A

Mini Project Report

On
“Blind’s Man Walking Stick”

Submitted to
SHRI SHANKARACHARYA TECHNICAL CAMPUS
BHILAI

in partial fulfillment of the requirement of for the award of degree

Of

Bachelors of Technology

In

ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By
PRANJAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SHRI SHANKARACHARYA TECHNICAL CAMPUS,
JUNWANI, BHILAI (C.G.)

SESSION 2022-2023

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis report of the project submitted is an outcome of the project entitled
“Blind’s Man Walking Stick” carried out by PRANJAL (15) under my guidance and supervision
for the award of Degree in B.Tech in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering of, Shri
Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai (C.G.), India.
To the best of my knowledge the report.

(1) Embodies the work of the candidates herself/himself.

(2) Fulfills the requirements of the ordinance relating to the B.Tech Degree of the University. And,
(3) Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

(Signature of the Guide)

Mr. CHANDRAHAS SAHU
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus
Junwani, Bhilai(C.G.)

The project work as mentioned above is hereby being recommended and forwarded for examination
and evaluation.

(Signature of Head of Department with seal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Working on the project has been a great learning experience for us. There were Moments of
anxiety, when we could not solve a problem for several days & there were moments when we
could solve a problem after struggling for several days. But we have enjoyed every moment of
the process and are thankful to all people associated with us during this period .

We convey our special thanks to our project guide “Mr. CHANDRAHAS SAHU”, for
providing us all sorts of facilities. His support & guidance helped us to carry out the project. I
own the great debt of his gratitude for his constant advice, support, co-operation &
encouragement throughout the project.

It will be our pleasure to acknowledge, outmost co-operation & valuable suggestion from time
to time given by Dr. Chinmay Chandrakar (HOD ETC) and also we would like to thank all
those persons who have directly or indirectly helped us providing books & computer
peripherals and other necessary amenities which helped in the development of this project
which would otherwise have not been possible.

(Signature of student)
Name :- Pranjal
Roll no. : - 15

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 -: TABLE OF CONTENTS:-

S.No. TITLE NAME Page No.

1. LIST OF FIGURES 5

2. ABSTRACT 6

3. INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT 7

4. HARDWARE INTRODUCTION 8

5. TECHNICAL DETAILS 12-16

6. SNAPSHOTS 17

7. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 18

8. CONCLUSION 19

9. REFERENCES 20

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 -: LIST OF FIGURES :-

S.No. TITLE NAME Page No.

1. Ardino Nano 8

2. Ultrasonic Sensor 9

3. Buzzer 10

4. 9v Battery 10

5. Vibration Motor 11

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 Abstract

Obstacle detection is one of the major concerns for a fully or a partially blind person. This report
describes guide blind walking stick based on ultrasonic sensor with the use of Arduino Nano.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), 30 million peoples are permanently blind and 2.85
million peoples with vision impairment. Using this blind stick, a person can walk more confidently.
This stick detects the object in front of the person and gives response to the user either by vibrating
or through buzzer. So, the person can walk without any fear.

In this project, discuss about smart guide blind stick which is proficient of detecting any obstruction
and detect corners by pressing a remote switch.

The device is designed with an objective to sort out common issues faced by the blind people while
using conventional sticks. With the electronics embed within the stick, it became a smart stick.
Presented here is a smart guide blind stick using Arduino Nano.

The stick uses Ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection. The main aim of this project is to detect
nearby obstacle and notify the user of that obstacle, thereby enabling the user to determine the
Corrective directional to head

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 Introduction

In this project we present an obstacle detection system for the visually impaired persons to
Improve their mobility in daily life with the help of obstacle detection sensor installed in theirs
waking stick.

The most important mobility aid used by them is a walking stick or also known as Walking
cane. They can only detect the object that Is being hit by the walking stick. A walking stick for the
visually challenged people using ultrasonic distance sensor will become a great help to them because
this kind of walking stick is Able to detect the object in the specific range.

In this project the distance range used is up to 50cm. When an object is detected, vibration from a
vibrator will alert the user about the object and the person can avoid the object safely without hitting
the object. As the distance of the object and the user is closer; the sound alarm will be produced in
addition to the vibration.

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 Tools and technology used

Hardware Requirement:-

Ardino Nano:-

Arduino nano is a surface mount version with integrated USB. It is a smallest, complete, and
breadboard friendly. It has everything that has (electrically) with more analog input pins and
onboard +5V AREF jumper. The Arduino nano is automatically sense and switch to the higher
potential source of power, there is no need for the power select jumper. This new version comes with
ATMEGA328P which offer more programming and data memory space.

Specification:
Microcontroller: Atmel ATmega328
Operating Voltage (logic level):
5V
Input Voltage (recommended):
7-12 V
Input Voltage (limits): 6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM
output)
Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
Flash Memory: 32 KB (of which 2KB used by boot
loader)
SRAM: 2 KB
EEPROM: 1 KB
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Dimensions: 0.70” X1.70”

Fig:1. Ardino Nano

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Ultrasonic Sensor:-

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor module uses sonar to resolve distance to an object like bats or
dolphins do. It offers exceptional non-contact range detection with high precision and stable readings
in an easy-to-use package ranging from 2 cm to 400 cm. It operation is not precious by sunlight or
black material like Sharp rangefinders. It comes entire with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver
module. The basic principle of the module as follows:
(1) Using I/O trigger for at least 10 us high level signal,
(2) The Module repeatedly sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal back,
(3) IF the signal back, through high level, time of high output I/O duration is the time from sending
ultrasonic to returning. Test distance = (high level time × velocity of sound (340M/S) / 2).

