MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

Design
requirements
CE 4111

MODULE 1 UNIT 2 – part 1

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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

DESIGN CONTROLS

Design vehicles
Vehicles Physical characteristics
Performance

Design Speed
Characteristics Road Design Level of Service
Traffic Traffic Volume
Performance
Users Design Hourly Volume
Peak Hour Factor

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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHWAYS

1. DESIGN SPEED 3. MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVATURE

2. SIGHT DISTANCES 4. SUPERELEVATION
1. Horizontal curves 5. DESIGN VOLUME
2. Parabolic curves 6. NUMBER OF LANES

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1. DESIGN SPEED
– the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified
section of a highway, given that the conditions are favorable

– the basis of all other elements of the highway

– designs speeds are designated for different types of roadways

**Design speeds must be maintained for the entirety of the highway;

if terrain condition or some obstructions would not allow this, the design
speed may be reduced by 10 – 20 kph at adjacent sections**

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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

1. DESIGN SPEED

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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

DESIGN SPEED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1:
If the AADT of a mountainous road section is
1300, what should be the classification of the
road?

Answer:
The highway must be classified as a MAJOR
HIGHWAY with a design speed of 60 kph

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DESIGN SPEED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 2:
Based on your observation, what should be the
recommended design speed of Naguillian
Road?

Naguillian road is a component of major

highway in the Philippines

From the table under mountainous:

Based on AADT: could fall from 50 – 60 kph

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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
– The length of the road that is highly visible to the driver even from
a distance ahead

SIGHT DISTANCE AT A POINT

– The actual distance observed along the road surface which is
visible from a specified height above the carriage way

– This distance lets the driver see all stationary and moving objects
in front of the vehicle

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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
5 TYPES OF SIGHT DISTANCES
❖Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
➢Minimum safe distance required to stop to avoid collision
❖Passing Sight Distance (PSD)
➢ Minimum safe distance required to safely pull out of a traffic lane and pass a vehicle in the
same direction
❖Intermediate Sight Distance (ISD)
➢twice the value of the SSD
❖Head Light Sight Distance
➢ the distance available for the driver during night travel
❖Sight Distance @ intersections
➢ distance available to enter an intersection
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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
❖ Also known as Absolute Minimum Sight Distance
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)

❖ The minimum distance open to the vision of the driver

intended to stop the vehicle to avoid collision with an obstruction
on the carriage way

❖ minimum value normally computed for wet pavement condition

❖Affected by the driver’s reaction time

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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

2. SIGHT DISTANCE
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)

L1 = the distance travelled by vehicle during total reaction time of driver

L1 = lag distance
L2 = the distance travelled by the vehicle after the application of brakes
L2= braking distance
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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
For the lag distance For the braking distance
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)

From velocity equation: From KE equation:

Speed = distance /time Work done = K. E.
F ∗ L2 = ½ m V2
Where: Where:
t = reaction time = tp+tb W
m = and F = f∗W
tp= perception time g
W 2
tb= brake time f𝑊 ∗ L2 = V
2g
𝐋𝟏 = 𝐕𝐭 𝐕𝟐
𝐋𝟐 = 𝟐𝐠𝐟

AASHTO: f=coefficient of longitudinal

Reaction time: 2.5 seconds friction= 0.29 to 0.40
Perception time: 1.5 seconds
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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)

∴ 𝒍𝒂𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝑳𝟏 = 𝐕 𝟐. 𝟓𝐬
𝟐.𝟓𝐕
𝐋𝟏 = 𝟑.𝟔 , 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬

Applicable for terrains

w/ 0% gradient

𝑽𝟐
𝑮𝑬: 𝑳𝟐 =
𝟐𝐠 𝟑. 𝟔 𝟐 (𝐟 ± 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝐧)
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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
SSD and f values for different design speeds
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)

Design speed,
120 100 80 60 50 40 30 20
v (kph)
Running
102 85 68 54 45 36 30 20
speed, kph
% of v 85 85 85 90 90 90 100 100

f-value 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.44 0.44

SSD, m 210 160 110 75 55 40 30 20

Source: American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials 1984

*for speeds greater or equal to 80kph, running speed is 85%of design speed
*for speeds less or equal to 30kph, running speed is 100% of design speed

