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Q 1. What are the different data types present in C++?

Ans : The 4 data types in C++ are given below:

⚫ Primitive Datatype(basic datatype). Example- char, short, int,

float, long, double, bool, etc.
⚫ Derived datatype. Example- array, pointer, etc.
⚫ Enumeration. Example- enum
⚫ User-defined data types. Example- structure, class, etc.

Q 2. What is the difference between C and C++?

Ans : The main difference between C and C++ are provided in the table below:

C C++

C is a procedure-oriented C++ is an object-oriented

programming language. programming language.

Data is hidden by encapsulation to

C does not support data hiding. ensure that data structures and
operators are used as intended.

C is a subset of C++ C++ is a superset of C.

Function and operator overloading are Function and operator overloading is

not supported in C supported in C++

Namespace features are not present Namespace is used by C++, which

in C avoids name collisions.

Functions can not be defined inside Functions can be defined inside

structures. structures.

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 C C++

calloc() and malloc() functions are

new operator is used for memory
used for memory allocation and free()
allocation and deletes operator is
function is used for memory
used for memory deallocation.
deallocation.

Q 3. What are class and object in C++?

Ans : A class is a user-defined data type that has data members and
member functions. Data members are the data variables and member
functions are the functions that are used to perform operations on these
variables.

An object is an instance of a class. Since a class is a user-defined data type so

an object can also be called a variable of that data type.

A class is defined as-

class A{
private:
Int data;
public:
void fun()
{
}
};

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Q 4. What is the difference between struct and class?

Ans : In C++ a structure is the same as a class except for a few differences
like security. The difference between struct and class are given below:

Structure Class

Members of the class are

Members of the structure are public by default.
private by default.

When deriving a struct from a class/struct, When deriving a class,

default access specifiers for base class/struct default access specifiers are
are public. private.

Q 5. What is operator overloading?

Ans : Operator Overloading is a very essential element to perform the

operations on user-defined data types. By operator overloading we can
modify the default meaning to the operators like +, -, *, /, <=, etc.

For example -

The following code is for adding two complex number using operator
overloading-

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#include <iostream>
class Complex {
private:
double real;
double imag;
public:
Complex(double r = 0.0, double i = 0.0) : real(r), imag(i) {}
// Overloading the '+' operator to add two complex numbers
Complex operator+(const Complex& other) const {
return Complex(real + other.real, imag + other.imag);
}
// Overloading the '<<' operator for easy printing
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const
Complex& c) {
out << c.real << " + " << c.imag << "i";
return out;
}
};
int main() {
Complex c1(2.5, 3.5);
Complex c2(1.5, 2.5);
Complex result = c1 + c2;
std::cout << "c1 = " << c1 << std::endl;
std::cout << "c2 = " << c2 << std::endl;
std::cout << "Sum = " << result << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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Q 6. What is polymorphism in C++?

Ans : Polymorphism in simple means having many forms. Its behavior is

different in different situations. And this occurs when we have multiple
classes that are related to each other by inheritance.

For example, think of a base class called a car that has a method called car
brand(). Derived classes of cars could be Mercedes, BMW, Audi - And they
also have their own implementation of a cars

The two types of polymorphism in c++ are:

 Compile Time Polymorphism

 Runtime Polymorphism

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Q 7. Explain constructor in C++

Ans : The constructor is a member function that is executed automatically

whenever an object is created. Constructors have the same name as the
class of which they are members so that compiler knows that the member
function is a constructor. And no return type is used for constructors.

#include <iostream>
class MyClass {
private:
int myInt;
public:
// Constructor with parameter
MyClass(int val) {
myInt = val;
std::cout << "Constructor called with value: " << val << std::endl;
} // Function to display the value of myInt
void display() {
std::cout << "myInt = " << myInt << std::endl;
}
};
int main() {
MyClass obj1(10); // Constructor is called with value 10
MyClass obj2(20); // Constructor is called with value 20
// Displaying the values of myInt for both objects
obj1.display(); // Output: myInt = 10
obj2.display(); // Output: myInt = 20
return 0;
}

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Q 8. Tell me about virtual function

Ans : Virtual function is a member function in the base class that you
redefine in a derived class. A virtual function is declared using the virtual
keyword. When the function is made virtual, C++ determines which function
is to be invoked at the runtime based on the type of the object pointed by the
base class pointer.

