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Probability and Statistics (Tutorial 1)

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Probability and Statistics (Tutorial 1)

Uploaded by

basmala yasser
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability And Statistics

Eng./ Mohammed Abdulmonem Borg


The nature of probability and statistics
Statistical Methods
Statistical Methods :
1- Descriptive statistics :
consists of the collection, organization, summarization and
presentation of data .
2- Inferential statistics :
consists of generalization from samples to populations , performing
estimation and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among
variables, and making predictions.
Population and Sample
Population and Sample :
1) Population :
consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied .
2) Sample :
is a group of subjects selected from a population .
Types of Descriptive Statistics
Types of Descriptive Statistics :
1) Measures of central tendency :
Mean, Median, Mode, Midrange and Weighted Mean .
2) Measure of variation :
Range, Variance and Standard Deviation .
3) Measure of position :
Standard Score, Percentiles, Quartiles and Deciles .
Types of Inferential Statistics
Types of Inferential Statistics :
1) A confidence interval:
gives a range of values for an unknown parameter of the
population by measuring a statistical sample .
2) Tests of significance or hypothesis testing:
where scientists make a claim about the population by
analyzing a statistical sample .
Variables
Variables :
A variable can be defined as a characteristic that can take different values
(e.g., measures of temperature, height, weight, cost and gender) .
Types of Data
1) Qualitative variable
Types of Data :
1) Qualitative variable: (Categorical)
variable that can be expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather by means
of a natural language description, according to some characteristic or
attribute and it can be classified into two groups :
i.Ordinal variable: variable whose categories can be meaningfully ordered.
For example: size (small, medium, large, etc.)
ii.Nominal variable: When it does not matter which way the categories are
ordered in tabular or graphical displays of the data (i.e.
all orderings are equally meaningful). For example :
a student's religion ( Christian, Muslim, Jewish).
2) Quantitative variable
Types of Data :
2) Quantitative variable: (Numerical)
the variables are numerical and can be ordered or ranked. For example, the
variable age is numerical, and people can be ranked in order according to
the value of their ages. Other examples of quantitative variables are heights,
weights, and body temperatures . And it can be classified into two groups :
i. Discrete variable : A variable whose values are generally countable.
For example: the number of books, marks in exam .
ii.Continuous variable: A variable that may contain any value within some
range is called continuous. It can take integral and
fractional values both. For example: height, weight,
length, time, etc.
Examples
Examples :
1) If we have measured the weights of 10 mice and
computed their average, then this is an example of :
A) descriptive statistics.
B) inferential statistics.
C) a population.

Answer is: A
Examples :
2) If we have chosen 10 mice for our experiment, then this set of
mice is :
A) a hypothesis.
B) a population.
C) a sample.

Answer is: C
Examples :
3) If we have measured the weights of 10 mice, and from this
predict the weights of all mice, then this is an example of :
A) descriptive statistics.
B) inferential statistics.
C) a population.

Answer is: B
Examples :
4) The number of test questions that a student can answer correctly is
an example of a :
A) continuous variable.
B) discrete variable.
C) inferential variable

Answer is: B
Examples :
5) The possible blood types of a human (O, A, B, AB) can be classified
as what kind of variable ?
A) A continuous variable
B) A qualitative variable
C) A quantitative variable

Answer is: B
Examples :
6) The number of absences per year that a worker has is an example
of what type of variable ?
A) Qualitative
B) Discrete
C) Continuous

Answer is: B
Examples :
7) The distance covered by a student from home to college measured
in yards is an example of :
A) A continuous variable
B) A qualitative variable
C) A discrete variable

Answer is: C
Examples :
9) Data that can be classified according to color are measured on what
scale ?
A) Nominal
B) Ratio
C) Ordinal
D) Interval
Answer is : A
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency:
1) Population Mean:

Definition: The average of 𝑁 measurements in a population is denoted by 𝝁,


the population mean is
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝜇= =
𝑁 𝑁
2) Sample Mean:

Definition: If the 𝑛 observations in a sample are denoted by 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ,


the sample mean is
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑥ҧ = =
𝑛 𝑛
Measures of Central Tendency:
3) The Median:
is a measure of central tendency that divides the data into two equal parts,
half below the median and half above.
𝒏+𝟏
If the no. of observations is odd, the median is the value with rank and if
𝟐
the no. of no. of observations is odd, the median is the average of values
𝐧 𝒏
with ranks and + 𝟏 when the values are arranged ascendingly
𝟐 𝟐

4) The mode:
is the most frequently occurring data value (The data can be unimodal or
bimodal or multimodal)
5) The midrange:
The average between the minimum and the maximum values.
Example (1): The heights (in feet) of the 20 highest waterfalls in the world are shown here.
Find (a) the mean, (b) the median, (c) the mode & (d) midrange.
3212 2800 2625 2540 2499 2425 2307 2151 2123 2000
1904 1841 1650 1612 1536 1388 1215 1198 1182 1170

 By Sorting data 1170 1182 1198 1215 1388 1536 1612 1650 1841 1904
2000 2123 2151 2307 2425 2499 2540 2625 2800 3212

σ 𝑥 39378
1. 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥lj = = = 1968.9
𝑛 20

10𝑡ℎ + 11𝑡ℎ 1904 + 2000


2. 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛(𝑀𝐷) = = = 1952
2 2

3 Mode (no mode)

min + max 1170 + 3212


4. MidRange( MD) = = = 2192
2 2
Example (2): The reported high temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for selected world cities on an
October day are shown below.
Find (a) the mean, (b) the median, (c) the mode & (d) midrange

62 72 66 79 83 61 62 85 72 64 74 71
42 38 91 66 77 90 74 63 64 68 42
 By Sorting data
38 42 42 61 62 62 63 64 64 66 66 68
71 72 72 74 74 77 79 83 85 90 91

σ 𝑥 1566
1. 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥lj = = = 68.06
𝑛 23

2. 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛(𝑀𝐷) = 68

3. Mode (Multimodal)

min + max 38 + 91
4. MidRange( MD) = = = 64.5
2 2
The Weighted Mean
The Weighted Mean:
Definition: The weighted arithmetic mean is similar to an ordinary arithmetic
mean, except that instead of each of the data points contributing
equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than
others.
σ 𝑊. 𝑥
𝜇=
σ𝑊
Example (3): In an advertisement, a retail store stated that its employees
averaged 9 years of service. The distribution is shown here.
Number of employees Years of service
8 2
2 6
3 10
Using the weighted mean, calculate the correct average.

Solution:

weighted mean =
 w • x 8.2 + 2.6 + 3.10
= = 4.46
 w 8 + 2 + 3
Example (4): An instructor gives three 1-hour exams and one final exam, which counts as two 1-hour
exams. Find a student’s grade if she received 62, 83 and 97 on the 1-hour exams and 82
on the final exam

Solution:
Grade weight
62 × 1 + 83 × 1 + 97 × 1 + 82 × 2 62 1
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 = = 81.2
1+1+1+2 83 1
97 1
82 2

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