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Lecture 3

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emmanuelkrampah944
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LECTURE 3: CONTINUITY AND

DEFFERENTIATION

MATP 112: CALCULUS 1


ISAAC KWESI ACQUAH
UNIVERSITY OF EUDCATION, WINNEBA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS EDUCATION

Either everything is a miracle or nothing is a miracle


RECAP FROM PREVIOUS LESSON
2
𝑥 − 25
lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5

𝑥−2
lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4

lim ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑥→∞
Continuity Of Functions
A continuous function is simply a function with no gaps, a function
that you can draw without taking your pencil off the paper.
 Whether or not a function is continuous is almost
always obvious. The first two functions in Figure 7-
5, f (x) and g(x), have no gaps, so they’re
continuous.

 The next two, p(x) and q(x), have gaps at x =3, so


they’re not continuous. That’sall there isto it.Well,
not quite.

 The two functions with gaps are not continuous


everywhere, but because youcan draw sections of
them without taking your pencil off the paper, you
can say that parts of those functions are
continuous.
Continuity Of Functions
In mathematics and science, we use the word continuous to describe a process
that goes on without abrupt changes. in fact, our experience leads us to assume
that this isanessential feature of many natural processes.

To say that a function is continuous at x = c means that there is no interruption in


the graph of f at c.
That is, itsgraph isunbroken atcand there are no holes, jumps, or gaps.

Agraph of acontinuous function.

We can conclude from the graph that, it continuous on entire real numbers.
Continuity Of Functions
The graphs below identifies three values of x at which the graph of f
is not continuous. At c the graph of f in interrupted and
discontinuous.

Three conditions exist for which the graph of f is not continuous at x


= c.
Contd.
The function is not defined at x =c.
 The limit of 𝑓(𝑥)does not exist at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) exists at 𝑥 = 𝑐 but it is not equal to 𝑓(𝑐)
Hence we can say that the function f discontinuous at x = c

Therefore a function f(x) is continuous at a point x=a if the following


three conditions are satisfied:

1. f(a) is defined,

2. lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→𝑎

3. 𝑓 𝑎 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
Contd.
TRY
At which numbers is f discontinuous? Why?
Contd.
It looks as if there is a discontinuity when a = 1 because the graph
has a break there.
 The official reason that f(x) is discontinuous at 1 is that f(1) is not
defined.
 The graph also has a break when a = 3, but the reason for the
discontinuity is different.

 Here, f(3) is defined, but lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist (because the left
𝑥→3
and right limits are different). So f is discontinuous at 3.
What about a = 5?
Here, f(5) is defined and lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists (because the left and right
𝑥→5
limits are the same).
Contd.
Therefore we can conclude that:

A function f (x) is continuous at a number 𝑎 if


 If f is continuous at 𝑎 implies;

f(a) is defined (that is, a is in the domain of f(x))

 lim 𝑓 𝑥 exist and is equal to real number


𝑥→𝑎

 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
Nb : if any one of the above fails then the function is
discontinuous at 𝑎.
Contd.
Properties of Continuity
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
Differential calculus is the mathematics of change and the
mathematics of infinitesimals.

A derivative is the first of the two main tools of calculus


(the second being the integral).

 It is the instantaneous rate of change of a function at a


point in its domain.

In everyday life, the derivative can inform us how fast we


are driving or assist us in predicting the stock market
changes.
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
by now you should know that slope is what differentiation
is all about. Take a look at the graph of the line, y =2x+3,

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦2− 𝑦1 15−5


𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = =2
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥2 −𝑥1 6−1

The rise is the distance you go up (the vertical part of a


stair step), and the run is the distance you go across (the
horizontal part of a stair step).
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
The preceding slide showed us the algebra of slope. Now,
here’s the calculus.

The derivative (the slope) of the line in Figure in the


previous slide is always 2, so you write:

𝑑𝑦
= 2 or 𝑦 ′ = 2
𝑑𝑥

The above equation is read as “derivative of the function,


y =2x+3, is 2”.
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
THE DERIVATIVE OF A CURVE
so far we have been dealing with linear functions, straight
lines with unchanging slopes. But if all functions and graphs
were lines with unchanging slopes, there’d be no need for
calculus.
Calculus is the mathematics of change, so now is a good
time to move on to parabolas, curves with changing slopes.
the graph of the parabola,
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥
4
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
Notice how the parabola gets steeper and steeper as you
go to the right. You can see from the graph that at the point
(2, 1), the slope is 1; at (4, 4), the slope is 2; at (6, 9), the
slope is 3, and so on.
Unlike the unchanging slope of a line, the slope of a
parabola depends on where you are; it depends on the x-
coordinate of wherever you are on the parabola.
1 2
So, the derivative (or slope) of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 is
4
1 2
itself a function of x namely𝑦 = 𝑥 .
2
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
STEPS TO DERIVE THE DERIVATIVE
1 2
1. Beginning with the original function, 𝑥 , take the
4
power and put it in front of the coefficient.

2. Multiply.
1 1 1 2
2 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑥
4 2 2

3. Reduce the power by 1.

𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎 1. 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠


1 1 1
𝑥 or just 𝑥
2 2
DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
The process of finding the derivative function using the
definition

OR

is called differentiating from first principles


DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES

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