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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
▪ also known as overtaking sight distance (OSD)
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE (PSD)

▪the minimum distance open to sight of driver intending to overtake a

vehicle safely without causing collision with the opposite vehicle

▪ for 2-lane highways, it is the shortest distance required for a vehicle to

safely maneuver out of the traffic lane, overtake and return to its lane
without interfering the passed vehicle or the opposing lane

▪at curves, this length must be visibly free of obstructions in order to

permit a moving vehicle at design speed to pass a slower moving vehicle

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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
Factors affecting Overtaking Sight
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE (PSD)

Distance:

✓ Speed of overtaking vehicle ✓ Reaction time of overtaking

(V, m/s) vehicle driver
✓ Speed of overtaken vehicle ✓ Spacing between the vehicles (S)
(Vb, m/s) ✓ Acceleration of overtaking vehicle
✓ Speed of opposite vehicle (m/s2)
(Vo, m/s) ✓ Gradient of the road

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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
ANALYSIS:
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE (PSD)

d1 d2 d3 d4
d1 = initial maneuver distance
= distance moved during reaction time and initial acceleration just before changing lanes
d2 = left lane distance
= distance traveled during overtaking (at the left/ opposite lane)
d3 = clearance distance
distance between the passing vehicle at the end of maneuvre and the opposing vehicle
d4 = opposing vehicle distance
= distance traversed by an opposing vehicle for two-thirds of the time the passing vehicle
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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE (PSD)

Computation:
1 2
d1 = vit1 + at → GE from Physics d2 = vt2
2
𝐯𝐢𝐭𝟏 𝐚𝐭𝟏𝟐 vt 𝑑3 = 15~80 𝑚
𝐝𝟏 = + d =
2
→ v in kph and t in seconds
𝟑. 𝟔 𝟐 2
3.6 2
m 𝑑4 = 𝑑2
vi in kph, a in 2 & t in seconds *𝑡2 = 7.6~11.4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3
s

2
** minimum PSD = 3 𝑑2 + 𝑑3 + 𝑑4
** comparatively, about 2 to 3 times the value of SSD

**in practice, PSD must be provided in long sections of roads so that drivers have
an opportunity to overtake one-third of the time
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2. SIGHT DISTANCE
Table 6.3
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE (PSD)

Passing Sight Distance values for different design speeds

v (kph) 100 80 60 50 40 30 20
vo (kph) 80 60 45 37.5 30 20 15
a , m/sec2 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.60
t1 , sec 4.5 4.2 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.7
d1, m 113 82 51 34 28 28 10
t2, sec 11.4 10.4 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.5 7.6
d2, m 317 231 159 125 95 95 42
d3 , m 80 60 40 30 25 25 15
d4 , m 211 154 106 81 63 63 28
TOTAL PSD 700 550 350 250 200 150 100
MIN PSD 500 350 250 200 150 100 70

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SIGHT DISTANCE EXAMPLES

3. A car running at 100kph saw an obstruction 190 meters away. use f=0.29
a) will the car hit the obstruction?
b) assuming that the tires would be replaced in such a way that the f=0.35, how much distance will the car
have away from the obstruction?
c) If the obstruction is 120m away, what would have been a safe speed at which the car will not hit the
obstruction from 5m away assume f=0.3?
Given: Solution: SSD = 205.056 m
V = 100 kph a) Solve for SSD greater than the distance
D obstruction = 190 m SSD = L1 + L2 b/n running car and
f = 0.29 2.5 100 100 2 obstruction
L1 = L2 =
3.6 2 9.81 0.29 3.6 2
THEREFORE,
𝐋𝟏 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦 𝐋𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝐦 The car WILL HIT the
obstruction
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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

