î$ ‰$Î% œ „ %* B œ „ŠÈ %*‹ , which are not real numbers.
$
$Î%
(c) B%Î$ œ %* Ê Ê %
No real solutions
ˆB $Î# ‰#Î$
B œ ŠÈ '%‹ œ %# œ "'
#
#Î$
(d) B$Î# œ '% Ê œ '% Ê $
ˆB$Î% ‰%Î$ œ ) B œ ŠÈ )‹ œ #
%
%Î$ %
(e) B$Î% œ ) Ê Ê $
œ "', which is an extraneous solution.
No real solutions
45 (a) For this exercise, we must recognize the equation as a quadratic in B, that is,
EB# FB G œ !
where E is the coefficient of B# , F is the coefficient of B, and G is the collection of all terms that do not
contain B# or B.
%B# %BC " C# œ ! Ê % B# %C B " C# œ ! Ê
%C „ È"'C# "' " C# %C „ È"' cC# " C# d %C „ %È#C# " C „ È#C# "
Bœ œ œ œ
#% #% #% #
(b) Similar to part (a), we must now recognize the equation as a quadratic equation in C.
%B# %BC " C# œ ! Ê " C# %B C %B# " œ ! Ê
%B „ È"'B# % %B# " %B „ È%c%B# %B# " d %B „ #È)B# "
Cœ œ œ œ #B „ È)B# "
# " # #
C „ ÈC# ) $C# " C „ È#&C# )
46 (a) #B# BC œ $C# " Ê # B# C B $C# " œ ! Ê
Bœ œ
## %
B „ È#&B# "#
(b) #B# BC œ $C# " $ C# B C #B# " œ !
B „ ÈB# "# #B# "
Ê Ê
Cœ œ
# $ '
%,&!!,!!! „ È%,&!!,!!!# % " !Þ*'
47 (a) B œ ¸ ! and %,&!!,!!!
, „ È, # %+- , … È, # %+-
#
, # , # %+-
, … È, # %+- #+Š, … È, # %+- ‹
(b) B œ † œ
#+
È
%+- #-
#+Š, … È, # %+- ‹
œ œ
, … , # %+-
The root near zero was obtained in part (a) using the plus sign. In the second formula, it corresponds to the
È
# !Þ*'
minus sign. B œ ¸ #Þ"$ ‚ "!(
%,&!!,!!! %,&!!,!!!# % " !Þ*'
($,!!!,!!! „ É ($,!!!,!!! #
% " #Þ!"
48 (a) B œ ¸ ($,!!!,!!! and !
#
(b) The root near zero was obtained in part (a) using the minus sign. In the second formula, it corresponds to the
# #Þ!"
($,!!!,!!! É ($,!!!,!!! % " #Þ!"
plus sign. B œ ¸ #Þ(& ‚ "!)
#
1.4 EXERCISES 23
49 IO P œ H X O egiven equation, solve for O f
IO X O œ H P eget O -terms on one side, everything else on the otherf
O IX œHP efactor out O f
edivide by I X to solve for O f
HP
Oœ
IX
V
50 GH G œ T G V Ê GH G T G œ V Ê G H"T œV Ê Gœ
H"T
U" "
51 R œ Ê RU œ U " Ê RU U œ " Ê U R " œ" Ê Uœ
U R "
α "
52 " œ Ê " "α œα Ê " "α œ α Ê " œ α "α Ê " œα "" Ê αœ
"α ""
ET
53 E œ T T <> Ê E T œ T <> Ê <œ
T>
" # #= 1>#
54 = œ 1> @! > Ê #= œ 1># #@! > Ê #= 1># œ #@! > Ê @! œ
# #>
egiven equation, solve for ; f
:
55 Wœ
;: ";
W c; : " ; d œ : eeliminate the fractionf
W; W: " ; œ : emultiply termsf
W; W: W:; œ : emultiply termsf
W; W:; œ : W: eisolate terms containing ; f
W; " : œ : " W efactor our W; f
edivide by W " : to solve for ; f
: "W
;œ
W ":
W #6A
56 W œ # 6A 2A 26 Ê W œ #6A #2A #26 Ê W #6A œ #2 A 6 Ê 2œ
# A6
" " "
57 œ {multiply by the lcd, 0 :; } Ê
0 : ;
0:
:; œ 0 ; 0 : Ê :; 0 ; œ 0 : Ê ; : 0 œ 0: Ê ;œ
:0
" " " "
58 œ {multiply by the lcd, VV" V# V$ } Ê V" V# V$ œ VV# V$ VV" V$ VV" V# Ê
V V" V# V$
V" V# V$ VV# V$ VV" V# œ VV" V$ Ê V# V" V$ VV$ VV" œ VV" V$ Ê
VV" V$
V# œ
V" V$ VV$ VV"
@ œ „Ê @œÊ
" # #O #O #O
59 O œ 7@ Ê @# œ Ê Ê since @ !.
# 7 7 7
. œ „Ê .œÊ
7Q 17Q 17Q 17Q
60 J œ 1 Ê .# œ Ê Ê since . !.
.# J J J
61 E œ #1< < 2 Ê E œ #1<# #1<2 Ê #1 <# #12 < E œ ! ea quadratic equation in <f Ê
#1 2 „ É # 1 2 #
% #1 E #12 „ È%1# 2# )1E
<œ œ
#12 „ #È1# 2# #1E 1 2 „ È 1 # 2 # # 1 E
# #1 # #1
œ œ
# #1 #1
1 2 È 1 # 2 # # 1 E
Since < !, we must use the plus sign, and < œ .
#1
24 1.4 EXERCISES
@! „ È@#! #1=
Œ 1> @! > = œ !
" # " #
62 = œ 1> @! > Ê Ê >œ .
@! È@#! #1=
# # 1
Since > !, we must use the plus sign, and > œ .
1
63 . œ "# È%V # G # Ê #. œ È%V # G # Ê %. # œ %V # G # Ê G # œ %V # %. # Ê
G # œ % V# .# Ê G œ „#ÈV # . # Ê G œ #ÈV # . # since G !
64 W œ 1<È<# 2# œ È<# 2 # Ê Œ œ ŠÈ<# 2 # ‹ Ê
#
W W # W#
Ê œ <# 2 # Ê
1< 1< 1 # <#
# # œ 2# Ê 2# œ # # ˆW # 1# <% ‰ Ê 2 œ „ ÈW # 1# <% Ê
W# W# 1 # <% " "
<# œ 2 # Ê
"È #
1 # <# #
1 < # 1 < 1 < 1<
2œ W 1# <% since 2 !
1<
65 Let B denote the number of months needed to recover the cost of the insulation. The savings in one month is "!%
of $#!! œ $#!, so the savings in B months is #!B. #!B œ #%!! Ê B œ "#! months (or "! yr).
66 Let B denote the amount (in millions) invested in bonds.
B !.!' )!! B !.!& œ %# Ê !.!'B %! !.!&B œ %# Ê !.!"B œ # Ê B œ #!!.
The arena should be financed by selling $#!! million in bonds and borrowing $'!! million.
67 (a) They will meet when the sum of their distances is ##%. Let > denote the desired number of seconds.
Using distance œ rate ‚ time, we have "Þ&> #> œ ##% Ê $Þ&> œ ##% Ê > œ '% sec.
(b) The children will have walked '% "Þ& œ *' m and '% # œ "#) m, respectively.
68 Let 6 denote the length of the side parallel to the river bank. T œ #A 6
(a) 6 œ #A Ê T œ #A #A œ %A. %A œ ")! Ê A œ %& ft and E œ %& *! œ %!&! ft# .
(b) 6 œ "# A Ê T œ #A "# A œ &# A. &
#A œ ")! Ê A œ (# ft and E œ (# $' œ #&*# ft# .
(c) 6 œ A Ê T œ #A A œ $A. $A œ ")! Ê A œ '! ft and E œ '! '! œ $'!! ft# .
69 Let B denote the distance to the target. We know the total time involved and need a formula for time. Solving
. œ <> for > gives us > œ .Î<.
B B
Timeto target Timefrom target œ Timetotal Ê œ "Þ& {multiply by the lcd, $$!!} Ê
$$!! ""!!
B $B œ "Þ& $$!! Ê %B œ %*&! Ê B œ "#$(Þ& ft.
70 Let B denote the miles in one direction. A '-minute-mile pace is equivalent to a rate of "' mileÎmin. Solving . œ <>
B B
for > gives us > œ .Î<. Minutesnorth Minutessouth œ Minutestotal Ê œ %( Ê
"Î' "Î(
%( %( *% $
'B (B œ %( Ê Bœ "$ . The total distance is # † "$ œ "$ , or ( "$ mi.
" "
71 Let ,# denote the larger base. E œ # ," , # 2 Ê &œ # $ ,# " Ê "! œ $ ,# Ê ,# œ ( ft.
72 Let 2" denote the height of the cylinder. Z œ #$ 1<$ 1<# 2" œ "",#&!1 and < œ "& Ê
##&!1 ##&12" œ "",#&!1 Ê ##&12" œ *!!!1 Ê 2" œ %!. The total height is %! ft "& ft œ && ft.
73 (a) X œ X! ˆ "!!!
&Þ& ‰
2 ì 2 œ &#)! ft and X! œ (!°F Ê X œ (! ˆ "!!!
&Þ& ‰
&#)! œ %!Þ*'°F.
(b) X œ $#°F Ê $# œ (! ˆ "!!!
&Þ& ‰
2 Ê ˆ "!!!
&Þ& ‰
2 œ $) Ê 2 œ $)ˆ "!!!
&Þ&
‰ ¸ '*!* ft.
1.4 EXERCISES 25
74 (a) 2 œ ##( X H ì X œ (!°F and H œ &&°F Ê 2 œ ##( (! && œ $%!& ft.
$&!!
(b) 2 œ $&!! ft and H œ '&°F Ê $&!! œ ##( X '& Ê X œ ##( '& ¸ )!Þ%°F
75 X œ F ˆ "!!!
$ ‰
2 ì F œ &&°F and 2 œ "!,!!! %!!! œ '!!! ft Ê X œ && ˆ "!!!
$ ‰
'!!! œ $(°F.
76 (a) 2 œ '& $Þ"%B ì B œ $! cm Ê 2 œ '& $Þ"% $! œ "&*Þ# cm.
(b) 2 œ ($Þ' $Þ!B ì B œ $% Ê 2 œ ($Þ' $ $% œ "(&Þ' cm. The height of the skeleton has decreased
"Þ'
by "(&Þ' "(% œ "Þ' cm due to aging after age $!. !.!' ¸ #( years. The male was approximately
$! #( œ &( years old at death.
77 (a) @ œ && Ê . œ @ @# Î#! œ && &&# Î#! œ #!'Þ#& ft
(b) . œ "#! Ê "#! œ @ @# Î#! Ê #%!! œ #!@ @# Ê @# #!@ #%!! œ ! Ê
@ '! @ %! œ ! Ê @ œ %! miÎhr
# #
78 (a) X œ *) Ê 2 œ "!!! "!! X &)! "!! X œ "!!! # &)! # œ %$#! m.
