Basic Maneuvers Advanced Maneuvers

- Turns - Chandelles
- Straight and Level - Lazy 8
- Climbs and Descents - Emergencies 180 side approach/ 360 overhead
- Effects of Controls approach
- Stalls - Practice forced landing
- Slow Flight
- Steep Spiral (Climb and Descent)
- Eight Around pylons
- Turns Around a point

*No Roads for Reference – Only Natural References

*No Abrupt controls especially on Lazy 8 – Slightly release back pressure to not abrupt “Slice”
*Memorize safety briefing
*80% student gain knowledge 20% student learns knowledge

TURNS – ( Clearing Turns, Find Reference (Natural Reference), Check Traffic, Conditions of Flight, Report Commencing)
Initial Heading for Roll Out: Aob/2 = Lead roll out hdg ( + left Turn) / ( - Right Turn)
1. Shallow Turn – 15deg Bank Attitude, Hold Slight Back Pressure, Maintain half sky half ground, Hold Control Inputs,
Maintain Ball Center. 90deg. Change of Direction. (Reference Left or Right)
2. Medium Turn – 30deg Bank Attitude, Hold Back Pressure, Maintain half sky half ground, Hold Control Inputs, Maintain
Ball Center. 180deg. Change of Direction. (Reference Left and Right)
3. Steep Turn – 45deg Bank Attitude, Hold Back Pressure, Maintain half sky half ground, Hold Control Inputs, Maintain
Ball Center. 360deg. Change of Direction. (Reference Front and Back)

STRAIGHT & LEVEL – ( Cruise power: 2100rpm - Cruise airspeed: 90kts)

1) How to maintain straight & level? Maintain Half Sky Half Ground. Different Airspeed needs to have a different Angle
of Attack to maintain level flight. Maintain Ball center and Wings Leveled.

Faster Airspeed – more lift Slower Airspeed – less lift

Cross-check your Altimeter, Attitude and VSI (has delay 6-9secs).

Find your reference point outside, pick a natural reference to follow.

CLIMBS AND DESCENTS – ( Climb power setting: 2400-2500rpm, Descent power setting: 1700-1500rpm)
Climb/ Descent Exit Formula: 10% of VSI = _____ ( + Descent) or ( - Climb) to intended altitude. INITIALLY 50ft. +/-

1) Climbs – Will have more left tendencies because of ( High power setting, High Angle of Attack, Low airspeed)
VX – Best Angle of Climb, Obstruction avoidance, gets the altitude on a given distance 65-75mph (AAG 62-65kts)
VY – Best Rate of Climb, Gets the altitude on a given time. 80mph (AAG 74 -75kts)
Vcrz- Cruise Climb – Best engine cooling, no obstructions 90mph/ AAG 80kts
Vr – Rotation Speed – 60mph (AAG 60kts)
Cruise Power: 2100rpm (AAG 90kts)

CLIMB exit: ASPT (Attitude, Speed, Power, Trim)

2) Descents – More ground, less sky, find your reference point outside
Best Gliding speed – 68 kts ( to obtain L/D=Max Less induced d and parasite d
Descent speed – 70 to 80 kts (1500rpm)
Cruise Descent – 90mph
DESCENT exit: PAST (Power, Attitude, Speed, Trim)

EFFECTS OF CONTROL:
More Angle of Attack more Lift Produced
More Dense Air more Lift

Performance = Power + Attitude

Newton’s Third Law – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

MINIMUM ALTITUDE TO DESCENT FROM STALL? 1500 FT???

DO NOT DESCENT 300FT BELOW??
STALLS - ( Clearing Turns, Find Reference (Natural Reference), Check Traffic, Conditions of Flight, Report Commencing)
- Remember once stalled, Ease Back Pressure, Level wings, Neutralize Rudders, Full Power.

1) POWER OFF STALL SERIES ( DO NOT FULL STALL! TILL 55MPH-60MPH ONLY then Recover)
First Series (Simulate Base to Final)
- Power to 1500rpm,
- Maintain 80mph- 70kts, trim
- Simulate Base to Final Turn, Increase BANK (30deg. Bank) and BACK PRESSURE
- Indication of Stall (Warning Horn), Release BACK PRESSURE, LEVEL WINGS and THROTTLE to 2400rpm

Second Series (Simulate Base to Final)

- Power to 1500rpm, give FLAPS 10*deg
- Maintain 75mph- 65kts, trim
- Simulate Base to Final Turn, Increase BANK and BACK PRESSURE
- Indication of Stall (Warning Horn), Release BACK PRESSURE, LEVEL WINGS and THROTTLE to 2400rpm

Third Series (Simulate Final Approach)