SIGHT DISTANCE EXAMPLES

3. A car running at 100kph saw an obstruction 190 meters away. use f=0.29
a) will the car hit the obstruction?
b) assuming that the tires would be replaced in such a way that the f=0.35, how much distance will the car
have away from the obstruction?
c) If the obstruction is 120m away, what would have been a safe speed at which the car will not hit the
obstruction from 5m away assume f=0.3?
Given: Solution: cont’d
V = 100 kph b) f = 0.35
D obstruction = 190 m SSD = L1 + L2
f = 0.29 2.5 100 100 2
L1 = L2 = SSD = 181.808 m
2 9.81 0.35 3.6 2
3.6 distance between car and
obstruction upon stopping :
𝐋𝟏 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦 𝐋𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝐦 190m – 181.808m = 8.192m

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MODULE 1UNIT 2 : DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF HIGHWAYS jm_ardnasac

SIGHT DISTANCE EXAMPLES

3. A car running at 100kph saw an obstruction 190 meters away. use f=0.29
a) will the car hit the obstruction?
b) assuming that the tires would be replaced in such a way that the f=0.35, how much distance will the car
have away from the obstruction?
c) If the obstruction is 120m away, what would have been a safe speed at which the car will not hit the
obstruction from 5m away assume f=0.3?
Given: Solution: cont’d 2.5V V2
V = 100 kph c) D = 120m SSD = +
3.6 2gf 2
D obstruction = 190 m Distance between car and obstruction = 5m 2.5𝑉 𝑉2
f = 0.29 V safe =?? 115𝑚 = +
3.6 2 9.81 0.3 3.62

Distance b/n car and obstruction = D obstruction – SSD

𝐕 = −𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐩𝐡
5m = 120 m- SSD
𝐕 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝐤𝐩𝐡
SSD = 115

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SIGHT DISTANCE EXAMPLES

4. A car is initially moving at a speed of 60kph. if it accelerates at 0.65m/s2, t1=4.2s and t2=10.4s.
What are the values of d1,d2,d3, and d4? What is the minimum passing sight distance?
Given: Solution:
Vi = 60 kph Values will be taken from table 6.3
a= 0.65 m/s2
t1 = 4.2s
d1 = 82 m
t2 =10.4s
(if computed by equation = 81.466 m)

Required: d2 = 231 m
d1 (if computed by equation, 236.54)
d2
d3 d3 = 60 m
d4 d4 = 154 m
Min PSD Min PSD = 350 m
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SIGHT DISTANCE EXAMPLES

5. The speed set for a flat roadway (0% grade, f=0.30) is 75 kph. If the time it takes to change lanes is observed
at 4.5 seconds and the average time spend on the other lane is taken at 9 seconds. Determine the acceleration of
the passing vehicle if its velocity upon returning to its original lane is 120 kph. Determine the PSD and minimum
PSD. (Assume the distance between the passing and opposing vehicles at 80% of maximum allowed distance.
Given: Solution:
Vi = 75 kph From physics: 𝑑1 =
1
𝑉𝑖𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑑3 = 0.80 80
t1 = 4.5 s 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 75 4.5 1
d3= 64 m
d1 = +2 1.389 4.5 2
t2 = 9 s 120 = 75 + 𝑎 4.5𝑠 ×
1ℎ𝑟
3.6
Vf = 120 kph 3600𝑠 d1 = 121.8975 m 2
𝑑4 = 3 𝑑2
1
45𝑘𝑝ℎ = a ℎ𝑟
800
𝑉𝑡
d4 =200 m
Req’d: 𝑎=
km
36000 h2 d2 = 3.6
a 2 120(9) PSD = 685.8975 m
𝑎 = 2.78 𝑚/𝑠 𝑑2 =
PSD 3.6
Min PSD = 464 m
Min PSD d2 = 300 m
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SIGHT DISTANCE EXAMPLES

6. A Vehicle initially traveling at 66 kph skids to a stop on a 3% downgrade, where the pavement surface provides
a coefficient of friction = 0.30. How far does the vehicle travel before coming to stop?

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MODULE 1UNIT
1UNIT 12 :: INTRODUCTION
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
TO HIGHWAY
OF HIGHWAYS
ENGINEERING jm_ardnasac

References: • Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, 3.6 Queuing Theory,

Ricardo G. Sigua, UP Diliman

Evaluate: •
•
Please answer evaluate problems found in the module
Additional Problem:
• Resolve Example 3 if the gradient of the roadway is given at + 3%
• Resolve Example 5 if the acceleration is 0.5 m/s2

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