Q 9. Compare compile time polymorphism and Runtime

polymorphism

Ans : The main difference between compile-time and runtime polymorphism

is provided below:

Compile-time polymorphism Run time polymorphism

In this method, we would come to know In this method, we come to know at

at compile time which method will be run time which method will be
called. And the call is resolved by the called. The call is not resolved by
compiler. the compiler.

It provides slow execution

It provides fast execution because it is compared to compile-time
known at the compile time. polymorphism because it is known
at the run time.

It is achieved by function overloading and It can be achieved by virtual

operator overloading. functions and pointers.

Q 10. What do you know about friend class and friend function?

Ans : A friend class can access private, protected, and public members of
other classes in which it is declared as friends.

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Like friend class, friend function can also access private, protected, and
public members. But, Friend functions are not member functions.

#include <iostream>

// Forward declaration of MyClass

class MyClass;

// Friend function declaration

void friendFunction(const MyClass&);

// Friend class declaration

class FriendClass {
public:
void friendMethod(const MyClass&);
};
// Definition of MyClass
class MyClass {
private:
int data = 10;
// Declare friendFunction as a friend function
friend void friendFunction(const MyClass&);

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 // Declare FriendClass as a friend class
friend class FriendClass;
public:
void display() {
std::cout << "Data: " << data << std::endl;
}
};
// Definition of friend function
void friendFunction(const MyClass& obj) {
std::cout << "Friend function accessing private data: " <<
obj.data << std::endl;
}
// Definition of friend class method
void FriendClass::friendMethod(const MyClass& obj) {
std::cout << "Friend class method accessing private data: "
<< obj.data << std::endl;
}
int main() {
MyClass obj;
// Accessing private data using friend function
friendFunction(obj);

// Accessing private data using friend class method

FriendClass fc;
fc.friendMethod(obj);
return 0;
}

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Output:

Friend function accessing private data: 10

Friend class method accessing private data: 10

Q 11. What are the C++ access specifiers?

Ans : In C++ there are the following access specifiers:

➢ Public: All data members and member functions are accessible

outside the class.
➢ Protected: All data members and member functions are accessible
inside the class and to the derived class.
➢ Private: All data members and member functions are not accessible
outside the class.

Q 12. Define inline function

Ans : If a function is inline, the compiler places a copy of the code of that
function at each point where the function is called at compile time.

One of the important advantages of using an inline function is that it

eliminates the function calling overhead of a traditional function.

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Q 13. What is a reference in C++?

Ans : A reference is like a pointer. It is another name of an already existing

variable. Once a reference name is initialized with a variable, that variable
can be accessed by the variable name or reference name both.

Q 14. What do you mean by abstraction in C++?

Ans : Abstraction is the process of showing the essential details to the user
and hiding the details which we don’t want to show to the user or hiding
the details which are irrelevant to a particular user.

Q 15. Is deconstructor overloading possible? If yes then explain and

if no then why?

Ans : No destructor overloading is not possible. Destructors take no

arguments, so there’s only one way to destroy an object. That’s the
reason destructor overloading is not possible.

Q 16. What do you mean by call by value and call by reference?

Ans : In call by value method, we pass a copy of the parameter is passed to

the functions.

For these copied values a new memory is assigned and changes made to
these values do not reflect the variable in the main function.

In call by reference method, we pass the address of the variable and the
address is used to access the actual argument used in the function call. So
changes made in the parameter alter the passing argument.

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Q 17. What is an abstract class and when do you use it?

Ans : A class is called an abstract class whose objects can never be created.
Such a class exists as a parent for the derived classes.

We can make a class abstract by placing a pure virtual function in the class.

Q 18. What are destructors in C++?

Ans : A constructor is automatically called when an object is first created.

Similarly when an object is destroyed a function called destructor
automatically gets called.