- Power to 1500rpm, add FLAPS 10*deg total of FLAPS 20*deg
- Maintain 70mph- 60kts, trim
- Simulate Final Approach then THROTTLE to IDLE
- Round out 3x, Indication of Stall (Warning Horn)
- Release BACK PRESSURE, LEVEL WINGS and THROTTLE to 2400rpm
- Approx. 60mph pick up flaps 10*deg. (positive VSI) – (can proceed to Fourth Series “Go Around”)

Fourth Series (Simulate Go Around)

- Power to 1500rpm, add FLAPS 10*deg total of FLAPS 20*deg
- Maintain 70mph-60kts, trim
- Simulate Final Approach then THROTTLE to IDLE
- Simulate Go Around by setting power to 2400rpm, push yoke forward
- Approx. 60mph pick up flaps 10*deg. (positive VSI)
- When Flaps are fully up, deviate 15*
- Full recovery, go back to straight and level.

2) POWER ON STALL
- Power 2100rpm, ball center, wings level, pull back pressure
- Stall indication, STALL!, nose dive
- Wings level, Neutralize Rudders, Full power
- Recover back to Straight and Level.
CHANDELLE - ( Clearing Turns, Find Reference and Check Heading for 180deg. Change of direction.
Check 45deg. 90deg. 135deg, Check Traffic, Conditions of Flight, Report Commencing)
( 45deg. Ref. Point - Maximum Pitch) (90deg. Ref. Point - Maximum Bank 30*)
= For Terrain Avoidance and Altitude Gain, with pilot coordination.
- DIVE 110mph – 100kts
- RELEASE forward pressure once 110mph – 100kts obtain
- Nose above horizon (positive VSI)
- PITCH then BANK 15deg then FULL POWER, Ball Center
- BANK 30deg. With BACK PRESSURE Highest Pitch Attitude 65MPH- 55kts at 45*ref point Vs1: 48kts Vso: 40kts
- Continue turn till reaching 135deg. Reference point
- Approaching 180deg. Reference point. WINGS LEVEL
- Continue climb 300-400ft. Altitude.

LAZY 8 ( Clearing Turns, Find Reference 45deg. 90deg. 135deg. (Natural Reference), Check Traffic, Conditions of Flight,
Report Commencing) (45deg. Ref. Point - Maximum Bank 30* & Maximum Pitch)
= For Pilot Control Coordination, Mastery of the Aircraft. Maximum Performance
- Dive 110MPH – 105kts
- RELEASE forward pressure once 110mph – 105kts obtain
- Nose above horizon (positive VSI)
- PITCH then BANK 15deg. BALL CENTER
- MAINTAIN back pressure BANK 30deg and Highest pitch attitude on 45 deg. Reference Point (65mph – 55kts)
- Reaching 90deg. Reference Point apply Rudder pressure !
- Slice!
- Reaching 135deg. Reference Point release rudder pressure, approaching 180deg. Reference Point ROLL OUT
- Continue again other way.

Emergencies 180 side approach/ 360 overhead approach – For Engine failure, Emergencies, Quick Re-land

180 Side Approach (75mph – 68kts) - Approaching 180deg. Abeam threshold

- Inner Downwind - Bank initially 5-10degs.
- 700ft. (Traffic Altitude RPUS) - Apply needed corrections
- Abeam Threshold, Report Commencing - Establish straight final approach
- Power Idle - Apply flaps when sure on approach
- Find Reference and Guides
- Bank initially 5-10deg.
- Apply need corrections
- Establish straight final approach
- Apply Flaps when sure on approach

360 Overhead Approach (75mph – 68kts)

- High Base, High Final
- +500ft on traffic altitude: 1200ft (RPUS)
- Over Threshold, Report Commencing
- Power Idle
- Find reference and Guides to 180deg.
SLOW FLIGHT
– To be familiar with the critical stages of flight, and the maximum performance of the aircraft. When on Takeoff to
recognize an imminent stall, familiarization with the effects of controls and the Visual outside.
- To familiarize the student with the flight characteristics of the airplane at the low end of the speed regime. Because
landings are a form of slow flight, it makes sense to be comfortable with flying slow. The controls are mushy, the sound is
different, and the panel obscures the view out the window.
- To learn how to recognize when the aircraft is close to the onset of a stall. At the minimum controllable airspeed, the
stall horn or light may be making noise or illuminating, and the airplane may occasionally burble. The point of this
exercise is to demonstrate how to recognize an imminent stall.

- Airspeed: 65mph – (56kts) 55- 60kts

- Power: 1500rpm
- Trim: Full
- Adjust Power to maintain Altitude Approx. 1500-1700rpm
- Demonstrate
- AILERONS: Sluggish and Ineffective
- ELEVATORS: Sluggish and slow
- RUDDERS: Most effective
- TORQUE EFFECT: Due to left turning tendencies (High Angle of attack, Low Airspeed, High Rpm) 90*deg applied force.
- APPLY Flaps 1: Turning is SLOW but RADIUS of TURN is SMALL
- Recover: Flaps first then Full power push yoke forward/ Full power, gain safe airspeed, push yoke forward, retract
flaps increments.