&! „ È#&!! &",#(# #& „ È"$,%%$
(b) If B œ "!! X and 2 œ ))%!, then ))%! œ "!!!B &)!B# Ê
#*B# &!B %%# œ ! Ê B œ œ ¸ %Þ)'ß $Þ"%.
# #* #*
B œ %Þ)' Ê X œ "!! B œ "!%Þ)'°C, which is outside the allowable range of X .
B œ $Þ"% Ê X œ "!! B œ *'Þ)'°C for *& Ÿ X Ÿ "!!.
"
79 (a) The northbound plane travels # † #!! œ "!! miles from # P.M. to #:$! P.M., so the distances of the northbound
and eastbound planes are "!! #!!> and %!!>, respectively. Using the Pythagorean theorem,
. œ É "!! #!!> #
%!!> #
œ É"!!# " #> #
"!!# %> #
œ É"!!# " #> #
%> # ‘
œ "!!È" %> %># "'># œ "!!È#!># %> ".
(b) . œ &!! Ê &!! œ "!!È#!># %> " Ê & œ È#!># %> " Ê &# œ #!># %> " Ê
# #
#!> %> #% œ ! Ê &> > ' œ ! Ê &> ' > " œ ! Ê
> œ " hour after #:$! P.M., or $:$! P.M.
80 Let > denote the number of seconds the rock falls, so that % > is the number of seconds for the sound to travel.
#(& &È$(#*
Distancedown œ Distanceup "'># œ ""!! % > {. œ <>} Ê %># œ #(& % >
#(& „ È*$,##&
Ê Ê
%># #(&> ""!! œ ! Ê >œ œ ¸ $Þ(*.
#% )
The height is "'># ¸ ##*Þ*%, or #$! ft.
81 Let B denote the number of $"! reductions in price.
Revenue œ unit price ‚ # of units Ê (!!! œ $!! "!B "& #B Ê
# #
(!!! œ "! $! B "& #B Ê (!! œ #B %&B %&! Ê #B %&B #&! œ ! Ê
#B #& B "! œ ! Ê B œ "! or "#Þ&.
The selling price is $$!! $"! "! œ $#!!, or $$!! $"! "#Þ& œ $"(&.
82 The total surface area is the sum of the surface area of the cylinder and that of the top and bottom.
W œ #1<2 #1<# and 2 œ % Ê "!1 œ )1< #1<# {divide by #1} Ê & œ %< <# Ê
<# %< & œ ! Ê <& <" œ! Ê < œ ", and the diameter is # ft.
26 1.4 EXERCISES
83 (a) Areacapsule œ Areasphere {the two ends are hemispheres} Areacylinder
œ %1<# #1<2 œ %1ˆ "% ‰ #1ˆ "% ‰ˆ# "# ‰ œ
# 1 $1
œ 1 cm# .
Areatablet œ Areatop and bottom Areacylinder œ #1<# #1<ˆ "# ‰ œ #1<# 1<.
% %
Equating the two surface areas yields #1<# 1< œ 1 Ê
#<# < " œ ! Ê #< " < " œ ! Ê < œ "# , and the diameter is " cm.
(b) Volumecapsule œ Volumesphere Volumecylinder
œ %$ 1<$ 1<# 2 œ %$ 1ˆ "% ‰ 1ˆ "% ‰
$ # $ 1 $1 ""1
œ œ ¸ !Þ$'! cm$ .
1ˆ "# ‰ "#
# %) $# *'
# 1
Volumetablet œ Volumecylinder œ 1<# 2 œ œ ) ¸ !Þ$*$ cm . $
T
84 T œ "&,(!!W &Î# VH Ê W &Î# œ Ê
"&,(!!VH
WœŒ œ” •
#Î& #Î&
T $)!
¸ !Þ&%
"&,(!!VH "&,(!! !Þ""$Î# #
85 From the Pythagorean theorem, . # 2# œ P# . Since . is to be #&% of P, we have
. œ "% P, so ˆ "% P‰ 2# œ P# Ê 2 # œ P# ˆ "% P‰ Ê 2 # œ "P# "'
# # " #
P Ê
È"&
2# œ "& #
"' P Ê 2 œ É "&
"' P esince 2 !f œ
#
% P ¸ !Þ*(P. Thus, 2 ¸ *(%P.
"Î% È
86 X œ !Þ#&T @ Ê T "Î% œ %X È@ Ê T œ %X % @# œ %% $% &# œ &"),%!!
87 Costunderwater Costoverland œ Costtotal Ê (&!! † underwater miles '!!! † overland miles œ $&,!!! Ê
(&!!ÈB# " '!!! & B œ $&,!!! Ê (&!!ÈB# " $!,!!! '!!!B œ $&,!!! Ê
(&!!ÈB# " œ '!!!B &,!!! Ê "&ÈB# " œ "#B "! {divide by &!!} Ê
' † %! „ È*!! † "* ' † %! „ $!È"* %! „ &È"*
# # # #
#%! „ È"(,"!!
##& B " œ "%%B #%!B "!! Ê ##&B ##& œ "%%B #%!B "!! Ê
)"B# #%!B "#& œ ! Ê Bœ œ œ œ ¸
"'# ' † #( ' † #( #(
#Þ#))(ß !Þ'(%$ mi. There are two possible routes.
88 The C-value decreases "Þ# units for each " unit increase in the B-value. The data are best described by equation (1),
C œ "Þ#B #.
89 The C-values are increasing rapidly and can best be described by equation (4), C œ B$ B# B "!.
90 (a) Let Y" œ X" œ "Þ!*P *'Þ!" and Y# œ X# œ !Þ!""P# !Þ"#'P )"Þ%&. Table each equation and
compare them to the actual temperatures.
B (P ) )& (& '& && %& $& #& "& &
Y" $Þ$' "%Þ#' #&Þ"' $'Þ!' %'Þ*' &(Þ)' ')Þ(' (&Þ'' *!Þ&'
Y# )Þ(% "!Þ"$ #'Þ(* %"Þ#& &$Þ&" '$Þ&( ("Þ%$ ((Þ!* )!Þ&&
S. Hem. & "! #( %# &$ '& (& () (*
Comparing Y" (X" ) with Y# (X# ), we can see that the linear equation X" is not as accurate as the quadratic
equation X# .
#
(b) P œ &! Ê X# œ !Þ!"" &! !Þ"#' &! )"Þ%& œ %(Þ'&°F.
91 (a) Let Y" œ H" œ 'Þ!*'P ')&Þ( and Y# œ H# œ !Þ!!"()P$ !Þ!(#P# %Þ$(P ("*.
Table each equation and compare them to the actual values.
1.5 EXERCISES 27
B (P ) ! "! #! $! %! &! '!
Y" ')' (%( )!) )'* *$! **" "!&"
Y# ("* (&( (*# )$$ )*$ *)! ""!'
Summer (#! (&& (*# )$' )*# *() ""!(
Comparing Y" (H" ) with Y# (H# ),
we see that the linear equation H" is not as accurate as the cubic equation H# .
$ #
(b) P œ $& Ê H# œ !Þ!!"() $& !Þ!(# $& %Þ$( $& ("* ¸ )'! min.
1.5 Exercises
1 & #3 $ '3 œ c& $ d # ' 3 œ # %3
2 & %3 $ *3 œ & $ % * 3 œ # "$3
3 ( )3 & $3 œ ( & ) $ 3 œ "# &3
4 $ )3 # $3 œ $ # ) $ 3 œ & &3
5 $ &3 # (3 œ $ &3 # $ &3 (3 edistributive propertyf
œ ' "!3 #"3 $&3 #
emultiply termsf
œ ' ""3 $& " ˜combine 3-terms, 3# œ "™
œ ' ""3 $&
œ %" ""3
6 # $3 ) 3 œ "' $3# # #% 3 œ "' $ #'3 œ "$ #'3
7 % $3 # (3 œ ) #"3# #) ' 3 œ ) #" ##3 œ #* ##3
8 ) #3 ( $3 œ &' '3# #% "% 3 œ &' ' "!3 œ '# "!3
#
9 Use the special product formula for B C on the inside front cover of the text.
# #
& #3 œ &# # & #3 #3 œ #& #!3 %3# œ #& % #!3 œ #" #!3
# #
10 ' (3 œ '# # ' (3 (3 œ $' %* )%3 œ "$ )%3
11 3 $ %3 #
œ 3 $# # $ %3 %3 # ‘ œ 3 c * "' #%3d œ 3 ( #%3 œ #% (3
12 3 # (3 #
œ 3 ## # # (3 (3 # ‘ œ 3 c % %* #)3d œ 3 %& #)3 œ #) %&3
13 $ %3 $ %3 {note that this difference of squares á }
#
œ $# %3 œ * "' œ {á becomes a “sum of squares”} * "' œ #&
#
14 % (3 % (3 œ %# (3 œ "' %* œ "' %* œ '&
15 (a) Since 35 œ " if 5 is a multiple of %, we will write 3%$ as 3%! 3$ , knowing that 3%! will reduce to ".
3%$ œ 3%! 3$ œ ˆ3% ‰ 3 œ ""! 3 œ 3
"!
(b) As in Example $(e), choose , œ #!. 3#! † 3#! œ 3! œ ".
16 (a) 3') œ ˆ3% ‰
"(
œ ""( œ "
(b) As in Example $(e), choose , œ $'. 3$$ † 3$' œ 3$ œ 3.
28 1.5 EXERCISES
17 (a) Since 35 œ " if 5 is a multiple of %, we will write 3($ as 3(# 3" , knowing that 3(# will reduce to ".
3($ œ 3(# 3 œ ˆ3% ‰ 3 œ "") 3 œ 3
")
(b) As in Example $(e), choose , œ %). 3%' † 3%) œ 3# œ ".
18 (a) 3'' œ 3'% 3# œ ˆ3% ‰
"'
" œ ""' " œ "
(b) As in Example $(e), choose , œ &'. 3&& † 3&' œ 3" œ 3.
19 Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator to eliminate all 3’s in the
denominator. The new denominator is the sum of the squares of the coefficients—in this case, ## and %# .
$ # %3 $ # %3 ' "#3 ' "# $ $
† œ œ œ 3œ 3
# %3 # %3 % "' #! #! #! "! &
& $ (3 & $ (3 "& $&3 "& $&
20 † œ œ œ 3
$ (3 $ (3 * %* &) &) &)
21 Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator to eliminate all 3’s in the
denominator. The new denominator is the sum of the squares of the coefficients—in this case, '# and ## .
" (3 ' #3 ' "% # %# 3 #! %!3 #! %! "
† œ œ œ 3œ 3
' #3 ' #3 $' % %! %! %! #
# *3 $ 3 ' * # #( 3 "& #&3 $ &
22 † œ œ œ 3
$ 3 $ 3 * " "! # #
% '3 # (3 ) %# #) "# 3 $% %!3 $% %!
