Activity 9

OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED

To prepare a model to illustrate the A stand fitted with 0º-360º
values of sine function and cosine protractor and a circular plastic
function for different angles which are sheet fixed with handle which can
π be rotated at the centre of the
multiples of and π . protractor.
2

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a stand fitted with 0º-360º protractor.
2. Consider the radius of protractor as 1 unit.
 3. Draw two lines, one joining 0º-180º line and another 90º-270º line,
obviously perpendicular to each other.
4. Mark the ends of 0°-180° line as (1,0) at 0°, (–1, 0) at 180° and that of
90° - 270° line as (0,1) at 90° and (0, –1) at 270°
5. Take a plastic circular plate and mark a line to indicate its radius and fix a
handle at the outer end of the radius.
6. Fix the plastic circular plate at the centre of the protractor.

DEMONSTRATION
1. Move the circular plate in anticlock wise direction to make different angles
π 3π
like 0, , π, , 2π etc.
2 2
2. Read the values of sine and cosine function for these angles and their
multiples from the perpendicular lines.

OBSERVATION
1. When radius line of circular plate is at 0º indicating the point A (1,0),
cos 0 = ______ and sin 0 = _______.
2. When radius line of circular plate is at 90º indicating the point B (0, 1),
π π
cos = _______ and sin = _______ .
2 2
3. When radius line of circular plate is at 180º indicating the point C (–1,0),
cos π = ______ and sin π = _________.
4. When radius line of circular plate is at 270º indicating the point D (0, – 1)
3π 3π
which means cos = _______ and sin = _______
2 2
5. When radius line of circular plate is at 360º indicating the point again at A
(1,0), cos 2 π = _______ and sin 2 π = ________.

36 Laboratory Manual
Now fill in the table :

π 3π 5π 7π
Trigonometric 0 π 2π 3π 4π
2 2 2 2
function
sin θ – – – – – – – – –

cos θ – – – – – – – – –

APPLICATION
This activity can be used to determine the values of other trigonometric functions
π
for angles being multiple of and π.
2

Mathematics 37
Activity 13
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To verify that the graph of a given Cardboard, thick white paper,
inequality, say 5x + 4y – 40 < 0, of the sketch pen, ruler, adhesive.
form ax + by + c < 0, a, b > 0, c < 0
represents only one of the two half
planes.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Draw two perpendicular lines X′OX and Y′OY to represent x-axis and
y-axis, respectively.
3. Draw the graph of the linear equation corresponding to the given linear
inequality.
4. Mark the two half planes as I and II as shown in the Fig. 13.

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DEMONSTRATION
1. Mark some points O(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(3, 2), C(4, 3), D(–1, –1) in half plane I
and points E(4, 7), F(8, 4), G(9, 5), H(7, 5) in half plane II.
2. (i) Put the coordinates of O (0,0) in the left hand side of the inequality.

Value of LHS = 5 (0) + 4 (0) – 40 = – 40 < 0

So, the coordinates of O which lies in half plane I, satisfy the inequality.

(ii) Put the coordinates of the point E (4, 7) in the left hand side of
the inequality.

Value of LHS = 5(4) + 4(7) – 40 = 8 </ 0 and hence the coordinates of the
point E which lie in the half plane II does not satisfy the given inequality.

(iii) Put the coordinates of the point F(8, 4) in the left hand side of the
inequality. Value of LHS = 5(8) + 4(4) – 40 = 16 </ 0

So, the coordinates of the point F which lies in the half plane II do not
satisfy the inequality.

(iv) Put the coordinates of the point C(4, 3) in the left hand side of the
inequality.

Value of LHS = 5(4) + 4(3) – 40 = – 8 < 0

So, the coordinates of C which lies in the half plane I, satisfy the inequality.

(v) Put the coordinates of the point D(–1, –1) in the left hand side of the
inequality.

Value of LHS = 5(–1) + 4 (–) – 40 = – 49 < 0

So, the coordinates of D which lies in the half plane I, satisfy the
inequality.

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(iv) Similarly points A (1, 1), lies in a half plane I satisfy the inequality. The
points G (9, 5) and H (7, 5) lies in half plane II do not satisfy the inequality.

Thus, all points O, A, B, C, satisfying the linear inequality 5x + 4y – 40 < lie

only in the half plane I and all the points E, F, G, H which do not satisfy the linear
inequality lie in the half plane II.

Thus, the graph of the given inequality represents only one of the two
corresponding half planes.

OBSERVATION
Coordinates of the point A __________ the given inequality (satisfy/does not
satisfy).
Coordinates of G __________ the given inequality.
Coordinates of H __________ the given inequality.
Coordinates of E are __________ the given inequality.
Coordinates of F __________ the given inequality and is in the half plane____.
The graph of the given inequality is only half plane _________.

APPLICATION
This activity may be used to identify the half NOTE
plane which provides the solutions of a
The activity can also be
given inequality. performed for the inequality of
the type ax + by + c > 0.

