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Super Position and Reciprocity

This document discusses superposition and reciprocity theorems. It provides circuit diagrams and procedures to verify these theorems experimentally. For superposition, the total current with both sources active equals the sum of currents with individual sources. For reciprocity, the ratio of excitation to response is constant even if source and response points are interchanged. Experimental results validated both theorems.

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kudupudinagesh
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2K views6 pages

Super Position and Reciprocity

This document discusses superposition and reciprocity theorems. It provides circuit diagrams and procedures to verify these theorems experimentally. For superposition, the total current with both sources active equals the sum of currents with individual sources. For reciprocity, the ratio of excitation to response is constant even if source and response points are interchanged. Experimental results validated both theorems.

Uploaded by

kudupudinagesh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

SUPERPOSITION AND RECIPROCITY THEOREMS

Circuit Diagram:
To find I1, I2, I3:

To find I1I, I2I, I3I :

To find I1II, I2II, I3II :

RECIPROCITY THEOREM CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

AIM: To verify the super position theorem for a given network and hence find the current through the load Resistance R L. APPARATUS: S.No. 1. 2 3 4 5 THEORY: STATEMENT: Superposition Theorem states that In any linear bilateral network containing two or more sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative (i.e) while considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across their terminals. The Super position Theorem works only for circuits that are reducible to series/parallel combinations for each of the power sources at a time (thus, this Theorem is useless for analyzing an unbalanced bridge circuit), and it only works where the underlying equations are linear (no mathematical powers or roots). The requisite of linearity means that Superposition Theorem is only applicable for determining voltage and current, not power!!! Power dissipations, being nonlinear functions, do not algebraically add to an accurate total when only one source is considered at a time. The need for linearity also means this Theorem cannot be applied in circuits where the resistance of a component changes with voltage or current. Hence, networks containing components like lamps (incandescent or gas-discharge) or varistors could not be analyzed. Another prerequisite for Superposition Theorem is that all components must be bilateral, meaning that they behave the same with electrons flowing either direction through them. Resistors have no polarityspecific behavior, and so the circuits we've been studying so far all meet this criterion. The Superposition Theorem finds use in the study of alternating current (AC) circuits, and semiconductor (amplifier) circuits, where sometimes AC is often mixed (superimposed) with DC. Because AC voltage and current equations (Ohm's Law) are linear just like DC, we can use Superposition Theorem to analyze the circuit with just the DC power source, then just the AC power source, combining the results to tell what will happen with both AC and DC sources in effect. For now, though, Superposition Theorem will suffice as a break from having to do simultaneous equations to analyze a circuit. Apparatus Range RPS 0-30V Ammeter 0-1 A Rheostat 100 / 2.8A Rheostat 18 / 8.6A Rheostat 50 / 5A Type Quantity 1No M.C 3 No Wire wound 1No Wire wound 1N0 Wire wound 1N0

TABULATION:

THEORITICAL VALUES V1 V2 IL 15V 15V 0V 20V 0V 20V IL 1 IL11

PRACTICAL VALUES IL IL 1 IL11

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Note down the ammeter reading when sources V1 and V2 are acting at a time. 3. Make V1 = 0 and vary V2 according to table and note down the corresponding current. 4. Make V2 =0 and vary V1 according to table and note down the corresponding current. 5. Verify the current in tabular calumn1. It is sum of [currents] the corresponding currents in tabular columns 2 and 3 . Which verifies the super position theorem.

THEORY: STATEMENT: Reciprocity Theorem states that In any linear, bilateral, single source network the ratio of excitation to response is constant even their positions are interchanged. It can be sometimes explained as the statement that voltages and currents at different points in the network can be interchanged. More technically, it follows that the mutual impedance of a first circuit due to a second is the same as the mutual impedance of the second circuit due to the first. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1. 2. Obtain the current through second branch i.e I given by first branch. 3. Connect the ammeter in first branch and replace the ammeter in second branch with supply voltage and obtain current I in first branch as shown in figure2. 4. Tabulate the readings of ammeter from both circuits. 5.Compare the practical values with theoretical values. If in both cases I is same, the reciprocity theorem is proved.

TABULATION:

Currents I1 I2

Theoretical values

Practical values

RESULT: Hence, current produced when both the sources are acting together is equal to the current produced when individual sources are acting independently. Thus the superposition theorem is proved.

VIVA VOCE:
1. What is meant by linearity of a network? 2. What is meant by bilateral network? 3. State superposition theorem. 4. State reciprocity theorem and what are its limitations?

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