23 † œ œ œ 3
# (3 # (3 % %* &$ &$ &$
$ #3 & #3 "& % ' "! 3 "* %3 "* %
24 † œ œ œ 3
& #3 & #3 #& % #* #* #*
25 Multiplying the denominator by 3 will eliminate the 3’s in the denominator.
% #3 % #3 3 %3 #3# # %3 # %
œ † œ #
œ œ 3
(3 (3 3 (3 ( ( (
# '3 # '3 3 #3 '3# ' #3 #
26 œ † œ #
œ œ# 3
$3 $3 3 $3 $ $
$
27 Use the special product formula for B C on the inside front cover of the text.
$
œ # $ $ # # &3 $ # &3 # &3 $
œ ) '!3 'ˆ#&3# ‰ "#&3$
# &3
œ ˆ) "&!3# ‰ ˆ'!3 "#&3$ ‰ œ ) "&! '! "#& 3 œ "%# '&3
28 $ #3 $
œ $ $ $ $ # #3 $ $ #3 # #3 $ œ #( &%3 *ˆ%3# ‰ )3$
œ ˆ#( $'3# ‰ ˆ&%3 )3$ ‰ œ #( $' &% ) 3 œ * %'3
29 A common mistake is to multiply È% È"' and obtain È'%, or ).
The correct procedure is È% È"' œ È% 3 † È"' 3 œ #3 %3 œ )3# œ ).
Š# È%‹Š$ È"'‹ œ # #3 $ %3 œ ' ) '3 )3 œ # "%3
30 Š$ È#&‹Š) È$'‹ œ $ &3 ) '3 œ #% $! %!3 ")3 œ ' &)3
1.5 EXERCISES 29
% È)"
# È*
% *3 # $3 ) #( "# ") 3 "* $!3 "* $!
31 œ † œ œ œ 3
# $3 # $3 % * "$ "$ "$
& È"#"
" È#&
& ""3 " &3 & && #& "" 3 &! $'3 #& ")
32 œ † œ œ œ 3
" &3 " &3 " #& #' "$ "$
È$' È%* %#3#
È"'
'3 (3 #" #" 3 #"3 #"3 #"
33 œ œ œ œ † œ #
œ œ 3
%3 %3 #3 #3 3 #3 # #
È#&
È"' È)"
&3 &3 &3 &
34 œ œ œ œ 3
%3 *3 $'3# $' $'
35 We need to equate the real parts and the imaginary parts on each side of “ œ ”.
% B #C 3 œ B #3 Ê % œ B and B #C œ # Ê
B œ % and % #C œ # Ê #C œ # Ê C œ ", so B œ % and C œ ".
36 B C $3 œ % C3 Ê $ œ C and B C œ % Ê B$œ% Ê B œ (, C œ $
37 #B C "'3 œ "! %C3 Ê #B C œ "! and "' œ %C Ê C œ % and #B % œ "! Ê
#B % œ "! Ê #B œ ' Ê B œ $, so B œ $ and C œ %.
38 ) $B C 3 œ #B %3 Ê #B œ ) and $B C œ % Ê B œ % and "# C œ % Ê B œ %, C œ "'
' „ É ' #
% " "$ ' „ È$' &# ' „ È"' ' „ %3
39 B 'B "$ œ !
#
Ê Bœ œ œ œ œ $ „ #3
#" # # #
40 B# #B #' œ ! Ê
# „ É # #
% " #' # „ È% "!% # „ È"!! # „ "!3
Bœ œ œ œ œ " „ &3
#" # # #
41 B# "#B $( œ ! Ê
"# „ É "# #
% " $( "# „ È"%% "%) "# „ È% "# „ #3
Bœ œ œ œ œ ' „ 3
#" # # #
) „ È'% ') ) „ È% ) „ #3
42 B# )B "( œ ! Ê Bœ œ œ œ % „ 3
#" # #
& „ É & & „ È#& )! & „ È&&
œ „ È&& 3
#
% " #! & "
43 B# &B #! œ ! Ê Bœ œ œ
#" # # # #
$ „ È* #% $ „ È"&
œ „ È"& 3
$ "
44 B# $B ' œ ! Ê Bœ œ
#" # # #
" „ È"# % % $ " „ È" %) " „ È%(
œ „ È%( 3
" "
45 %B# B $ œ ! Ê Bœ œ œ
#% ) ) ) )
" „ È"# % $ & " „ È" '!
œ „ È&* 3
" "
46 $B# B & œ ! Ê Bœ œ
# $ ' ' '
47 Solving B$ œ '% by taking the cube root of both sides would only give us the solution B œ %, so we need to
% „ È"' '% % „ %È $ 3
factor B$ '% as the sum of cubes. B$ '% œ ! Ê B % B# %B "' œ ! Ê
B œ % or B œ œ . The three solutions are %ß # „ #È$ 3.
# #
30 1.5 EXERCISES
$ „ È* $' $ „ $È$ 3
48 B$ #( œ ! Ê B $ B# $B * œ ! Ê
. The three solutions are $ß „ È$ 3.
$ $
B œ $ or B œ œ
# # # #
$ $
49 #(B$ œ B & Ê B& $ œ! Ê
$B
{difference of cubes} c$B B & d $B # $B B & B & # ‘ œ ! Ê
#& „ È'#& "$!! #& „ "&È$ 3
# # #
$B B & *B $B "&B B "!B #& œ ! Ê
&
#B & "$B# #&B #& œ ! Ê B œ or B œ œ .
"& È
# # "$ #'
The three solutions are &# ß #&
#' „ #' $ 3.
50 "'B% œ B % % Ê %B# B % # ‘ œ ! Ê {difference of squares}
# #
%B# B % # ‘%B# B % # ‘ œ ! Ê &B# )B "' $B# )B "' œ ! Ê
) „ È'% $#!
&B )B "' œ ! or $B )B "' œ B % $B % œ !.
# #
) „ "'3 % „ )3
&B# )B "' œ ! Ê B œ œ œ . The four solutions are %ß %$ ß %& „ )& 3.
"! "! &
51 B% œ '#& Ê B% '#& œ ! Ê B# #& B# #& œ ! Ê
#
B œ #&ß #& Ê B œ „È#&ß „È#& Ê B œ „&ß „&3
52 B% œ )" Ê B% )" œ ! Ê B# * B# * œ ! Ê
#
B œ *ß * Ê B œ „È*ß „È* Ê B œ „$ß „$3
53 %B% #&B# $' œ ! Ê B# % %B# * œ ! Ê
B œ %ß *%
#
Ê B œ „È%ß „É *% Ê B œ „#3ß „ $# 3
54 #(B% #"B# % œ ! Ê *B# % $B# " œ ! Ê
B# œ %* ß "$ Ê B œ „É %* ß „É "$ Ê B œ „ #$ 3ß „ "$ È$ 3
$ „ È* "' $ „ È( 3
55 B$ $B# %B œ ! Ê B B# $B % œ ! Ê
. The three solutions are !ß „ È( 3.
$ "
B œ ! or B œ œ
# # # #
56 )B$ "#B# #B $ œ ! Ê %B# #B $ " #B $ œ ! Ê %B# " #B $ œ ! Ê
#
B œ "% or B œ $
# Ê Bœ „É "% or B œ $
# Ê B œ $# ß „ "# 3
Note: In Exercises 57–62: Let D œ + ,3 and A œ - .3.
57 D A œ + ,3 - .3 edefinition of D and Af
œ +- ,. 3 ewrite in complex number formf
œ +- ,. 3 edefinition of conjugatef
œ + ,3 - .3 erearrange terms * f
œDA edefinition of conjugates of D and Af
* We are really looking ahead to the terms we want to obtain, D and A.
58 D A œ + ,3 - .3 œ + - , . 3 œ + - , . 3 œ + ,3 - .3 œ D A .
59 D † A œ + ,3 † - .3 œ +- ,. +. ,- 3
œ +- ,. +. ,- 3 œ +- +.3 ,. ,-3 œ + - .3 ,3 - .3 œ + ,3 † - .3 œ D † A
1.6 EXERCISES 31
60 Š ‹ œ Œ œŒ œŒ œŒ # 3
D + ,3 + ,3 - .3 +- ,. ,- +. 3 +- ,. ,- +.
† #
A - .3 - .3 - .3 -# .# - .# - .#
+- ,. ,- +. +- ,. +. ,- 3 + ,3 - .3 + ,3 + ,3 D
œ # 3œ œ † œ œ œ
-# .# - .# - # .# - .3 - .3 - .3 - .3 A
61 " If D œ D , then + ,3 œ + ,3 and hence ,3 œ ,3, or #,3 œ !. Thus, , œ ! and D œ + is real.
# Conversely, if D is real, then , œ ! and hence D œ + !3 œ + !3 œ + !3 œ D .
Thus, by " and # , D œ D if and only if D is real.
# # #
62 D # œ + ,3 œ +# #+,3 , # œ +# , # #+,3 œ +# , # #+,3 œ +# #+,3 , # œ + ,3 œ D
1.6 Exercises
Note: Brackets, “c” and “d”, are used with Ÿ or and indicate that the endpoint of the interval is part of the solution.
Parentheses, “ ” and “ ”, are used with or and indicate that the endpoint is not part of the solution.
1 B # Í ∞ß # 2 B % Í Ò%ß ∞Ñ
( ]
⫺2 0 0 4
3 &B # Í # Ÿ B & Í Ò#ß &Ñ 4 $ Ÿ B Ÿ ( Í c$ß (d
] ) ] ]
⫺2 0 5 0 3 7
5 Ð&ß %Ó Í & B Ÿ % 6 'ß ∞ Í B '
7 #B & $B ( Ê B "# Ê B "# echange inequalityf Í "#ß ∞
8 B ' &B $ Ê %B * Ê B *% echange inequalityf Í ˆ∞ß *% ‰
”$ Ÿ (• † & {multiply by the lcd, &}
#B *
9 Ê "& Ÿ #B * $& Ê
&
#% Ÿ #B %% {add * to all three parts} Ê "# Ÿ B ## {divide all three parts by #} Í
Ò"#ß ##Ñ {equivalent interval notation}
10 ”# Ÿ !• † $ (% B Ÿ "% Í ˆ (% ß "% ‘
%B "
Ê ' %B " Ÿ ! Ê ( %B Ÿ " Ê
$
11 By the law of signs, a quotient is positive if the sign of the numerator and the sign of the denominator are the same.
! Ê $B # ! Ê B #$ Í ˆ #$ ß ∞‰.
%
Since the numerator is positive,
$B #
! is ˆ #$ ß ∞‰.
