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2 easy methods to extend/shrink resize primary partition in Linux

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Table of Contents
Lab Environment to resize primary partition (RHEL/CentOS 7/8) in Linux

Method 1: Change size of partition using parted CLI utility

List available partitions

Disable swap partition

Delete swap and expand partition

Re-create swap partition

Method 2: Change size of partition using fdisk utility

List available partitions

Delete swap partition

Part 1 – Resize root partition

Create swap partition

Part 2 – Resize root partition

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Earlier I had shared steps to create a file system and check file system type in Linux. Now in this article I will
share the steps to resize primary partition, here we will extend non lvm root partition. With LVM it is far
more easier and less riskier to change size of partition in an volume group in Linux.

WARNING:

This article covers steps to resize primary partition (non-lvm) which can be dangerous and can
leave your Linux system in an unusable broken state. It is important that you backup your
content before you attempt to change size of partition.
You can change size of partition (non-lvm) only on the last partition on the storage device
with unallocated space. If the respective partition is not the last partition then the only way to
expand partition is to backup your data, rebuild the disk and partitions, then restore the data.
No tool such as gparted, parted or fdisk can help you change size of partition in such case.
You must have some unallocated space or free space available in the concerned device to be
able to expand partition. In some of the virtual environment you have an option to change the
storage device size but on physical node if there is no enough unallocated space then resize
primary partition (extend non lvm root partition) is not possible
This article assumes you're using either a GPT partition table, or an msdos partition table using
primary partition types to extend non lvm root partition.

ALSO READ:

How to install and setup ZFS in Rocky Linux 9

NOTE:

I will only demonstrate the steps to extend non lvm root partition, but using the same methods you
X
can also shrink and change size of partition to lower value in Linux. But be sure to backup your data.

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Lab Environment to resize primary partition (RHEL/CentOS 7/8) in Linux

I have performed resize primary partition operation on Virtual Machine running on Oracle VirtualBox
installed on Linux server. My VM is running with CentOS 8 but I have also verified these steps on
RHEL/CentOS 7 and RHEL 8 Linux.

Here my VM is installed on /dev/sda device where /dev/sda1 is boot partition, /dev/sda2 is root while
/dev/sda3 is for swap.. Additionally I have left some unallocated free space in /dev/sda for the

demonstration of this article to extend non lvm root partition.

Method 1: Change size of partition using parted CLI utility

You can either use gparted (GUI utility) or parted (CLI utility) to change size of partition in Linux. Here we
plan to resize primary partition which in our case is /dev/sda.

List available partitions

To list the available partitions in /dev/sda we will execute below command

[root@centos-8 ~]# parted -l /dev/sda

Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 16.1GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags <--- This is my partition l
1 1049kB 538MB 537MB primary ext4 boot
2 538MB 11.3GB 10.7GB primary ext4
3 11.3GB 12.3GB 1074MB primary linux-swap(v1)

As I mentioned in the disclaimer section, you can change size of partition only on the last partition of the
device but here root partition ( /dev/sda2 ) is not the last one instead swap ( /dev/sda3 ) is my last partition.

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So to expand root partition I must delete swap device to be able to to use unallocated space and extend
non lvm root partition. After deleting swap, root partition will become the last partition on /dev/sda after
which we can resize primary partition.

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Disable swap partition

Currently I have around 1GB reserved for swap partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3781 164 3245 8 371 3389
Swap: 1023 0 1023

I will turn off my swap (disable swap partition) and use this space to extend non lvm root partition in Linux

[root@centos-8 ~]# swapoff -a

Verify the swap partition space, as you see not it is 0

[root@centos-8 ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3781 164 3241 8 375 3389
Swap: 0 0 0

Update /etc/fstab to make sure swap partition is not mounted at boot up stage.
X

[root@centos-8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

UUID=b3ba77fc-86a7-40dc-a93e-402d8e3987ab / ext4 defaults 1

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UUID=621d26e4-4bcc-441d-b336-a9bae280343d /boot ext4 defaults 1

#UUID=3816d191-31fd-4e20-874d-b18360133aca swap swap defaults

Delete swap and expand partition

Now to resize primary partition /dev/sda2 and expand partition to a new value we must first delete swap
partition using parted utility. As we need root partition to be the last partition of /dev/sda before we
expand partition.

[root@centos-8 ~]# parted /dev/sda

GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p
Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 16.1GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 538MB 537MB primary ext4 boot
2 538MB 11.3GB 10.7GB primary ext4
3 11.3GB 12.3GB 1074MB primary linux-swap(v1)

(parted) rm 3 <-- First we need to delete swap partition

(parted) p
Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 16.1GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

But our root partition is showing the same size as earlier i.e. ~10GB

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[root@centos-8 ~]# df -h /dev/sda2

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 9.8G 1.2G 8.1G 13% /

To complete the steps to resize non lvm root partition, execute resizefs for ext3 and ext4 partitions or
xfs_growfs for xfs partition to expand partition and refresh the changes

[root@centos-8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/sda2

resize2fs 1.44.3 (10-July-2018)
Filesystem at /dev/sda2 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 2
The filesystem on /dev/sda2 is now 2871440 (4k) blocks long.