A destructor has the same name as the constructor (which is the same as the
class name) but is preceded by a tilde.

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Example:

#include <iostream>

class MyClass {
public:
// Constructor
MyClass() {
std::cout << "Constructor called." << std::endl;
}

// Destructor
~MyClass() {
std::cout << "Destructor called." << std::endl;
}
};

int main() {
MyClass obj;
// Destructor will be called automatically when obj goes out
of scope
return 0;
}

Output:

Constructor called.
Destructor called.

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Q 19. What are the static members and static member functions?

When a variable in a class is declared static, space for it is allocated for the
lifetime of the program. No matter how many objects of that class have been
created, there is only one copy of the static member. So same static member
can be accessed by all the objects of that class.

A static member function can be called even if no objects of the class exist
and the static function are accessed using only the class name and the scope
resolution operator ::

Q 20. Explain inheritance

Inheritance is the process of creating new classes, called derived classes,

from existing classes. These existing classes are called base classes. The
derived classes inherit all the capabilities of the base class but can add new
features and refinements of their own.

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Q 21. What is a copy constructor?

Ans : A copy constructor is a member function that initializes an object using

another object of the same class.

Example-

#include <iostream>

class MyClass {
private:
int data;

public:
// Constructor
MyClass(int value) : data(value) {
std::cout << "Constructor called." << std::endl;
}

// Copy constructor
MyClass(const MyClass& other) : data(other.data) {
std::cout << "Copy constructor called." << std::endl;
}

// Display function
void display() {
std::cout << "Data: " << data << std::endl;
}
};

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int main() {
// Creating an object
MyClass obj1(42);
obj1.display(); // Output: Data: 42

// Using copy constructor to create a new object

MyClass obj2 = obj1;
obj2.display(); // Output: Data: 42

return 0;
}

Output:

Constructor called.
Data: 42
Copy constructor called.
Data: 42

Q 22. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy?

Ans : The difference between shallow copy and a deep copy is given below:

Shallow Copy Deep Copy

Shallow copy stores the references Deep copy makes a new and separate
of objects to the original memory copy of an entire object with its unique
address. memory address.

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Shallow Copy Deep Copy

Shallow copy is faster. Deep copy is comparatively slower.

Shallow copy reflects changes made Deep copy doesn ’ t reflect changes
to the new/copied object in the made to the new/copied object in the
original object. original object

Q 23. What is the difference between virtual functions and pure

virtual functions?

Ans : A virtual function is a member function in the base class that you
redefine in a derived class. It is declared using the virtual keyword.

Virtual function Pure virtual function

A pure virtual function is a member

function of base class whose only
A virtual function is a member
declaration is provided in base class
function of base class which can be
and should be defined in derived
redefined by derived class.
class otherwise derived class also
becomes abstract.

Classes having virtual functions are Base class containing pure virtual
not abstract. function becomes abstract.

Syntax:
Syntax:
virtual<func_type><func_name>()
{ virtual<func_type><func_name>()
// code = 0;
}

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Virtual function Pure virtual function

Definition is given in base class. No definition is given in base class.

Base class having virtual function Base class having pure virtual
can be instantiated i.e. its object can function becomes abstract i.e. it
be made. cannot be instantiated.

If derived class do not redefine

If derived class do not redefine virtual function of base class, then
virtual function of base class, then it no compilation error but derived
does not affect compilation. class also becomes abstract just like
the base class.

All derived class must redefine pure

All derived class may or may not virtual function of base class
redefine virtual function of base otherwise derived class also
class. becomes abstract just like base
class.

Q 24. If class D is derived from a base class B. When creating an

object of type D in what order would the constructors of these
classes get called?

Ans : The derived class has two parts, a base part, and a derived part. When
C++ constructs derived objects, it does so in phases. First, the most-base
class(at the top of the inheritance tree) is constructed.

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Then each child class is constructed in order until the most-child class is
constructed last.
So the first Constructor of class B will be called and then the constructor of
class D will be called.

During the destruction exactly reverse order is followed. That is destructor

starts at the most-derived class and works its way down to base class.
So the first destructor of class D will be called and then the destructor of
class B will be called.