%
The expression is never equal to ! since the numerator is never !. Thus, the solution of
$B #
#B & ! edenominator must be negativef B &# Í ˆ∞ß &# ‰
$
12 Ÿ! Ê Ê #B & Ê
#B &
% $B ! edenominator must also be negativef
(
13 ! Ê Ê
Í ˆ %$ ß ∞‰
% $B
%
% $B Ê $B % Ê B $
$
14 ! Ê #B! Ê #B Ê B# Í ∞ß #
#B
# &
15 "B ! aB except ". Thus, #
! has solution ‘ {"}.
"B
32 1.6 EXERCISES
$ $
16 B# % ! aB. Hence, ! aB, and # ! has no solution.
B# % B %
17 kB $k !Þ!" Ê !Þ!" B $ !Þ!" Ê $Þ!" B #Þ** Í $Þ!"ß #Þ**
18 kB %k Ÿ !.!$ Ê !.!$ Ÿ B % Ÿ !.!$ Ê $Þ*( Ÿ B Ÿ %Þ!$ Í c$Þ*(ß %Þ!$d
19 k$B (k & Ê $B ( & or $B ( Ÿ & Ê $B "# or $B Ÿ # Ê
B % or B Ÿ #
$ Í ˆ∞ß #$ ‘ ∪ %ß ∞‰
20 #k"" (Bk # "! Ê #k"" (Bk "# Ê k"" (Bk ' Ê
"" (B ' or "" (B ' Ê (B "( or (B & Ê
B "( &
( or B ( Í
ˆ∞ß "( ‰ ˆ &
( ∪ (ß ∞
‰
21 Since k(B #k ! aB, k(B #k # has solution ∞ß ∞ .
22 Since k'B &k ! aB, k'B &k Ÿ # has no solution.
23 k$B *k ! aB except when $B * œ !, or B œ $. The solution is ∞ß $ ∪ $ß ∞ .
24 k&B #k œ ! if B œ #& , but is never less than !. Thus, k&B #k Ÿ ! has solution B œ #& .
25 # kBk % Ê # kBk and kBk %. Since # is always less than kBk {because kBk !},
we only need to consider kBk %. kBk % Ê % B % Í %ß %
26 " kBk & Ê " B & or " B & Ê " B & or " B & Ê
" B & or & B " Í &ß " ∪ "ß &
27 $B " & "!B ! ì See the sign chart for details concerning the signs of the individual factors and the
resulting sign. The given inequality has solutions in the interval ˆ "$ ß "# ‰, which corresponds to the positive values
for the Resulting sign.
Interval ˆ∞ß "$ ‰ ˆ "$ ß "# ‰ ˆ "# ß ∞‰
Sign of & "!B
Sign of $B "
Resulting sign
28 B # B " % B Ÿ ! ì From the chart, we see the product is negative for B − #ß " ∪ %ß ∞ . Since we
want to also include the values that make the product equal to zero {#, ", and %}, the solution is c#ß "d ∪ Ò%ß ∞Ñ.
Interval ∞ß # #ß " "ß % %ß ∞
Sign of % B
Sign of B "
Sign of B #
Resulting sign
29 B# B ' ! Ê B$ B# ! æ #ß $
Interval ∞ß # #ß $ $ß ∞
Sign of B $
Sign of B #
Resulting sign
1.6 EXERCISES 33
30 B# %B $ ! Ê B" B$ ! æ Ð∞ß $Ó ∪ Ò "ß ∞Ñ
Interval ∞ß $ $ß " "ß ∞
Sign of B "
Sign of B $
Resulting sign
31 B #B $ & Ê #B# $B & ! Ê #B & B " ! æ ˆ∞ß &# ‘ ∪ "ß ∞‰
Interval ˆ∞ß &# ‰ ˆ &# ß "‰ "ß ∞
Sign of B "
Sign of #B &
Resulting sign
32 )B "& B# Ê B# )B "& ! Ê B$ B& ! æ $ß &
Interval ∞ß $ $ß & &ß ∞
Sign of B &
Sign of B $
Resulting sign
Note: Solving B# + # or B# + # for +! may be achieved using factoring, that is,
# #
B + ! Ê B+ B+ ! + B +; or by taking the square root of each side, that is,
Ê
È B# È + # Ê kBk + Ê + B +. The most common mistake is forgetting that ÈB# œ kBk.
33 #&B# "' ! Ê B# "'
#& Ê kBk %
& Ê %& B %
& Í ˆ %& ß %& ‰
34 #&B# "'B ! Ê B #&B "' ! æ ˆ!ß "' ‰
ˆ!ß "' ‰ ˆ "' ‰
#&
Interval ∞ß ! #& #& ß ∞
Sign of #&B "'
Sign of B
Resulting sign
B# B # B#
35 Ÿ! Ê Ÿ ! {we will exclude B œ # since it makes the original expression
B# B" B"
"
undefined} Ê Ÿ ! {we can divide by B# since B# ! and we will include B œ ! since it makes B# equal
B"
to zero and we want all solutions less than or equal to zero} Ê B " ! {the fraction cannot equal zero and
B " must be negative so that the fraction is negative} Ê B " æ ∞ß # ∪ #ß " ∪ e!f
B# " B $ B$ "
36 ! Ê ! {B# " !} Ê ! {exclude $} Ê
B# * B$ B$ B$
B $ ! {exclude $} Ê B $ æ $ß $ ∪ $ß ∞
Ÿ ! ewe will exclude B œ ! from the solutionf æ #ß ! ∪ Ð!ß "Ó
B# B B B" B"
37 Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! Ê
B# #B B B# B#
Interval ∞ß # #ß " "ß ∞
Sign of B "
Sign of B #
Resulting sign
34 1.6 EXERCISES
B$ # #B #B "
38 Ÿ! Ê Ÿ ! {include $} Ê ! {cancel, change
B % B# % B% B# B# B% B#
inequality, exclude #} æ ∞ß % ∪ e$f ∪ #ß # ∪ #ß ∞
Interval ∞ß % %ß # #ß ∞
Sign of B #
Sign of B %
Resulting sign
B# B#
39 ! Ê ! {B œ # is a solution since it makes the fraction equal to zero, B œ &
B# $B "! B& B#
and B œ # are excluded since these values make the fraction undefined} æ Ò#ß #Ñ ∪ &ß ∞
Interval ∞ß # #ß # #ß & &ß ∞
Sign of B &
Sign of B #
Sign of B #
Resulting sign
B' B'
40 Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! æ Ð∞ß 'Ó ∪ $ß %
B# (B "# B$ B%
Interval ∞ß ' 'ß $ $ß % %ß ∞
Sign of B %
Sign of B $
Sign of B '
Resulting sign
$B B
41 ! Ê ! {divide by $} æ ∞ß $ ∪ !ß $
B# * B$ B$
Interval ∞ß $ $ß ! !ß $ $ß ∞
Sign of B $
Sign of B
Sign of B $
Resulting sign
&B B
42 ! Ê ! {divide by &} æ %ß ! ∪ %ß ∞
"' B# %B %B
Interval ∞ß % %ß ! !ß % %ß ∞
Sign of % B
Sign of B
Sign of % B
Resulting sign
B" B" B " # #B $ B " %B '
43 # Ê #! Ê ! Ê ! Ê
#B $ #B $ #B $ #B $
!. From the sign chart, the solution is ˆ $# ß ($ ‰. Note that you should not multiply by the factor #B $
$B (
#B $
as we did with rational equations because #B $ may be positive or negative, and multiplying by it would require
solving two inequalities. This method of solution tends to be more difficult than the sign chart method.
Interval ˆ∞ß $# ‰ ˆ $# ß ($ ‰ ˆ ($ ß ∞‰
Sign of $B (
Sign of #B $
Resulting sign
1.6 EXERCISES 35
æ Ð∞ß #Ó ∪ ˆ &$ ß ∞‰
B# B # % $B & ""B ##
44 Ÿ% Ê Ÿ! Ê Ÿ!
$B & $B & $B &
Interval ∞ß # ˆ#ß &$ ‰ ˆ &$ ß ∞‰
Sign of $B &
Sign of ""B ##
Resulting sign
" $ " $ " B" $ B#
45 Ê ! Ê ! Ê
B# B" B# B" B# B"
æ ∞ß " ∪ ˆ#ß (# ‘
B " $B ' #B (
! Ê !
B# B" B# B"
Interval ∞ß " "ß # ˆ#ß (# ‰ ˆ (# ß ∞‰
Sign of #B (
Sign of B #
Sign of B "
Resulting sign
æ )ß $# ‰ ∪ &ß ∞
# # # B & # #B $ #B "'
46 Ÿ Ê Ÿ! Ê Ÿ!
#B $ B& #B $ B & #B $ B &
Interval ∞ß ) ˆ)ß $# ‰ ˆ $# ß &‰ &ß ∞
Sign of B &
Sign of #B $
Sign of #B "'
Resulting sign
B # B # B B " # $B &
47 Ÿ Ê Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! Ê
$B & B" $B & B " $B & B "
æ ˆ"ß &$ ‰ ∪ c#ß &d
# #
B B 'B "! B (B "! B# B&
Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! Ê Ÿ!
$B & B " $B & B " $B & B "
Interval ∞ß " ˆ"ß &$ ‰ ˆ &$ ß #‰ #ß & &ß ∞
Sign of B &
Sign of B #
Sign of $B &
Sign of B "
Resulting sign
B $ B $ B B # $ #B "
48 Ê ! Ê ! Ê
#B " B# #B " B # #B " B #
æ ∞ß # ∪ ˆ "# ß "‘ ∪ Ò$ß ∞Ñ
B# #B 'B $ B# %B $ B" B$
! Ê ! Ê !
#B " B # #B " B # #B " B #
Interval ∞ß # ˆ#ß "# ‰ ˆ "# ß "‰ "ß $ $ß ∞
Sign of B $
Sign of B "
Sign of #B "
Sign of B #
Resulting sign
36 1.6 EXERCISES
49 B$ B Ê B$ B ! Ê B B# " ! Ê B B" B" ! æ "ß ! ∪ "ß ∞
Interval ∞ß " "ß ! !ß " "ß ∞
Sign of B "
Sign of B
Sign of B "
Resulting sign
50 B% B# Ê B% B# ! Ê B# B# " ! Ê B# B " B " !. Since B# !, B# does not need
to be included in the sign chart, but ! must be included in the answer because of the equality.
æ Ð∞ß "Ó ∪ e!f ∪ Ò"ß ∞Ñ
Interval ∞ß " "ß " "ß ∞
Sign of B "
Sign of B "
Resulting sign
51 (a) kB &k œ $ Ê B & œ $ or B & œ $ Ê B œ # or B œ ).
(b) kB &k $ has solutions between the values found in part (a), that is, )ß # .
(c) The solutions of kB &k $ are the portions of the real line that are not in
parts (a) and (b), that is, ∞ß ) ∪ #ß ∞ .
52 (a) kB %k $ Ê $ B % $ Ê "B( Í "ß ( .
(b) kB %k œ $ has solutions at the endpoints of the interval in part (a); that is, at B œ " and B œ (.
(c) As in Exercise 51(c), kB %k $ has solutions in ∞ß " ∪ (ß ∞ .