Mathematics 47

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Activity 14
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To find the number of ways in which three Cardboard sheet, white paper
cards can be selected from given five sheets, sketch pen, cutter.
cards.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a cardboard sheet and paste white paper on it.
2. Cut out 5 identical cards of convenient size from the cardboard.
3. Mark these cards as C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5.

DEMONSTRATION
1. Select one card from the given five cards.
2. Let the first selected card be C1. Then other two cards from the remaining
four cards can be : C2C3, C2C4, C2C5, C3C4, C3C5 and C4C5.Thus, the possible
selections are : C1C2C3 , C1C2C4, C1C2C5,C1C3C4, C1C3C5, C1C4C5. Record
these on a paper sheet.
3. Let the first selected card be C2. Then the other two cards from the remaining
4 cards can be : C1C3, C1C4, C1C5, C3C4, C3C5, C4C5.Thus, the possible
selections are: C2C1C3 , C2C1C4, C2C1C5,C2C3C4, C2C3C5, C2C4C5. Record
these on the same paper sheet.
4. Let the first selected card be C 3. Then the other two cards can be :
C1C2, C1C4, C1C5, C2C4, C2C5, C4C5.Thus, the possible selections are : C3C1C2,
C3C1C4, C3C1C5,C3C2C4, C3C2C5, C3C4C5. Record them on the same paper
sheet.
5. Let the first selected card be C4. Then the other two cards can be : C1C2,
C1C3, C2C3, C1C5, C2C5, C3C5 Thus, the possible selections are: C4C1C2,
C4C1C3,C4C2C3, C4C1C5, C4C2C5, C4C3C5. Record these on the same paper
sheet.

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 6. Let the first selected card be C5. Then the other two cards can be: C1C2,
C 1 C 3 , C 1 C 4 , C 2 C 3 , C 2 C 4 , C 3 C 4 Thus, the possible selections are:
C5C1C2,C5C1C3, C5C1C4, C5C2C3, C5C2C4, C5C3C4. Record these on the same
paper sheet.
7. Now look at the paper sheet on which the possible selectios are listed. Here,
there are in all 30 possible selections and each of the selection is repeated
thrice. Therefore, the number of distinct selection = 30 ÷ 3 = 10 which is
same as 5C3.

OBSERVATION
1. C1C2C3 , C2C1C3 and C3C1C2 represent the _______ selection.
2. C1C2C4, _____________, ____________ represent the same selection.
3. Among C2C1C5 , C1C2C5, C1C2C3, ________ and ________ represent the
same selection.
4. C2C1C5 , C1C2C3, represent _______ selections.
5. Among C3C1C5, C1C4C3, C5C3C4, C4C2C5, C2C4C3, C1C3C5

C3C1C5, ________ represent the same selections.

C3C1C5, C1C4C5, ______, _____, represent different selections.

APPLICATION
Activities of this type can be used in understanding the general formula for
finding the number of possible selections when r objects are selected from

given n distinct objects, i.e., n C = n! .

r
r !( n – r ) !

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Activity 15
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To construct a Pascal's Triangle and to Drawing board, white paper,
write binomial expansion for a given matchsticks, adhesive.
positive integral exponent.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a drawing board and paste a white paper on it.
2. Take some matchsticks and arrange them as shown in Fig.15.

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 3. Write the numbers as follows:
1 (first row)
1 1 (second row)
1 2 1 (third row)
1 3 3 1 (fourth row), 1 4 6 4 1 (fifth row) and so on (see Fig. 15).
4. To write binomial expansion of (a + b)n, use the numbers given in the
(n + 1)th row.

DEMONSTRATION
1. The above figure looks like a triangle and is referred to as Pascal’s Triangle.
2. Numbers in the second row give the coefficients of the terms of the binomial
expansion of (a + b)1. Numbers in the third row give the coefficients of the
terms of the binomial expansion of (a + b)2, numbers in the fourth row give
coefficients of the terms of binomial expansion of (a + b)3. Numbers in the
fifth row give coefficients of the terms of binomial expansion of
(a + b)4 and so on.

OBSERVATION
1. Numbers in the fifth row are ___________, which are coefficients of the
binomial expansion of __________.
2. Numbers in the seventh row are _____________, which are coefficients
of the binomial expansion of _______.
3. (a + b)3 = ___ a3 + ___a2b + ___ab2 + ___b3
4. (a + b)5 = ___ +___+ ___+ ___ + ___+ ___.
5. (a + b)6 =___a6 +___a5b + ___a4b2 + ___a3b3 + ___a2b4 + ___ab5 + ___b6.
6. (a + b)8 = ___ +___ +___+ ___ + ___+ ___ + ___ + ___+ ___.
7. (a + b)10 =___ + ___ + ___+ ___ + ___+ ___ + ___+___+ ___+ ___+ __.

APPLICATION
The activity can be used to write binomial expansion for (a + b)n, where n is a
positive integer.

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