Fig: 2.Ultrasonic Sensor

Buzzer:-

The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of
pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is
the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a
switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits. The buzzer
produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of piezo
crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one
conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers
produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.

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 Fig: 3. Buzzer

9V Battery:-
The battery is used to provide the power supply to the system for its operation.

Fig: 4.9v Battery

Vibration Motor:-
Vibration motor is a DC motor in a compact size that is used to inform the users by vibrating on
receiving signals. It has no sound.

Mainly they are used in mobile phones, joysticks, pager etc. In our project, the vibration motor gives
haptic feedback when an object is detected.

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 Fig: 5. Vibration Motor

Software requirements:-

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) used in which it is easy to write code and upload it to the
board. It runs on Windows and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on Processing
and other open-source software. The Arduino nano microcontroller is an easy to use up till now
powerful single board computer that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional
market. The Arduino is open source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development
software is free.

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 Working

 Connect the ultrasonic sensor to the Arduino NANO.

 The input pins of trigger and echo of ultrasonic sensor is pin no. 2 and 3.

 The buzzer is connected to pin 12 and provides the output through pin A3

 The buzzer is set to different frequencies according to the condition given in the code to
generate different sounds.

 The vibration motor is connected to pin 11 and for output pin A4.

 Basically, according to the distance assumed in the code , the ultrasonic sensor works
according to that and if any obstacles comes across then blind stick detects the obstacles as
an input function.

 Then, after receiving the input from the ultrasonic sensor , it will notify the user by giving the
notification in the form of sound and vibration.

 This sound will be buzzer sound, ensuring the user is notified and saved from the obstacles
he/she comes across.

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Circuit Diagram

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Detection and Feedback Process

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 Code
#define pingPin 2 //trig pin of sr04

#define echoPin 3

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); // Starting Serial Terminal

pinMode(pingPin,OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin,INPUT);

pinMode(12,OUTPUT); //pin12 is used as GND pin for buzzer since arduino nano has only two GND pins

pinMode(A3,OUTPUT); //pin A3 provides the output on buzzer

pinMode(11,OUTPUT); //vibration motor

pinMode(A4,OUTPUT); //pin A4 provides the output on vibration motor

void loop() {

long duration, cm;

digitalWrite(12, LOW); //Buzzer GND is always low

//send a signal at ping pin at an interval of 0.002 seconds to check for an object

digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);

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delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); //check time using pulseIn function

cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration); //function call to find distance

/* Serial.print(cm);

Serial.print("cm");

Serial.println();

delay(100);

for debugging

*/

if (cm<30&&cm>20) {

analogWrite(A3,255);

analogWrite(A4,255);

delay(1000);

analogWrite(A3,0);

analogWrite(A4,0)

delay(1000); } //sound buzzer every second if obstacle distance is between 20-30cm.

else if (cm<20&&cm>10) {

analogWrite(A3,255);

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analogWrite(A4,255);

delay(500);

analogWrite(A3,0);

analogWrite(A4,0);

delay(500); } //sound buzzer every 0.5 seconds if obstacle distance is between 10-20cm.

else if (cm<10&&cm>0) {

analogWrite(A3,255);

analogWrite(A4,255);

delay(100);

analogWrite(A3,0);

analogWrite(A4,0);

delay(100); } //sound buzzer every 0.1 seconds if obstacle distance is between 0-10cm.

else

analogWrite(A3,0); //do not sound the buzzer

analogWrite(A4,0); //do not vibrate

//function to return distance in cm from microseconds

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) {

return microseconds / 29 / 2;

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Snapshots

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 Conclusion

The Smart Stick acts as a basic platform for the coming generation of more aiding devices to
help the visually impaired to be more safe. It is effective and afford. It leads to good results in
detecting the obstacles lying ahead of the user in a range of four meters, detecting stairs and water
pits.

This system offers a low-cost, reliable, portable, low-power consumption and robust solution
for navigation with obvious short response time. Though the system is hard-wired with sensors and
other components, it's light in weight. Further aspects of this system can be improved via
wireless connectivity between the system components, thus, increasing the range of the ultrasonic
sensor and implementing a technology for determining the speed of approaching obstacles.

While developing such an empowering solution, visually impaired and blind people in all
developing countries were on top of our priorities.

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 Future Scope

● It can be further improved by Increasing the field of view of the sensors.

● Adding a feature to remotely locate the stick, if someone misplaced it.

● Adding object detection system and speech feedback system.

● Adding navigation system.

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 References

There are always need for development of any system software development through the
system development life cycle. We refer the following websites for related sources.

Websites:-

 https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-rev3

 https://randomnerdtutorials.com/complete-guide-for-ultrasonic-sensor-hc-sr04/

 https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/ultrasonic-sensor-hc-sr04/

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282686024_An_electronic_walking_stick_for_blinds

 https://www.ijert.org/intelligent-walking-stick-for-elderly-and-blind-people

 https://www.academia.edu/37123970/Smart_Walking_Stick_for_Visually_Impaired_Person

 R.Dhanuja, F.Farhana, G.Savitha, India, ISSN: 2395-0056/ 2018 IRJET. “Smart Blind Stick using
Arduino”.

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