53 We could think of this statement as “the difference between A and "%" is at most #.” In symbols, we have
kA "%"k Ÿ #. Intuitively, we know that this inequality must describe the weights from "$* to "%$.
54 “< must be within !Þ!" centimeter of " centimeter” is written as k< "k Ÿ !.!".
0
55 Q œ ì We want to know what condition will assure us that an object’s image is at least $ times as large as
0 :
the object, or, equivalently, when Q $. Q $ e and 0 œ 'f Ê
'
$ Ê ' ") $: {since
':
' : !, we can multiply by ' : and not change the direction of the inequality} Ê $: "# Ê : %,
but : ' since : 0 . Thus, % Ÿ : '.
e> " !f $Þ&> "Þ&> "Þ&
$Þ&> $Þ&> $ $
56 - œ ì - "Þ& Ê "Þ& Ê Ê #> Ê > hr
>" >" # %
57 Let B denote the number of years before E becomes more economical than F .
The costs are the initial costs plus the yearly costs times the number of years.
#!
CostA CostB Ê "!!,!!! )!!!B )!,!!! "",!!!B Ê #!,!!! $!!!B Ê B $ , or ' $# yr.
58 Let > denote the time in years from the present. CostB CostA Ê
PurchaseB InsuranceB GasB PurchaseA InsuranceA GasA Ê
"&,!!! "&,!!!
#%,!!! "#!!> † $> #!,!!! "!!!> † $> Ê
&! $!
#%,!!! #"!!> #!,!!! #&!!> Ê %!!! %!!> Ê > "! yr.
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES 37
59 = * Ê "'># #%> " * Ê "'># #%> ) ! Ê #># $> " ! {divide by )} Ê
"
#> " > " ! {use a sign chart} Ê # > ".
" "
The dog is more than * ft off the ground for " # œ # sec.
60 = "&$' Ê "'># $#!> "&$' Ê "'># $#!> "&$' ! Ê
> #!> *' Ÿ ! {divide by "'}
#
Ê > ) > "# Ÿ ! {use a sign chart} Í ) Ÿ > Ÿ "#
" #
61 . (& Ê @ #! @ (& {multiply by #!} Ê #!@ @# "&!! Ê @# #!@ "&!! ! Ê
@ &! @ $! ! {use a sign chart} Ê &! @ $! Ê ! Ÿ @ $! {since @ !}
" #
62 Q %& Ê $! @ &# @ %& {multiply by $!} Ê @# (&@ Ÿ "$&! Ê
@# (&@ "$&! Ÿ ! Ê @ $! @ %& Ÿ ! {use a sign chart} Í $! Ÿ @ Ÿ %&
63 (a) & ft * in œ '* in. In a %! year period, a person’s height will decrease by %! ‚ !Þ!#% œ !Þ*' in ¸ " in. The
person will be approximately one inch shorter, or & ft ) in. at age (!.
(b) & ft ' in œ '' in. In #! years, a person’s height 2 œ '' will change by !Þ!#% ‚ #! œ !Þ%) in. Thus,
'' !Þ%) Ÿ 2 Ÿ '' !Þ%) Ê '&Þ&# Ÿ 2 Ÿ ''Þ%).
64 (&!! Ÿ [ Ÿ "!,!!! Ê (&!! Ÿ !Þ!!$$%Z # W Ÿ "!,!!! Ê (&!! Ÿ !Þ!!$$% #"! Z # Ÿ "!,!!! Ê
Ê Ê ŸZ ŸÊ Ê "!$Þ% Ÿ Z Ÿ ""*Þ% ein ftÎsecf. To convert
(&!! "!,!!! (&!! "!,!!!
ŸZ# Ÿ
!Þ(!"% !Þ(!"% !Þ(!"% !Þ(!"%
'! "& " foot $'!! seconds " mile
ftÎsec to miÎhr, multiply by or , which are reduced forms of ‚ ‚ . Using
" second " hour &#)! feet
the approximations in ftÎsec, we get "!$Þ% Ÿ Z Ÿ ""*Þ% ein ftÎsecf Ê (!Þ& Ÿ Z Ÿ )"Þ% ein miÎhrf.
)) ##
65 The numerator is equal to zero when B œ #ß $ and the denominator is equal to zero when B œ „". From the table,
# B $B *
the expression Y" œ is positive when B − Ò#ß "Ñ ∪ "ß # ∪ Ð$ß $Þ&Ó. See the table on the left.
"B B"
B Y1 B Y" B Y" B Y"
#Þ! #! "Þ! ERROR $Þ& $!Þ*$) "Þ! $'
"Þ& $(Þ) "Þ& "Þ) $Þ! ! "Þ& "*Þ'))
"Þ! ERROR #Þ! ! #Þ& (Þ$"$ #Þ! !
!Þ& $& #Þ& !Þ"%#* #Þ! ! #Þ& ")Þ&'
!Þ! ") $Þ! ! "Þ& "%Þ%$) $Þ! $!
!Þ& "& $Þ& !Þ# "Þ! $! $Þ& #'Þ)"
!Þ& %#Þ")) %Þ! !
!Þ! %) %Þ& '!Þ*$)
!Þ& %&Þ*$) &Þ! "')
66 By using a table it can be shown that the expression is equal to zero when B œ $ß #ß #ß %.
The expression Y" œ B% B$ "'B# %B %) is negative when B − $ß # ∪ #ß % . See the table on the
right.
Chapter 1 Review Exercises
1 If B Ÿ $, then B $ Ÿ !, and kB $k œ B $ œ B $.
38 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES
2 If # B $, then B # ! {B # is positive} and B $ ! {B $ is negative}. Thus, B # B $ !
{positive times negative is negative}, and since the absolute value of an expression that is negative is the negative
of the expression, k B # B $ k œ B # B $ , or, equivalently, # B B $ .
ˆ#:# ; ‰$ Œ ˆ):' ; $ ‰Œ
'
+# , œ +"# , ' œ +)
#
+#Î$ , $Î# +% , * ,$ : :# :)
3 4 œ œ
%; # "'; % #;
ŠÈ '%‹ B#
#
% $
Π' *
$
ÈD ƒ D œ D # † BC' œ C"!
#Î$
BC" B"Î$ C# B% C% D $ B$ D '%B$ "'B#
5 6 œ œ
D C D % C' D % C'
’ˆ+#Î$ , # ‰ “
$ " " ,' " " C B#
7 œ +# , ' œ +# , ' œ 8 B# C" œ œ
+# B# C B# C
9 È
$
#(B& C$ D % œ È
$
#(B$ C$ D $ È
$
B# D œ $BCD È
$
B# D
10 É
%
%+$ , # - #
œÈ
%
"'+' , % - # œ È
%
#% + % , % È
%
+# - # œ #+, É
%
+- #
œ #+, È+-
È> " È> " È>
12 ÊÉ - $ . ' œ È- "# . #% œ - # . %
È> È>
" œ
È> È> È> È> È>
" " " " " $ % '
11 œ œ
>
È"#B% C $ ÈB $ ÈB $ ÈB B 'È B *
œË œË ' œ $
"#B% C %B#
È$B# C( $ ÈB $ ÈB $ ÈB
#B
13 # (
14 œ † œ
$B C C C *B
15 $B$ %B# B ' ˆB% #B$ $B# &‰ œ B% B$ B# B "
16 B % B $ #B $ B & œ B# (B "# #B# "$B "& œ B# #!B $
17 $+ &, %+ (, œ "#+# #"+, #!+, $&, # œ "#+# +, $&, #
# # #
18 %<# $= œ %<# # %<# $= $= œ "'<% #%<# = *=#
# #
19 "$+# &, "$+# &, œ "$+# &, œ "'*+% #&, #
$ $ # # $
20 #+ , œ #+ $ #+ , $ #+ , , œ )+$ "#+# , '+, # , $
œ c $B #C $B #C d # œ *B# %C#
# # #
21 $B #C $B #C œ )"B% (#B# C # "'C %
#
22 +,-. œ +# , # - # . # # +, +- +. ,- ,. -.
23 '!BA &!A œ "!A 'B &
#
24 "'+% #%+# , # *, % œ %+# $, # %+# $, # œ %+# $, #
25 )B$ '%C$ œ ) B$ )C$ œ ) B $
#C $ ‘ œ ) B #C B# #BC %C #
26 ?$ @% ?' @ œ ?$ @ @$ ?$ œ ?$ @ @ ? @# ?@ ?#
27 :) ; ) œ ˆ:% ‰ ˆ; % ‰ œ ˆ:% ; % ‰ˆ:% ; % ‰ œ ˆ:% ; % ‰ˆ: # ; # ‰ˆ: # ; # ‰
# #
œ ˆ:% ; % ‰ˆ:# ; # ‰ : ; : ;
#
28 B% "#B$ $'B# œ B# B# "#B $' œ B# B ' B ' œ B# B '
# #
29 B# %*C# "%B %* œ B# "%B %* %*C# œ B ( (C œ B ( (C B ( (C
30 B& %B$ )B# $# œ B$ ˆB# %‰ )ˆB# %‰ œ ˆB$ )‰ˆB# %‰
œ B # ˆB# #B %‰‘ c B # B # d œ B # B # # ˆB# #B %‰
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES 39
' "& ' "!B " "& %B & '!B ' '!B (& )"
31 œ œ œ
%B & "!B " %B & "!B " %B & "!B " %B & "!B "
#
( $B & ( B B # $B B & B # (B# "%B $B# &B# #!B #!
32 #
œ œ œ
B# B# B B B# # B B# #
&B# 'B #!
#
B B#
ŒB †B
" " #
B B# B # B# B$ "
33 œ B œ œ # . We could factor the numerator,
Œ"
" B# " " B "
" # † B #
B B#
but since it doesn’t lead to a reduction of the fraction, we leave it in this form.
œŒ œŒ œŒ œ
" " "
" " " ,+ +, +,
34 +" , "
+ , +, +, +,
B % B%
B% B% B% "
35 B # B # œ B # œ # œ # œ œ
' B$ B# ' B B' ' B B "# B$ B% B$
B$
B# B#
% B# ˆ "$ ‰ 'B " #Î$
' 'B " "Î$
#B # 'B " #Î$
c % B# B 'B " d
36 #
œ #
% B# % B#
# #
# % B 'B B # &B# B %
œ #Î$ #
œ #Î$ #
'B " % B# 'B " % B#
37 ” • † &B ( "!B $
$B " 'B ""
œ Ê $B " "!B $ œ 'B "" &B ( Ê
&B ( "!B $
$!B# B $ œ $!B# *(B (( Ê *'B œ )! Ê B œ &'
38 #B# (B "& œ ! Ê B & #B $ œ ! Ê B œ &ß $#
% „ È"' #% % „ #È"!
œ „ È"!
