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Lecture 5-1

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Lecture 5-1

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LECTURE 5: IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

MATP 112: CALCULUS 1

ISAAC KWESI ACQUAH


UNIVERSITY OF EUDCATION, WINNEBA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS EDUCATION
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
All the differentiation problems presented in previous
lesson are functions like 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

In such cases, y is written explicitly as a function of x. This


means that the equation is solved for y; in other words, y is
by itself on one side of the equation.

(Note that y was sometimes written as f(x) as in 𝑓 𝑥 =


𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 , but remember that that’s the same thing as 𝑦 =
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 .
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Sometimes, however, you are asked to differentiate an
equation that’s not solved for y, like 𝑦 5 + 3𝑥 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −
4𝑥 3 .

This equation defines y implicitly as a function of x, and you


can’t write it as an explicit function because it can’t be
solved for y.

For such a problem, you need implicit differentiation.

When differentiating implicitly, all the derivative rules work


the same, with one exception: When you differentiate a
term with a y in it, you use the chain rule with a little twist.
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiate each term on both sides of the equation.
𝑦 5 + 3𝑥 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑦 3
For the first and fourth terms, you use the power rule and,
because these terms contain ys, you also use the chain rule.
For the second term, you use the regular power rule. And
for the third term, you use the regular sine rule.

5𝑦 4 . 𝑦 ′ + 6𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 12𝑦 2 . 𝑦 ′
2. Collect all terms containing a 𝑦 ′ on the left side of the
equation and all other terms on the right side.
5𝑦 4 . 𝑦 ′ + 12𝑦 2 . 𝑦 ′ = cosx − 6x
3. Factor out 𝑦 ′ .
𝑦 ′ 5𝑦 4 + 12𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 6𝑥
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
′ 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−6𝑥
4. 𝑦= =
𝑑𝑥 5𝑦 4 +12𝑦 2

Note that this derivative, unlike the others you’ve done so


far, is expressed in terms of x and y instead of just x.

So, if you want to evaluate the derivative to get the slope at


a particular point, you need to have values for both x and y
to plug into the derivative.
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
EXAMPLE 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑎. 𝐼𝑓𝑥2 + 𝑦2= 25, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥
b. 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 = 25 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3, 4 .
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25

𝑑 2 2
𝑑
𝑥 +𝑦 = 25
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝑑 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Remembering that y is a function of x and using the chain
rule, we have
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Thus

𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Now we solve this equation for :
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

(b) At the point (3, 4) we have x=3 and y=4, so

𝑑𝑦 3
=−
𝑑𝑥 4

An equation of the tangent to the circle at (3, 4) is therefore

3
𝑦−4=− x−3 or 3x + 4y = 25
4
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 6𝑥𝑦

3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦

We now solve for 𝑦 ′ : 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2

𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2

2
2𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑦′ = 2
𝑦 − 2𝑥
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′′ 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 16
Differentiating the equation implicitly with respect to x, we
get 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 3 𝑦 ′ = 0

Solving for 𝑦 ′ gives


𝑥 3
𝑦′ = − 3
𝑦

3 𝑑 3 3 𝑑
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑦 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = − 3 =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦3 2

𝑦 3 . 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 (3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ )
𝑦 ′′ = −
𝑦6
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
If we nowsubstituteequation3 intothis expression,we get
𝑥3
𝑦3. 3𝑥2 − 𝑥3(3𝑦2 3 )
𝑦
𝑦′′ = −
𝑦6

3(𝑥 2𝑦4 + 𝑥6)


𝑦′′ = −
𝑦7

2 4 4
′′
3𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
𝑦 =−
𝑦7
But the values of x and y must satisfy the original 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 = 16. so the
′′ 3𝑥2 16 𝑥2
answer simplifies to 𝑦 = − 7 = −48 7
𝑦 𝑦
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
𝑑𝑦
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑑𝑥

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