Q 25. Can we call a virtual function from a constructor:

Ans : Yes, we can call a virtual function from a constructor. But the behavior
is a little different in this case. When a virtual function is called, the virtual
call is resolved at runtime. It is always the member function of the current
class that gets called. That is the virtual machine doesn’t work within the
constructor.

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For example-

#include <iostream>
class Base {
public:
Base() {
std::cout << "Base constructor called." << std::endl;
// Call virtual function from constructor
printMessage();
}
virtual void printMessage() {
std::cout << "Message from Base class." << std::endl;
}
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
Derived() {
std::cout << "Derived constructor called." << std::endl;
}
void printMessage() override {
std::cout << "Message from Derived class." << std::endl;
}
};
int main() {
Derived d;
return 0;
}

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Output:

Base constructor called.

Message from Base class.
Derived constructor called.

Q 26. What are void pointers?

Ans : A void pointer is a pointer which is having no datatype associated with

it. It can hold addresses of any type.

For example-

#include <iostream>

int main() {
int x = 10;
float y = 3.14;
void* ptr;
// Assigning address of integer variable to void pointer
ptr = &x;
std::cout << "Value of x: " << *(static_cast<int*>(ptr)) <<
std::endl;
// Assigning address of float variable to void pointer
ptr = &y;
std::cout << "Value of y: " << *(static_cast<float*>(ptr)) <<
std::endl;
return 0;
}

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Output:

Value of x: 10
Value of y: 3.14

Q 27. What is this pointer in C++?

Ans : The member functions of every object have a pointer named this,
which points to the object itself.

The value of this is set to the address of the object for which it is called. It
can be used to access the data in the object it points to.

Example :

#include <iostream>

class MyClass {
private:
int data;
public:
// Constructor
MyClass(int value) : data(value) {}

// Member function to display the value of data

void display() {
std::cout << "Data: " << this->data << std::endl;
}

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 // Member function to compare two objects
bool isEqual(const MyClass& other) {
return this == &other;
}
};

int main() {
MyClass obj1(10);
MyClass obj2(20);

obj1.display(); // Output: Data: 10

obj2.display(); // Output: Data: 20

if (obj1.isEqual(obj2)) {
std::cout << "obj1 and obj2 are the same object." << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "obj1 and obj2 are different objects." <<
std::endl;
}
return 0;
}

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Output:

Data: 10
Data: 20
obj1 and obj2 are different objects.

Q 28. What does the Scope Resolution operator do?

Ans : A scope resolution operator is denoted by a ‘::‘ symbol. Just like its
name this operator resolves the barrier of scope in a program. A scope
resolution operator is used to reference a member function or a global
variable out of their scope furthermore to which it can also access the
concealed variable or function in a program.
Scope Resolution is used for numerous amounts of tasks:
1) To access a global variable when there is a local variable with the same
name
2) To define the function outside the class
3) In case of multiple inheritances
4) For namespace

Q 29. What is an abstract class and when do you use it?

Ans : An abstract class is a class that is specifically designed to be used as a

base class. An abstract class contains at least one pure virtual function. You
declare a pure virtual function by using a pure specifier(= 0) in the
declaration of a virtual member function in the class declaration
You cannot use an abstract class as a parameter type, a function return type,
or the type of an explicit conversion, nor can you declare an object of an
abstract class. However, it can be used to declare pointers and references to
an abstract class.
An abstract class is used if you want to provide a common, implemented
functionality among all the implementations of the component. Abstract
classes will allow you to partially implement your class, whereas interfaces

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would have no implementation for any members whatsoever. In simple
words, Abstract Classes are a good fit if you want to provide implementation
details to your children but don’t want to allow an instance of your class to
be directly instantiated.

Q 30. What is the main use of the keyword “Volatile”?

Ans : Just like its name, things can change suddenly and unexpectantly; So it
is used to inform the compiler that the value may change anytime. Also, the
volatile keyword prevents the compiler from performing optimization on the
code. It was intended to be used when interfacing with memory-mapped
hardware, signal handlers, and machine code instruction.

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