# "
39 B $B % œ # Ê $B# %B # œ ! Ê Bœ œ
' ' $ $
40 %B% $(B# (& œ ! Ê %B# #& B# $ Ê B# œ #&
% ß$ Ê B œ „ &# ß „È$
41 #!B$ )B# &&B ## œ ! Ê %B# &B # "" &B # œ ! Ê
#
%B "" &B # œ ! Ê B# œ ""
% or B œ #& Ê B œ „ "# È""ß #&
42 k%B "k œ ( Ê %B " œ ( or %B " œ ( Ê %B œ ) or %B œ ' Ê B œ # or B œ $#
43 #k#B "k " œ "& Ê #k#B "k œ "% Ê k#B "k œ ( Ê
#B " œ ( or #B " œ ( Ê #B œ ' or #B œ ) Ê B œ $ or B œ %
44 – ' œ " 'B œ &ÈB
ÈB —
" &
†B Ê Ê
B
'B &ÈB " œ ! {factoring or substituting would be appropriate} Ê
ˆ#ÈB "‰ˆ$ÈB "‰ œ ! Ê ÈB œ "# ß "$ Ê B œ ˆ "# ‰ ß ˆ "$ ‰
# #
Ê B œ "% ß "*
Check B œ "% : LS œ % ' œ "!; RS œ &Î "# œ "! Ê Bœ "
% is a solution.
"
Check B œ *: LS œ * ' œ "&; RS œ &Î "$ œ "& Ê Bœ "
* is a solution.
45 È(B # B œ ' ˆÈ(B #‰ œ ' B
# #
Ê Ê (B # œ $' "#B B# Ê
#
B "*B $% œ ! Ê B # B "( œ ! Ê B œ # and "( is an extraneous solution.
40 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES
46 È$B " ÈB % œ " Ê È$B " œ " ÈB % Ê ˆÈ$B "‰ œ ˆ" ÈB %‰
# #
Ê
$B " œ " #ÈB % B % Ê #ÈB % œ #B % Ê ÈB % œ B # Ê
ˆÈ B % ‰ œ B #
# #
Ê B % œ B# %B % Ê B# &B œ ! Ê B B& œ! Ê B œ !ß &.
Check B œ !: LS œ " # œ " Á RS Ê B œ ! is an extraneous solution.
Check B œ &: LS œ % $ œ " œ RS Ê B œ & is a solution.
47 "! (B % )B Ê "&B ' Ê B #
& Í ˆ #& ß ∞‰
48 ” • † "! Í ˆ "" *‰
" #B $ $
Ê & %B ' "& Ê "" %B * Ê ""
% B
*
% % ß %
# & #
Í ˆ∞ß "!
$ ‰
( $
49 ! Ê "!B $ ! {since ( !} Ê B "!
"!B $
50 k%B (k #" Ê #" %B ( #" Ê #) %B "% Ê ( B (
# Í ˆ(ß (# ‰
51 #k$ Bk " & Ê #k$ Bk % Ê k$ Bk # Ê $ B # or $ B # Ê
" B or & B Ê B " or B & Í ∞ß " ∪ &ß ∞
52 k"' $Bk & Ê "' $B & or "' $B Ÿ & Ê $B "" or $B Ÿ #" Ê
BŸ ""
$ or B ( Í ˆ∞ß "" ‘
$ ∪ Ò(ß ∞Ñ
53 "!B# ""B ' Ê "!B# ""B ' ! Ê #B $ &B # ! æ ˆ∞ß $# ‰ ∪ ˆ #& ß ∞‰
Interval ˆ∞ß $# ‰ ˆ $# ß #& ‰ ˆ #& ß ∞‰
Sign of &B #
Sign of #B $
Resulting sign
54 B B $ Ÿ ") Ê B# $B ") Ÿ ! Ê B' B$ Ÿ! æ c$ß 'd
Interval ∞ß $ $ß ' 'ß ∞
Sign of B '
Sign of B $
Resulting sign
Ÿ ! ˜B# !, include !™
B# $ B $B
55 Ÿ! Ê æ ∞ß # ∪ {!} ∪ Ò$ß ∞Ñ
B# B#
Interval ∞ß # #ß $ $ß ∞
Sign of $ B
Sign of B #
Resulting sign
B# B # B# B" B#
56 Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! Ê Ÿ ! {exclude "} æ $ß " ∪ Ð"ß #Ó
B# %B $ B" B$ B$
Interval ∞ß $ $ß # #ß ∞
Sign of B #
Sign of B $
Resulting sign
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES 41
$ " $ " $ B # " #B $
57 Ê ! Ê ! Ê
#B $ B# #B $ B # #B $ B #
æ ˆ∞ß $# ‰ ∪ #ß *
$B ' #B $ B*
! Ê !
#B $ B # #B $ B #
Interval ˆ∞ß $# ‰ ˆ $# ß #‰ #ß * *ß ∞
Sign of B *
Sign of B #
Sign of #B $
Resulting sign
B# B#
58 Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! æ ∞ß & ∪ Ò #ß &Ñ
B# #& B& B&
Interval ∞ß & &ß # #ß & &ß ∞
Sign of B &
Sign of B #
Sign of B &
Resulting sign
59 B$ B# Ê B # B " ! eB # !f Ê B"! Ê B" Í "ß ∞
60 B# B B# &B ' ! Ê B B" B# B$ ! æ !ß " ∪ #ß $
Interval ∞ß ! !ß " "ß # #ß $ $ß ∞
Sign of B $
Sign of B #
Sign of B "
Sign of B
Resulting sign
G #
61 T R œ Ê G T R œG # Ê GT GR œ G # Ê
G
#
GT GR G œ # Ê G T R " œ# Ê Gœ
T R "
62 E œ F Ê E I œ FÊ œÊ Ê Œ œ
$
$ G $ G EI $ G EI G
I Ê Ê Ê
H H F H F H
$
EI GF $
H† œ G Ê H E I $ œ G † F$ Ê Hœ $
F$ EI
V œ „Ê VœÊ
1T V % )J Z P )J Z P )J Z P
V% œ
% %
63 J œ Ê Ê Ê since V !
)Z P 1T 1T 1T
64 Z œ "$ 12 <# V # <V Ê $Z œ 12 <# V # <V Ê 12 <# 12V < 12V # $Z œ ! Ê
12V „ É 12V #
% 12 12V # $Z 12V „ È"#12Z $1# 2# V #
<œ œ .
12V È"#12Z $1# 2# V #
# 12 #1 2
Since < !, we must use the plus sign, and < œ .
#1 2
# #
65 & )3 œ &# # & )3 )3 œ #& '% )!3 œ $* )!3
È
" " " * #3 * #3 * #
66 œ œ † œ œ 3
* % * #3 * #3 * #3 )" % )& )&
42 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW EXERCISES
' $3 ' $3 # (3 "# #" %# ' 3 * %)
67 œ † œ œ 3
# (3 # (3 # (3 % %* &$ &$
#% )3 % ' #3 ' #3 3 '3 #3# # '3
68 œ œ † œ #
œ œ # '3
%3 %3 3 3 3 "
69 Let T denote the principal that will be invested, and < the yield rate of the stock fund.
Incomestocks #)% federal tax (% state tax œ Incomebonds Ê
T < !Þ#) T < !Þ!( T < œ !Þ!(")'T {divide by T } Ê "< !Þ#)< !Þ!(< œ !Þ!(")' Ê
!Þ!(")'
!Þ'&< œ !Þ!(")' Ê <œ !Þ'& Ê < ¸ !Þ""!&&, or, ""Þ!&&%.
70 Let B denote the number of cm$ of gold. Gramsgold Gramssilver œ Gramstotal Ê
B "*Þ$ & B "!Þ& œ )! Ê "*Þ$B &#Þ& "!Þ&B œ )! Ê )Þ)B œ #(Þ& Ê B œ $Þ"#&.
The number of grams of gold is "*Þ$B œ '!Þ$"#& ¸ '!Þ$.
71 Let B denote the number of ounces of the vegetable portion, "! B the number of ounces of meat.
" "
Proteinvegetable Proteinmeat œ Proteintotal Ê # B " "! B œ ( Ê #B "! B œ ( Ê
"# B œ $ Ê B œ '. Use ' oz of vegetables and % oz of meat.
72 Let B denote the number of gallons of #!% solution, "#! B the number of gallons of &!% solution.
#! B &! "#! B œ $! "#! {all in %} Ê #!B '!!! &!B œ $'!! Ê #%!! œ $!B Ê B œ )!.
Use )! gal of the #!% solution and %! gal of the &!% solution.
73 Let B œ the amount of copper they have to mix with "%! kg of zinc to make brass.
Copperamount put in œ Copperamount in final product Ê
*"
B œ !.'& B "%! Ê B œ !.'&B *" Ê !.$&B œ *" Ê Bœ !.$& œ #'! kg
74 Let B denote the number of hours needed to fill an empty bin.
Using the hourly rates, ” œ • † "!B Ê &B #B œ "!
" " "
Ê $B œ "! Ê
# & B
"!
Bœ $ hr. Since the bin was half-full at the start, "# B œ "
# † "!
$ œ &
$ hr, or, " hr %! min.
75 (a) The eastbound car has distance #!> and the southbound car has distance # &!> .
. # œ #!> #
# &!> #
Ê . # œ %!!># % #!!> #&!!># Ê . œ È#*!!># #!!> %
(b) "!% œ È#*!!># #!!> % Ê "!,)"' œ #*!!># #!!> % Ê #*!!># #!!> "!,)"# œ ! Ê
(#&> &!> #(!$ œ ! edivide by %f Ê
&! „ È(,)%",#!! & #È"*,'!$
#
>œ {> !} œ ¸ "Þ*(, or approximately "":&) A.M.
"%&! "%&
76 Let 6 and A denote the length and width, respectively. $6 'A œ #(! Ê 'A œ #(! $6 Ê A œ %& "# 6.
The total area is to be "! † "!! œ "!!! ft# . Area œ 6A Ê "!!! œ 6ˆ%& "# 6‰ Ê "!!! œ %&6 "# 6# Ê
#
6 *!6 #!!! œ ! Ê 6 %! 6 &! œ ! Ê 6 œ %!ß &! and A œ #&ß #!.
There are two arrangements: %! ft ‚ #& ft and &! ft ‚ #! ft.
77 Let B denote the length of one side of an end.
(a) Z œ 6A2 Ê %) œ ' † B † B Ê B# œ ) Ê B œ #È# ft
(b) W œ 6A #A2 #62 Ê %% œ 'B # B# # 'B Ê %% œ #B# ")B Ê
B# *B ## œ ! Ê B "" B # œ ! Ê B œ # ft
CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION EXERCISES 43
#!! #!! " : "
78 :@ œ #!! Ê @œ . #& Ÿ @ Ÿ &! Ê #& Ÿ Ÿ &! Ê Ê ) : % Ê
: : #& #!! &!
%Ÿ:Ÿ)
79 Let B denote the amount of yearly business. PayB PayA Ê $%!,!!! !.#!B $&!,!!! !."!B Ê
!."!B $"!,!!! Ê B $"!!,!!!
