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Computer

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7 views

Computer

Uploaded by

ibrahim.qahtan919
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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History of computers

and its type

Created by:Ibrahim Qahtan Adnan


Supervisor:Dr.solav ali
The history of the computer and the
stages of its development
The origin of the word computer dates back to the
sixteenth century. This term refers to a human employee
who performs certain mathematical operations, and this
term remained associated with humans until the end of
the nineteenth century, when this term came to refer to
machines through which mathematical operations can be
performed, and the first computer appeared in 1833 AD;
The scientist Charles Babbage, who is considered the
godfather of the computer, designed a mechanical
computer with the aim of using it for general purposes.

First generation computers


The time period that coincided with the outbreak of
World War II is considered a period of great importance
in the development of computers. Specifically in 1938 AD,
German engineer Konrad Sues was able to create the first
programmable binary computer in history, and he called
it (Z1). One year later, American physicist John Atanasoff
and engineer Clifford Perry were able to build an analog
computer known as (Atanasoff). berry computer). The
ABC computer is an electrical computer that operates
through more than 300 tubes to perform digital
calculations and arithmetic and logical operations. The
year 1943 witnessed the start of manufacturing the first
general-purpose computer, the ENIAC device, short for
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, which
was completed in 1946. The ENIAC computer and its
predecessors are the first generation of computers in
history, lasting until the end of the 1950s. These devices
were characterized by their slow operation, large size,
and high cost. This is because it contains vacuum tube
units as basic components of both the central processing
unit and the memory unit, in addition to devices that rely
on magnetic and paper tapes as input and output
devices.

Second generation computers


The first generation of computers was based on vacuum
tubes. However, the increasing commercial interest in
computing, and the reliance on transistors as a basic
component of manufacturing, led to the emergence of a
new generation of these devices, known as the second
generation. This device is a Transac S-2000 manufactured
by Philco Corporation in 1958. It was one of the first
devices made with transistors. IBM used transistors to
manufacture devices. This happened through the
manufacture of computers (IBM 7090). It is worth noting
that second-generation computers primarily use hard
drives and magnetic tapes to store data, and are
programmed in different languages, such as COBOL,
which is considered a programming language. In addition
to a general business focus...about the FORTRAN
language used in both scientific and commercial fields.
The second generation of computers lasted from 1959 to
1965 AD, as the use of transistors reduced manufacturing
costs, reduced size, and increased speed compared to
first-generation computers. Computer performance was
great too. This generation has lower power consumption.

Third generation computers


The emergence of the third generation of computers is
due to what is known as the integrated circuit, which is
referred to by the abbreviation (IC). The integrated circuit
was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby between
the years 1958-1959 AD, and the emergence of third-
generation devices represented the first steps in the
emergence of computers used at that time. The current
computer (IBM-360) is considered the most important
type of third generation computer. IBM spent
approximately US$5 billion producing this series. The
IBM-360 computer was used to perform many operations
that require fast data processing, such as weather
forecasting, astronomy, space exploration, and other
specialized scientific fields. The third generation of
computers continued to appear until 1971 AD, when the
devices were distinguished by their high speed. Its small
size and good efficiency compared to second-generation
hardware and high-level programming languages are
widely used.

Fourth generation of computers


The invention of what is known as the microprocessor led
to the emergence of the fourth generation of computers,
and the Intel 8008 processor, which was invented in 1972
AD, was the first processor. The advent of
microprocessors has dramatically reduced the cost of
producing computers, contributing to the emergence of
personal computers (referred to as PCs), portable
computers, as well as mobile phone devices. The Altair
8800, IBM 5100, and Micral computers are examples of
some of the older types of fourth-generation hardware,
microprocessors, or what is known as the central
processing unit in computers today.

Fifth generation computers


Fifth generation devices appeared in 2010 AD, and the
devices of this generation depend on the use of artificial
intelligence, as these devices work in a way that enables
them to interact with natural language inputs, and
possess the ability to learn and self-organize in a way
that makes them possess intelligence that is similar to
the intelligence of humans to some extent, and the
computer is considered Watson, which was produced by
IBM; One of the most famous examples of 5G devices.

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