Re-verify the new size of root partition to make sure our steps to extend non lvm root partition was
successful.

[root@centos-8 ~]# df -h /dev/sda2

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 11G 1.3G 9.0G 12% /

ALSO READ:

Create Mirrored Logical Volume in Linux [Step-by-Step]

Re-create swap partition

Now we must create Swap partition which we deleted earlier in this article. We will again use parted utility
to create swap partition

X
[root@centos-8 ~]# parted /dev/sda
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mkpart
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Partition type? primary/extended? primary

File system type? [ext2]? linux-swap <-- To create swap partition
Start?
Start? 24022144s
End? 98%
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance: 24022144s
Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
(parted) p
Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 16.1GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

1 1049kB 538MB 537MB primary ext4 boot
2 538MB 12.3GB 11.8GB primary ext4
3 12.3GB 12.8GB 512MB primary linux-swap(v1) lba <-- Now we have a swap par

( t d) it

Now with parted we only created a partition with file system type as swap. Use mkswap to turn this
partition into swap.

[root@centos-8 ~]# mkswap /dev/sda3

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 488.3 MiB (511995904 bytes)
no label, UUID=decb7df5-8d7a-41b4-bfd7-bee076006ec9

Next we must update /etc/fstab with the UUID of our new swap partition. To get the new UUID of swap
partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# blkid /dev/sda3

/dev/sda3: UUID="decb7df5-8d7a-41b4-bfd7-bee076006ec9" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="5290bf38-03"

Update this UUID in /etc/fstab as shown below

[root@centos-8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

UUID=b3ba77fc-86a7-40dc-a93e-402d8e3987ab / ext4 defaults 1
UUID=621d26e4-4bcc-441d-b336-a9bae280343d /boot ext4 defaults 1
UUID=3816d191-31fd-4e20-874d-b18360133aca swap swap defaults 0
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Finally turn on the new swap partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# swapon /dev/sda3

Verify the new swap partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3781 155 3390 8 235 3407
Swap: 488 0 488

Now you can reboot your Linux server to make sure everything is OK and resize primary partition was
successful.

ALSO READ:

Step-by-Step: Create LVM during installation RHEL/CentOS 7/8

Method 2: Change size of partition using fdisk utility

Similar to parted command, you can also use fdisk utility to resize primary partition and extend non lvm
root partition.

List available partitions

X
Before we resize primary partition, let us list the available partitions

[root@centos-8 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 15 GiB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
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Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5290bf38

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1050624 22022143 20971520 10G 83 Linux <-- This is our root partition
/dev/sda3 22022144 24119295 2097152 1G 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Now as you see my existing root partition /dev/sda2 size is ~10G . Here we will expand partition with +1GB
using unallocated disk space from /dev/sda .

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[root@centos-8 ~]# df -h /dev/sda2

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 9.8G 1.3G 8.1G 14% /

Delete swap partition

X

Currently my swap partition is enabled and is the last partition of /dev/sda . So we must first delete swap
partition here before we change size of partition as we need root to be the last partition in /dev/sda

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[root@centos-8 ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3781 165 3243 8 372 3388
Swap: 1023 0 1023

So we will turn off the swap partition before we disable it

[root@centos-8 ~]# swapoff -a

Now it is time to use fdisk utility to resize partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): p <-- Print the partition table

Disk /dev/sda: 15 GiB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5290bf38

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1050624 22022143 20971520 10G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 22022144 24119295 2097152 1G 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): d <-- To delete a partition ude 'd'

Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3 <-- Provide the partition number which you wish to

Partition 3 has been deleted.

ALSO READ:
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Top 15 tools to monitor disk IO performance with examples

Part 1 - Resize root partition

We will continue with the steps to extend non lvm root partition in the same fdisk session. Note down
the start sector of the root partition before you expand partition.

Command (m for help): d <-- Now we need to delete root partition before we extend non l
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2 <-- provide the root's partition number

Partition 2 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): p <-- Print the partition table with the new changes
Disk /dev/sda: 15 GiB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5290bf38

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux <-- Now we only have a boot partit

Command (m for help): n <-- Next we will create and expand partition for root
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p <-- This will be a primary partition
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2 <-- For root partition we know the partition numbe
First sector (1050624-31457279, default 1050624): 1050624 <-- Use the same first sector
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (1050624-31457279, default 31457279): +11G <-

X
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Create swap partition

After we resize primary partition, in the same fdisk session we will also create a new swap partition which
we had deleted initially with new start and end sector

Command (m for help): n <-- Now we will also create a new swap partition
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p <-- This also will be a primary partition
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3 <-- We can give any partition number here but we w
First sector (24119296-31457279, default 24119296): <-- This can be the same as default
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (24119296-31457279, default 31457279): +512M

Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 512 MiB.

