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Week 1 The Microscope

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8 views31 pages

Week 1 The Microscope

Uploaded by

Ai Ahlam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Microscope

Paul Michael B. Antique, MSN, RN


Objectives:

 Examine and explain the different parts of a


microscope
 Properly focus a prepared slide under a
microscope
 Demonstrate the proper care and storage of
the microscope
Introduction

 What is a Microscope?
- A series of glass lenses in a tube that produces an
enlarged, focused image of a specimen.
- An instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be
seen by the naked eye or unaided eye

Greek: mikron = small; scopes = to look


Microscopy – the science of investigating small objects
using such an instrument.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 1590 – Hans & Zacharias Janssen of Middleburg, Holland


manufactured the first compound microscope.
 1590 – 1609 – Galileo – one of the earliest microscopist
(naming of term “microscope”
 1620 – Christian Huygens, another Dutchman, developed
a simple 2-lens ocular system that was chromatically
corrected.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 1665 – Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) – book Micrographia, published


in 1665, devised the compound microsope; most famous
“microscopical” observation was his study of thin slices of cork, he
wrote:
“. . . I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and
porous. . . These pores, or cells, . . . Were indeed the first
microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps , that were ever seen
for I had not met any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of
them before this.”
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 1673 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) – Delft, Holland;


worked as a draper (a fabric merchant); he is also known as a
surveyor, a wine assayer, and as a minor city official.
 Leeuwenhoek – incorrectly called “the inventor of the
microscope”
 Created a simple microscope that could magnify to about 275x,
and published drawings of microorganisms in 1683.
Early Microscope (Hooke)
Compound Microscope

 The optical microscope, often referred


to as the light microscope, is a type of
microscope that commonly uses visible
light and a system of lenses to magnify
images of small objects. Optical
microscopes are the oldest design of
microscope and were possibly invented
in their present compound form in the
17th century
 uses ordinary light to
magnify objects
 contain two types of
lenses: 1 ocular/eyepiece
(10x magnification) 3
objectives (4x, 10x and
40x magnification)
 the objects seen are
extremely tiny and are
measured in micrometers
( μ ) where 1 μ = 0.001
mm (or 1000 μ = 1 mm)
Focusing the Microscope

1. Plug and turn on the Microscope


2. Turn on the light source
3. Place the specimen on the stage
4. Initially use the LPO (10x) for initial
observation
5. Use the HPO (40x) next
6. Adjust the view using the
adjustment knob
Some Variables used in Microscopy

 Magnification – degree of enlargement; number of times the length, breadth or


diameter, of an object is multiplied.
 Resolution – ability to reveal closely adjacent structural details as separate and
distinct.
 Definition – capacity of an object to render outline of the image of an object clear
and distinct.
 Working Distance – distance between the front surface of lens and surface of cover
glass or specimen.
Some Variables used in Microscopy

 Contrast – differences in intensity between two objects, or between an


object and background.
Type of Microscope and Uses

 Light Microscope – uses sunlight or artificial


light  Electron Microscope – use of
 Bright field microscope – produces a dark electron
image against a brighter background
(simple & compound)  Transmission electron microscope –
stream of electrons is formed
 Dark Field microscope – produces a bright
image against a dark background  Scanning electron microscope – scan
 Phase contrast microscope – produces a gold-plated specimen to give a 3-D
high-contrast images of transparent view of the surface of an object which
specimens; advantage: living cells can be is black and white; used to study
examined in their natural state surface features of cells and viruses.
 Fluorescence microscope – give high
quality photographic images
After care

1. Turn off and pull the plug


2. Turn the objective into LPO
3. Remove the slide and clean the stage
4. Coil the power cord around the base
5. Store the microscope properly
Activity

1. Set up a Microscope
2. Place the slide
3. View the slide in various objectives.

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