Wind direction information: smoke, lake, flags, wind drift circle.

GROUND TRACK MANEUVER (Bank 10deg – 30deg)

1) S – TURNS - how to compensate wind on the plane ground control using bank control. Wind drift correction.
Divide attention bet. Airplane control and ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.

- Turn left to give the student a better view of the references/ maneuver.

- Higher ground speed – Higher Bank/ Steeper turn

- Lower ground speed – Lower Bank/ Shallow turn
- Tailwind – Steeper turn
WIND
- Headwind – Shallow turn

- Find Reference Point (Natural) closest to 90* perpendicular to the wind direction.
- Find Emergency Landing area nearby
- Start Maneuver on downwind (steeper bank needed, due to tailwind)
- Continue turn while maintain Altitude and coordination
- Approaching reference line, Wings Level
- Count 5-10secs, turn to the opposite direction
- Continue turn while maintaining Altitude and coordination
- Approaching reference line, Wings Level
2) TURNS AROUND A POINT- how to compensate wind on the plane ground control using bank control. Wind drift
correction. Divide attention bet. Airplane control and ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.

- Turn left to give the student a better view of the references/ maneuver.

- Higher ground speed – Higher Bank/ Steeper turn

- Lower ground speed – Lower Bank/ Shallow turn
- Tailwind – Steeper turn
- Headwind – Shallow turn

- Pick a reference point on the ground

- Find a near Emergency Landing area
- Determine where the wind is coming from
- Start Maneuver on downwind (steeper turn needed, due to tailwind)
- Fly a constant radius of turn adjusting angle of bank and direction as wind direction with respect to a/c position
changes.
- Crosscheck instruments. (Altimeter, Airspeed, Turn-Coordinator).

If the point drifts forward of the wingtip, pitch down a little, until it comes back in line.
If the point drifts back of the wing, pitch up a little.

3) EIGHT AROUND PYLONS

- Find your selected Pylons – approx. ½ mile or 1mile
- Find a near Emergency Landing area
- Cross between the pylons for entry
- Enter 30*degs tailwind
- When Abeam the pylon execute the turn maintaining pivotal altitude
- Make a steeper bank due to tailwind and high ground speed
- Apply correction with wind corrections and maintain altitude and airspeed
- When 2nd Pylon is on sight roll out slowly
- Vice Versa

If Pylon is moving forward – forward pressure is needed

If Pylon is moving rearward – adjust back pressure needed

STEEP SPIRAL CLIMB and DESCENT

1) STEEP CLIMB – To gain altitude without getting near any obstructions. (75mph-80mph)
- Full Power
- Pitch Up
- Bank 45deg.
- Trim for 500fpm
- Maintain ball center/ Coordinated flight

2) STEEP DESCENT – To descent/ lose altitude without getting near any obstructions. (75mph-80mph)
- Power Idle
- Ease back pressure
- Bank 45deg.
- Trim for 500fpm
- Maintain ball center/ Coordinated flight
No FLAPS: 80mph
FLAPS 1: 75MPH
FLAPS 2: 70MPH
FLAPS 3: 65MPH
FLAPS 4: 60MPH

EMERGENCY
NO FLAPS: 75MPH
FLAPS 1: 70MPH
FLAPS 2: 65MPH
FLAPS 3: 60MPH
FLAPS 4: 55MPH

Short Field – Vr 55mph- 60mph (51kts sabi ni genwil

Normal – Vr 60mph- 70mph

VX – Best Angle of Climb, Obstruction avoidance, gets the altitude on a given distance 65-75mph
VY – Best Rate of Climb, Gets the altitude on a given time. 80mph
Vcrz- Cruise Climb – Best engine cooling, no obstructions 90mph
Vr – Rotation Speed – 58mph exact – in flight 60mph nose up – 70mphVr

 Strong headwind avoid flaps, increase airspeed, land with power.

 Cloud Cover = Temp – Dew Point, Divide 2.5 Time 1000
 Wind Speed – Gust, Divide 2 Plus Current Airspeed. (For Strong Headwind on Approach)
 8 gal/hr
 2 gal unusable per tank
 42 gal total fuel, 38 usable fuel = 4+45
 Maximum Crosswind speed = 15kts
 1000rpm – to avoid spark plug fouling
 Engine Time, Propeller Time = TBO
 Max EGT = Better Fuel Save
 Max RPM = Better Performance
 1000ft above clouds, 500ft below clouds, 2000ft horizontal clouds
 1000ft descent 9,000ft to glide

Onboard Documents Required by Aircraft (MARROWIJ)

 Maintenance Log
 Airworthiness Certificate
 Radio Station License
 Registration Certificate
 Operating Handbook
 Weight and Balance Report
 Insurance Certificate
 Journey Log