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    CH 13.the Periodic Table

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    Revisin nite if chapter 13 chemistry

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    CH 13.the Periodic Table

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    Shubh Jain
    6 views4 pages
    Revisin nite if chapter 13 chemistry

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    Ch 13.the Periodic Table

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    Revisin nite if chapter 13 chemistry

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    6 views4 pages

    CH 13.the Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    Shubh Jain
    Revisin nite if chapter 13 chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    The periodic table

    The periodic table is a method of classifying elements and its use to


    predict properties of elements.

    Periodic trends

    Groups

    Elements are arranged in order of proton number. Elements with similar


    chemical properties are placed in the same vertical column called
    groups. Elements in a group have similar chemical properties, same
    outer electron numbers, and usually the same valency. Going down the
    group, the elements become more metallic in character.

    Periods

    The horizontal rows are called periods. Moving across a period, the
    elements change from metallic to non-metallic. The number of valency
    electrons increases across the period but the number of occupied
    energy levels (i.e. shells) stays the same.

    Metals vs non-metals

    The main physical differences are-


    The main chemical differences are -

    Group properties

    Group 1 – Alkali metals (i.e. Li, Na, K)

    These are extremely reactive metals. The alkali metals (despite being
    metallic) are rather soft and have low m.p/b.p compared to other metals.
    They are good conductors of heat and electricity and demonstrate shiny
    surfaces when freshly cut.

    Due to their low valency, these metals are extremely reactive. Each
    element will react with cold water to form a hydroxide and hydrogen.

     Physical trends down the group


     Increasing softness
     Decreasing melting/boiling points
     Increasing densities

     Chemical trends down the group


     Increasing reactivity
     Lithium reacts steadily with water whereas
    potassium may cause an explosion
    Group 7 – Halogens (i.e. Cl, Br, I)

    Halogens are a collection of diatomic non-metals showing both physical


    and chemical trends down the group.

     Physical trends down the group


     Colour gets darker down the group
     Chlorine is yellow/green
     Bromine is brown
     Iodine is a black solid with purple vapour
     M.p and b.p increase down the group
     Chlorine is a gas (rtp)
     Bromine is a liquid (rtp)
     Iodine is a solid (rtp)

     Chemical trends down the group


     Decreasing reactivity
     Chlorine can displace both bromine and
    iodine from their compounds:

    * Note- chlorine is more reactive than both bromine and iodine.


    Therefore, in reaction (1), chlorine has the ability to ‘kick out’ the bromide
    ion from the compound and take its place. Chlorine will therefore
    become an ion to form an ionic bond with potassium (KCl), whereas
    bromine becomes a molecule (gas).
    Transition elements

    These are metallic elements placed in the middle of the periodic table.

     Physics properties
     Compared to groups I and II, they have higher
    densities and melting points. They are also harder
    and stronger.
     Chemical properties
     Compared to groups I and II, they are a lot less
    reactive
     They do not react with cold water but many
    react when heated in steam:

     They have more than one valency. Iron (Fe),


    for example, forms two different types of
    ions:

     This means that they can either


    decide to lose 2 or 3 electrons to
    become an ion
     They form coloured compounds
     Iron (II) salts are pale green
    whereas iron (III) salts are
    yellow/brown
     Copper (II) salts are blue
     Nickel salts are bright

    Group 0 – Noble gases

    Noble gases are unreactive; they have a valency of 0. Their outer


    electron shell is already complete.

    Noble gases have various uses:

     Helium is used in balloons. The balloon will float because


    helium is less dense than air and also safer (because they
    cannot catch fire due to their unreactiveness)
     Argon is used to fill electric light bulbs because it is inert

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