"!)(Ê Ê
X X ""!! X ""!!# #($ † ""!!#
80 @ ""!! Ê ""!! Ê Ê Ê X Ê
#($ #($ "!)( #($ "!)(# "!)(#
X #(*Þ&( K
81 Let B denote the number of trees over #%. Then #% B represents the total number of trees planted per acre, and
'!! "#B represents the number of apples per tree.
Total apples œ number of trees number of apples per tree
œ #% B '!! "#B œ "#B# $"#B "%,%!!
Apples "',%"' Ê "#B# $"#B "%,%!! "',%"' Ê "#B# $"#B #!"' ! Ê
#
B #'B "') Ÿ ! Ê B "# B "% Ÿ ! Ê "# Ÿ B Ÿ "% Ê $' Ÿ #% B Ÿ $)
Hence, $' to $) trees per acre should be planted.
82 Let B denote the number of $#& increases in rent. Then the number of occupied apartments is #") &B and the rent
per apartment is *%! #&B.
Total income œ (number of occupied apartments)(rent per apartment)
œ #") &B *%! #&B œ "#&B# (&!B #!%,*#!
Income #!&,*#! Ê "#&B# (&!B #!%,*#! #!&,*#! Ê "#&B# (&!B "!!! ! Ê
#
B 'B ) Ÿ ! Ê B# B% Ÿ! Ê #ŸBŸ% Ê **! Ÿ *%! #&B Ÿ "!%!
Hence, the rent charged should be $**! to $"!%!.
83 The C-values are increasing slowly and can best be described by equation $ , C œ $ÈB !Þ&.
Chapter 1 Discussion Exercises
$" in cash back " point $" in cash back
1 ‚ œ œ !.!!", or !."%.
"!! points $"! charged $"!!! charged
#
2 Squaring the right side gives us + , œ +# #+, , # . Squaring the left side gives us +# , # . Now
+ #+, , will equal + , only if #+, œ !. The expression #+, equals zero only if either + œ ! or , œ !.
# # # #
3 We first need to determine the term that needs to be added and subtracted. Since #& œ &# , it makes sense to add and
subtract # † &B œ "!B. Then we will obtain the square of a binomial—i.e.,
#
B# "!B #& "!B œ B & "!B. We can now factor this expression as the difference of two squares,
ŠÈ"!B‹ œ ŠB & È"!B‹ŠB & È"!B‹.
#
# #
B& "!B œ B &
" B"
4 The expression can be evaluated at B œ ", whereas the expression # is undefined at B œ ".
B" B "
44 CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
$B# %B (
5 Try with B œ "!$ , "!% , and "!& . You get approximately !Þ$(%, !Þ$(%*, and !Þ$(%**. The
)B# *B "!!
numbers seem to be getting closer to !Þ$(&, which is the decimal representation for $) , which is the ratio of the
coefficients of the B# terms. In general, the quotients of this form get close to the ratio of leading coefficients as B
gets larger.
$B# &B # $B " B # $B "
6 œ œ . Evaluating the original expression and the simplified expression
B# % B# B# B#
with any B Á „ # gives us the same value. This evaluation does not prove that the expressions are equal for any
value of B other than the one selected. The simplification proves that the expressions are equal for all values of B
except B œ #.
7 Follow the algebraic simplification given.
1) Write down his/her age. Denote the age by B.
2) Multiply it by #. #B
3) Add &. #B &
4) Multiply this sum by &!. &! #B & œ "!!B #&!
5) Subtract $'&. "!!B #&! $'& œ "!!B ""&
6) Add hisÎher height (in inches). "!!B ""& C, where C is the height
7) Add ""&. "!!B ""& C ""& œ "!!B C
As a specific example, suppose the age is #" and the height is '). The number obtained by following the steps is
"!!B C œ #"') and we can see that the first two digits of the result equal the age and the last two digits equal the
height.
Zout œ Min Œ œ Œ
V\3 Zin V\3
8 {definition of Min }
V \3 ^in V \3
Œ
Zin V\3
œ # #
{definition of ^in }
V \ $V\3 V \3
V \3
Œ
Zin V \3 V\ 3
œ #
V \ # $V\3 V \3
V\3
œ # Zin
V \ # $V\3
VV3
œ # Zin {let \ œ V }
V V # $VV3
V# 3
œ Zin œ "$ Zin
$V # 3
9 We need to solve the equation B# BC C# œ ! for B.
Use the quadratic formula with + œ ", , œ C, and - œ C# .
C „ É C #
% " C# C „ ÈC# %C# C „ È$C# C „ kCk È$ 3
Bœ œ œ œ .
#" # # #
Since this equation has imaginary solutions, B# BC C# is not factorable over the reals.
A similar argument holds for B# BC C# .
, È, # %+- , È, # %+-
10 The solutions are B" œ and B# œ .
#+ #+
B" B # #,Î#+ ,
The average is œ œ . Suppose you solve the equation B# %B ( œ ! and obtain the
# # #+
solutions B" ¸ "Þ$# and B# ¸ &Þ$#. Averaging these numbers gives us the value #, which we can easily see is
equal to ,Î #+ .
CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION EXERCISES 45
" - .3 + ,3 +- ,. +. ,- 3 +- ,. +. ,-
11 (a) œ † œ œ # # 3 œ : ;3
+ ,3 + ,3 + ,3 +# , # + ,# + ,#
- .3
(b) Yes, try an example such as $% . Let + œ $, , œ !, - œ %, and . œ !. Then, from part (a),
"#
: ;3 œ * !* 3 œ "#
* œ $% , which is the multiplicative inverse of %$ .
(c) + and , cannot both be ! because then the denominator would be !.
12 Since we don’t know the value of B, we don’t know the sign of B #, and hence we are unsure of whether or not to
reverse the direction of the inequality sign.
13 Hint: Try these examples to help you get to the general solution.
(1) B# " ! {In this case, + !, H œ % !, and by examining a sign chart with B# " as the only factor,
we see that the solution is B − ‘.}
(2) B #B $
#
!
(3) B %#
!
(4) B #B "
#
!
(5) B #B $
#
!
General solutions categorized by + and H:
, ÈH , ÈH
(1) + !, H Ÿ !: solution is B − ‘
(2) + !, H !: let B" œ and B# œ Ê solution is Ð∞ß B" Ó ∪ ÒB# ß ∞Ñ
#+ #+
(3) + !, H !: no solution
,
(4) + !, H œ !: solution is B œ
(5) + !, H !: solution is cB" ß B# d
#+
14 (a) This problem is solved in three steps.
(i) First, we must determine the height of the cloud base using the formula in Exercise 74 in Section 1.4,
2 œ ##( X H œ ##( )! ') œ #(#% ft.
(ii) Next, we must determine the temperature X at the cloud base. From (i), the height of the cloud base is
&Þ& &Þ&
2 œ #(#% and X œ X! "!!! 2 œ )! "!!! † #(#% œ '&Þ!")°F.
$
(iii) Finally, we must solve the equation X œ F "!!! 2 for 2 , when X œ $#°F and F œ '&Þ!")°F.
$ "!!!
$# œ '&Þ!") "!!! 2 Ê 2 œ '&Þ!") $# $ œ "",!!' ft.
(b) Following the procedure in part (a) and changing a few variable names, we obtain the following:
(i) L œ ##( K H œ ##(K ##(H
&Þ& "" ""
(ii) X œ X! "!!! 2 Ê FœK #!!! L Ê FœK #!!! ##(K ##(H Ê
#%*( #%*( #%*( %*(
FœK #!!! K #!!! H œ #!!! H #!!! K
(iii) 2 œ F $# "!!!
$ Ê 2 œ ˆ #!!!
#%*(
H %*(
#!!! K $#‰ "!!!
$ Ê 2œ #%*(
' H %*(
' K $#,!!!
$ Ê
#%*( %*( '%,!!! "
2œ ' H ' K ' Ê 2œ ' #%*(H %*(K '%,!!!
46 CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION EXERCISES
15 The first equation, È#B $ ÈB & œ !, is a sum of square roots that is equal to !. The only way this could be
true is if both radicals are actually equal to !. It is easy to see that ÈB & is equal to ! only if B œ &, but & will
not make È#B $ equal to !, so there is no reason to try to solve the first equation.
On the other hand, the second equation, È $
#B $ È $
B & œ !, can be written as È$
#B $ œ È
$
B &. This
just says that one cube root is equal to the negative of another cube root, which could happen since a cube root can
be negative. Solving this equation gives us #B $ œ B & Ê $B œ # Ê B œ #$ .
16 ÈB œ -B #Î- Ê - ÈB œ - # B # Ê - # B œ - % B# %- # B % Ê ! œ - % B# &- # B % Ê
" %
! œ - # B " - # B % Ê B"ß# œ # ß # .
- -
" " "
Check B" œ # œ #
œ .
- # ‚ "! &!! % ‚ "!"!!!
LS œ ÈB" œ
"
# ‚ "!&!!
# # ‚ "!&!! # " # "
RS œ -B" œ "!!!
&!!
œ &!!
&!!
œ
- % ‚ "! # ‚ "! # ‚ "! # ‚ "! # ‚ "!&!!
% % % "
Check B# œ # œ œ œ "!!! .
- # ‚ "!&!! # % ‚ "!"!!! "!
LS œ ÈB# œ &!!
"
"!
# # ‚ "!&!! # # " "
RS œ -B# œ œ &!! &!! œ &!!
- "!"!!! # ‚ "!&!! "! "! "!
So B# is a valid solution. The right side of the original equation, -B #Î- , must be nonnegative since it is equal to
a square root. Note that the right side equals a negative number when B œ B" .
WB
17 (a) W œ *(&, E œ &**, and B œ "Þ)$ Ê winning percentage œ
¸ !Þ(!* #!'. Since they played
W B EB
"&% games (""! %%), the number of wins using the estimated winning percentage would be
!Þ(!* "&% ¸ "!*. Hence, the Pythagorean win-loss record of the 1927 Yankees is "!*–%& (only one game off
their actual record).
""! *(&B
(b) The actual winning percentage is "&% ¸ !Þ("% #)'. For an estimate of B, we’ll assign to Y" and
*(&B &**B
look at a table of values of B starting with B œ "Þ)! and incrementing by !Þ!". From the table, we see that
B œ "Þ)) corresponds to Y" ¸ !Þ("% #!%, which is the closest value to the actual winning percentage. Thus,
the value of B is "Þ)).
18 " gallon ¸ !Þ"$$') ft$ is a conversion factor that would help.
The volume of the tank is "!,!!! gallons ¸ "$$'Þ) ft$ . Use Z œ %$ 1<$ to determine the radius.
% "!!#Þ'
"$$'Þ) œ 1<$ Ê <$ œ Ê < ¸ 'Þ)$$(& ft. Then use W œ %1<# to find the surface area.
$ 1
W œ %1 'Þ)$$(& # ¸ &)'Þ)& ft# .