Command (m for help): p <-- Print the new partition table

Disk /dev/sda: 15 GiB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5290bf38

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 * 2048 1050623 1048576 512M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1050624 24119295 23068672 11G 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 24119296 25167871 1048576 512M 83 Linux <-- Now resize root partition

Command (m for help): t <-- We must also change the filesystem type of our swap partit

Update the kernel regarding the recent changes we did to change size of partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# partprobe /dev/sda

But our swap partition is still shown as 0

X

[root@centos-8 ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3781 164 3238 8 378 3389
Swap: 0 0 0
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Now let us complete our steps to create swap partition using mkswap

[root@centos-8 ~]# mkswap /dev/sda3

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 512 MiB (536866816 bytes)
no label, UUID=f34150e6-6d37-448c-b81f-69ecdcb13ed5

Next update /etc/fstab with the UUID for your new swap partition. You can use blkid to get the UUID

[root@centos-8 ~]# blkid /dev/sda3

/dev/sda3: UUID="f34150e6-6d37-448c-b81f-69ecdcb13ed5" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="5290bf38-03"

Update the same in /etc/fstab as shown below

UUID=f34150e6-6d37-448c-b81f-69ecdcb13ed5 swap swap defaults 0

Now you can turn on the swap partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# swapon -a

Verify the same using free command

[root@centos-8 ~]# free -m

total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3781 164 3237 8 378 3388
Swap: 511 0 511

X
ALSO READ:

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Part 2 - Resize root partition

If not done already in above steps, once you exit fdisk utility, update the kernel regarding the recent
changes we did to change size of partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# partprobe /dev/sda

We are not done with resize primary partition, as df command still shows old partition size for root
partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# df -h /dev/sda2

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 9.8G 1.3G 8.1G 14% /

Execute resize2fs for ext3 and ext4 partitions or xfs_growfs for xfs partition to expand partition on
/dev/sda2 with the new changes

[root@centos-8 ~]# resize2fs /dev/sda2

resize2fs 1.44.3 (10-July-2018)
Filesystem at /dev/sda2 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 2
The filesystem on /dev/sda2 is now 2883584 (4k) blocks long.

Now you can verify the new size of root partition

[root@centos-8 ~]# df -h /dev/sda2

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 11G 1.3G 9.0G 12% /

Lastly I hope the steps from the article to resize primary partition and extend non lvm root partition on
X
RHEL/CentOS 7/8 Linux was helpful. So, let me know your suggestions and feedback using the comment
section.

Storage, How To, Linux, Tips and Tricks

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28 thoughts on “2 easy methods to extend/shrink resize primary partition in Linux”

← Older Comments

imran rasheed
december 4, 2020 at 1:25 pm

This is very helpfull material thanks

Reply

sudo
december 15, 2020 at 9:26 am

Works great on Debian 8 as well. It required a reboot after fdisk write with w.

Reply

jhony
january 19, 2021 at 9:24 pm

I have just used this fantastic guide on a vps (Gentoo installed) and it worked flawlessly.
Thank you very much!

Reply

kurdtech
march 31, 2021 at 7:15 am

You the man keep the hard work, thank you for your clean vivid instruction.
X

Reply

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joe oppenheim
april 16, 2021 at 3:03 pm

Cant see who wrote this article but wow, great article. I read a dozen other web pages trying to
describe how to achieve this and NONE of them mentioned the most obvious issue: The SWAP
partition is in the way!!!!
Thanks for the article! Well done and keep posting.

Reply

eddy r
february 17, 2022 at 8:45 pm

Hey, very detailed instruction, thank you for that! I was able to do the same with fdisk on RHEL 8 but
that didn’t work on my RHEL 7 machine. Your way with parted was nearly the same but helped me still
a lot! Just one thing to add: If you have a xfs Filesystem you can extend it later with xfs_growfs instead
of resize2fs …

Cheers!

Reply

admin
february 17, 2022 at 11:01 pm

Thanks for the Hint, I missed to add that part earlier. Updated the article.

Reply

X
masham
march 17, 2022 at 2:50 pm

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This was very well put together. I achieved what I desired.

Thank you very much for your efforts
Regards from Finland 🙂

Reply

joe
july 20, 2022 at 1:53 am

Saved my skin! Thanks,

-New Linux User

Reply

ali
october 5, 2022 at 4:42 pm

thank you for this wonderful guid

Reply

← Older Comments
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