Chapter 1 Test
1 C** is negative since it is a negative number raised to an odd power. C B is negative since it is a negative number
made even more negative by subtracting a positive number. The quotient of two negatives is a positive number.
B
2 The quotient of B and C is not greater than & Í Ÿ &Þ
C
CHAPTER 1 TEST 47
3 Since B# $ ! for every B (it doesn't matter that B is negative), kB# $k œ ÐB# $Ñ œ B# $Þ
. *",&!!,!!! miles
4 Using distance œ rate ‚ time, we get > œ œ ¸ %*# seconds.
< ")',!!! miles per second
Œ # Œ ! œ $ † # œ
# #
B# C$ $B! B# DC# B# D # C % B# CD
5 œ $
D DC C D $B C D $ *
6 B#Î$ B$Î% œ B)Î"# B*Î"# œ BÐ)Î"#Ñ Ð*Î"#Ñ œ B"Î"# œ È
"#
B
È B# C È È
Ê
B# C BC# B$ C $
È$ ÈBC# È$BC# È$BC#
$ $ $
$ BC
7 œ $ † $ œ $ œ $
$
8 ÐB #ÑÐB# $B &Ñ œ BÐB# Ñ BÐ$BÑ BÐ&Ñ #ÐB# Ñ #Ð$BÑ #Ð&Ñ
œ B$ $B# &B #B# 'B "!
œ B$ B# B "!
9 The leading term of #B# Ð#B $Ñ% will be determined by multiplying #B# times Ð#BÑ% . The " $" will affect other
terms, but not the leading term. Hence, #B# Ð#BÑ% œ #B# Ð"'B% Ñ œ $#B' Þ
10 By trial and error, #B# (B "& œ Ð#B $ÑÐB &ÑÞ
11 $B$ #(B œ $BÐB# *Ñ œ $BÐB $ÑÐB $Ñ
12 Recognizing this polynomial as a sum of cubes, we get
'%B$ " œ Ð%BÑ$ "$ œ Ð%B "ÑÒÐ%BÑ# Ð%BÑÐ"Ñ "# Ó œ Ð%B "ÑÐ"'B# %B "ÑÞ
13 We must recognize that ÐÈ
$
BÑ$ œ B, and then factor as we would any other difference of cubes.
B & œ ÐÈ
$
BÑ$ ÐÈ
$
&Ñ$ œ ÐÈ
$
BÈ
$
&ÑÒÐÈ
$
BÑ# ÐÈ
$
BÑÐÈ
$
&Ñ ÐÈ
$
&Ñ# Ó œ ÐÈ
$
BÈ
$
&ÑÐÈ
$
B# È
$
&B È
$
#&Ñ
14 Factor by grouping. #B# %B $BC 'C œ #BÐB #Ñ $CÐB #Ñ œ Ð#B $CÑÐB #Ñ
15 Recognizing this polynomial as a difference of cubes, we get
B*$ " œ ÐB$" Ñ$ "$ œ ÐB$" "ÑÒÐB$" Ñ# ÐB$" ÑÐ"Ñ "# Ó œ ÐB$" "ÑÐB'# B$" "ÑÞ
$B & "# $BÐBÑ &ÐB #Ñ "# $B# &B "! "#
16 # œ œ
B # B B #B BÐB #Ñ BÐB #Ñ
#
$B &B ## Ð$B ""ÑÐB #Ñ $B ""
œ œ œ
BÐB #Ñ BÐB #Ñ B
17 Multiply numerator and denominator by BCÞ
Œ † BC
B# C# B# C#
C B C B B$ C $ ÐB CÑÐB# BC C# Ñ
C œ B œ # œ œBC
Œ " † BC
B C B BC C # B# BC C#
"
C B C B
ÐB 2Ñ# (ÐB 2Ñ ÐB# (BÑ B# #B2 2 # (B (2 B# (B #B2 2 # (2
18 œ œ
2 2 2
2Ð#B 2 (Ñ
œ œ #B 2 (
2
'2# '2# ÈB 2 ÈB '2# ÐÈB 2 ÈBÑ '2 # ÐÈB 2 ÈBÑ
ÈB 2 ÈB È B 2 È B È B 2 ÈB
19 œ † œ œ
ÐB 2Ñ B 2
œ '2ÐÈB 2 ÈBÑ
48 CHAPTER 1 TEST
20 ÐB #Ñ$ Ð%ÑÐB $Ñ$ ÐB $Ñ% Ð$ÑÐB #Ñ# œ ÐB #Ñ# ÐB $Ñ$ Ò%ÐB #Ñ $ÐB $ÑÓ
œ ÐB #Ñ# ÐB $Ñ$ Ð%B ) $B *Ñ œ ÐB #Ñ# ÐB $Ñ$ Ð(B "Ñ
ÐB# $Ñ# Ð#BÑ B# Ð#ÑÐB# $ÑÐ#BÑ ÐB# $ÑÐ#BÑÒÐB# $Ñ #B# Ó #BÐ$ B#Ñ
21 œ œ
ÒÐB# $Ñ# Ó# ÐB# $Ñ% ÐB# $Ñ$
22 ” •†B B$
&B ( %&
œ # Ê &B# ( B $ œ %& Ê &B# (B '' œ ! Ê
B$ B B $B
&B ## B $ œ ! Ê B œ ##
& , $Þ But B cannot equal $ since it would make denominators in the original
equation equal to !, so B œ ##
& .
$F
23 E œ Ê E #F & œ $F Ê #EF &E œ $F Ê #EF $F œ &E Ê
#F &
&E
F #E $ œ &E Ê Fœ
#E $
24 Let B denote the original value of the stock. Then B !Þ#B is the value after the first year and B !Þ$ B !Þ#B is
the value after the next year, so an equation that describes the problem is B !Þ$ B !Þ#B œ #(#!Þ Solving gives
#(#!
us B !Þ$ B !Þ#B œ #(#! Ê B !Þ$B !Þ!'B œ #(#! Ê "Þ$'B œ #(#! Ê Bœ "Þ$' œ #!!!.
The original value was $#!!!.
25 $B# È'!BC &C# œ ! Ê $B# ŠÈ'!C‹B &C# œ ! Ê
È'!C „ ÊŠÈ'!C‹ % $ &C#
È%È"&C „ È'!C# '!C# #È"&C „ ! È"&C
#
Bœ œ œ œ
#$ #$ #$ $
26 ÐB C DÑ# œ * Ê BCD œ „$ Ê BœCD„$
27 2 œ "&)% Ê "'># $#!> œ "&)% Ê "'># $#!> "&)% œ ! Ê
> #!> ** œ ! edivide by "'f
#
Ê Ð> *ÑÐ> ""Ñ œ ! Ê > œ * or "".
Thus, the object is "&)% feet above the ground after * seconds and after "" seconds.
28 3%B $ œ ˆ3%B ‰ 3$ œ ˆ3% ‰ 3$ œ "
B B
3 œ " 3 œ 3 œ ! 3, so + œ ! and , œ "Þ
% „ È"' '% % „ È%)
29 B$ '% œ ! B % B# %B "' œ ! Ê B œ % or B# %B "' œ !.
% „ È%# %Ð"ÑÐ"'Ñ
Ê
By the quadratic formula, B œ œ œ æ %ß # „ #È$3
È È È
#Ð"Ñ # #
œ # „ #È$3Þ
% „ "' $ % „ % $3
œ œ
# #
E È #
30 E œ F ÈB# <# Œ œB <
#
E # # E#
Ê œ B <# Ê Ê <# œ B# Ê
F F F#
" "È #
B# œ ÐE# F # <# Ñ Ê Bœ „ E F # <#
F# F
"$ ˆ #Î$
31 $B$# B # '&
B& B %‰ œ ! B$# œ ! or B # '& œ ! or B & "$ œ ! or B#Î$ % œ !
Ê Ê
œ %. Now B#Î$ œ % Ê ˆB#Î$ ‰ œ „ % $Î# Ê
$Î#
B œ ! or B œ # or B œ & or B #Î$
B œ „ ŠÈ%‹ œ „ #$ œ „ ). Thus, the solutions of the equation are !, #, &, and „ ).
$
32 #!,!!! œ %$ 1<"$ Ê <"$ œ "&,!!!Î1 Ê <" œ È$
"&,!!!Î1.
Similarly, #&,!!! œ %$ 1<#$ Ê È
<# œ "),(&!Î1. The radius increased Ð<# <" ÑÎ<" ¸ !Þ!((, or about (Þ(%.
$
CHAPTER 1 TEST 49
33 Plan A pays out $$$!! per month for "! years before plan B starts, so its total payout is Ð"!ÑÐ"#ÑÐ$$!!Ñ $$!!B,
where B is the number of months that plan B has paid out. Plan B's total payout is %#!!B.
Plan B Plan A Ê %#!!B $*',!!! $$!!B Ê *!!B $*',!!! Ê B %%!.
It will take plan B %%! months ($' years, ) months) to have a total payout at least as large as plan A.
34 "% k$ #Bk ' # Ê "% k$ #Bk % Ê k$ #Bk Ÿ "' Ê "' Ÿ $ #B Ÿ "' Ê
"* Ÿ #B Ÿ "$ Ê "*
# B "$
# . The solution in interval notation is "$ "* ‘
# , # .
35 B #B " $ Ê #B# B $ ! Ê #B $ B " ! Ê the solution is Ð∞, $# Ó ∪ Ò", ∞Ñ.
Ÿ ! einclude "f Ê
B" # B( B(
36 Ÿ! Ê
(B B% (B B%
! ecancel, change inequality, exclude (f Ê B % ! eexclude %f Ê B % Ê
"
B%
the solution is Ö"× ∪ Ð%, (Ñ ∪ Ð(, ∞Ñ.
# # # # # B" # B$
37 Ÿ Ê Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! Ê
B$ B" B$ B" B$ B"
#B # #B ' )
Ÿ! Ê Ÿ! Ê B$ B" ! æ "ß $
B$ B" B$ B"
Interval ∞ß " "ß $ $ß ∞
Sign of B $
Sign of B "
Resulting sign
38 Let P and [ denote the length and width of the rectangle. Then P [ œ "%, so P œ "% [ and the area is
E œ P[ œ Ð"% [ Ñ[ . Since E %&, we have Ð"% [ Ñ[ %& Ê [ # "%[ %& Ê
[ # "%[ %& ! Ê [ # "%[ %& Ÿ ! Ê Ð[ &ÑÐ[ *Ñ Ÿ !.
Interval ∞ß & &ß * *ß ∞
Sign of [ &
Sign of [ *
Resulting sign
From the sign chart, we see that the inequality is satisfied for & Ÿ [ Ÿ *. Of course, once the width passes (, it
becomes the length, but that's not the point of the problem.
Precalculus Functions and Graphs 12th Edition Swokowski Solutions Manual
50 CHAPTER 1 TEST
Visit TestBankDeal.com to get complete for all chapters
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