Chopter OHM'S LAW

E XPE RIMENT AT
AIM
To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph of
potential
difference versus current.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED
Two resistance wires (of constantan and nichrome and of about 1 m
length), a voltmeter (0-3V), a
miliammeter (0- 500 mA), a low resistance rheostat, two dry cells (or a battery eliminator), plug
key, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper, screw gauge and a metre
scale.
THEORY
According to Ohm's law, the current I flowing through a conductor is directly
potential difference Vapplied across its ends provided the physical conditions proportional to the
pressure) of the conductor remain uncharnged, (temperature and
Vcl or V= IR or
R
where Ris the resistance of the conductor.Obviously, the graph between the
current I and the applied
oltage Vwill be a straight line passing through the origin.
1
R=
Slope of I-V graph
But the resistance Rof a wire of length l, area of
cross-section Aand specific resistancepis given by
R=p p where r is the mean radius of the wire.
A

.:. Specific resistance, p= Rx a2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Plug key Rheostat
K
Battery Rh
MA Dry cells
Resistance Connecting wire Resistance wire
wire

Ammeter Voltmeter
Fig. 3.1 Circuit to study I-V relationship Fig. 3.2 Assembly circuit diagram.
for a resistance wire.

31
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XI|

PROCEDURE
wire :
(a) To measure resistance of the
1. Draw a neat circuit
diagram as shown in Fig. 3.1.
the two resistance wires as A (constantarn wire) and B (nichrome wire), Arrane
2. Let us label table in accordance with Fig.
3.2.
apparatus on the working
the required connecting wires with the help of a sand nar
insulation from the ends of the
3. Remove the connections as shown in Fig 23
key Kand make neat and tight
4. Remove the plug from the A is connected in series with a milliammeter
mA, battorm.
resistance wire
Ensure that the
rheostat Rh, while the voltmeter Vis joined in parallel withi
key Kand a low resistance connected tx
positive terminals of the milliammeter and the voltmeter have been
5. See that the
battery and the rheostat is connected through its upper terminal
the positive terminal of the the other end.
and through one of its lower terminals at
at one end voltmeter.
and the least counts of the milliammeter and the
6. Record the ranges the voltmeter are at the zero
mark when he
of the milliammeter and
7. Note that the pointers by adjusting
If it is not so, adjust their pointers to coincide with the zero mark then if the
key Kis 'off. screw driver. Even
screw provided near the base of the front penal using avoltmeter.
the and
errors of the milliammeter
error persists, note the zero extreme.
the key K and adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat at one made.
8. Insert the plug in rheostat has been
from which one connection of the
away from the lower terminal through the wire. If required, slightly adjusting the
a small current to pass
This allows only
pointer of the milliammeter lies exactly on same marking of its
sliding contact so that the voltmeter and
and not in between two markings. Note the readings of the
graduated scale
the ammeter. and in each
current in steps by adjusting the sliding contact of the rheostat
9. Now increase the least six-sets of such
readings of the voltmeter and the milliammeter for at
only at the time of taking a reading, so that
step note the
that the plug in the key is inserted
observations. Note
the resistance wire does not get heated.
wire: Experimental wire
(b) To measure length of the resistance
resistance wire at Binding
10. Mark sharp marks on the screw
of the
the points where it just comes out
binding terminals. Measure the length l of
with a
the wire between these two marks resistance wire.
of a
metre scale, keeping the wire fully
stretched. Fig. 3.3 To measure length
resistance wire :
(c) To mneasure diameter of the
screw gauge. Determine its
11. Find the pitch and least count of the d
zero erTOr and zero correction.
with screw gauge at
12. Measure the diameter of the resistance wire
of the wire and that also in two mutually
four different positions
perpendicular directions ad' and bb, as shown in Fig. 3.4.
zero correction to the
13. Find mean corrected diameter by applying Fig. 3.4
observed diameter.
second wire B.
14. Repeat all the above observations for
15. Record all the observations in a tabular form.

32
 Chapter 3: OHM'S LAW
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCU LATIONS
A. For determination of resistances of wires A and B
Range of voltmeter= to

Range of milliammeter = to mA
Least count of voltmeter =
Least count of milliammeter mA
Zero error for voltmeter, e, = V
Zero correction for voltmeter, C==. A
Zero error for milliammeter, e, = mA
Zero correction for milliammeter, C, =t, =, mA
Least count of metre scale = Cm

Length of the resistance wire, l= Cm

Table 3.1: Voltmeter and milliammeter readings

Wire Voltmeter reading V(V) Milliammeter reading I (mA)
S.No. Corrected
used Observed V, V=V +C Observed I, Corrected
1 I =I, +G,
Wire A 2.
3
1
Wire B 2.
3.

Graph of I vs Vfor wire A

Choosing suitable scales, plot Scale:
current-voltage graphs by taking 500 Along X-axis : 1 cm =0.25 V
Along Y-axis :1 cm= 50A
corrected values of Valong X-axis
and corrected values of Il along 450
Y-axis for both wires A and B. We
B
obtain straight line graphs passing 400
through the origin, as shown in
Fig. 3.5 and 3.6, respectively. 350

From V-1 graph for wire A 300

AI 1
Slope of the graph = AV R 250

AV_AC_ (Vy-V,)v 2007

AI BC (1,-1, )mA
(V,-V,v
(, -I,)x 10-A X 0.0 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
V(volt) ’

Fig. 3.5 Graph between current I and potential difference Vfor wire A.
33
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XI
Graph of l s. Vfor wire 8
From V- graph fr wire B Scale:
Along N-axis: l cm-025 V
Along Y-axis : Icm - 50 HA
AI 1 300
Slope of the graph AV R
250

AV_ PR (V,-V,)V
200
A QR ((,-I,JmA
R

(!, -,)× 10A X0.0

1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
V
(vot)

potential difference Vfor w.

ig. 3.6 Graph between current I and
resistances of wires A and B
B. For determination of specific m
Length of the wire A, I, = m

Length of the wire B, = Cm =

Cm
itch of the screw gauge =
circular scale = 100
Number of divisions on
pitch Cm
Cm =
Least ount of the screw gauge 100
Cm
Zero error of the screw gauge, e= Cm
c==
Zero correction of the screw gauge,
resistance wires
Table 3.2: Diameter of the
Observed diameter - MSR + CSR
x LC Mean diameter = [d, +d,
2
in perpendicular
direction
Wire S.No. in one direction (cm)
used d, (cm) d, (cm)
1.
Wire A 2.
3.
1

Wire B 2.
3

For wire A:
Mean observed diameter, d, = Cm

Mean corrected diameter, d= d, + C=.

Cm

d Cm = m
Mean radius of the resistance wire, r==
Rx? Qm
Specific resistance of the material of the wire, p=,

Standard value from the table of speific resistances, Po =_Qm

% Error = P-Pox 100 =
Po

34
 Chapter 3 OHM'S LAW

For wire B:

Mean observed diameter, d,= Cm

Mean corrected diameter, d=d, tc= cm

Mean radius of the resistance wire, r Cm = m

Specific resistance of the material of the wire, p Qm

Standard value from the table of specificresistances, Po =

% Error p-Pox100
Po
= %

RESULT
1. The current through the given resistance wire varies linearly with the potential difference
across its ends.
2. Specific resistance of wire A = Qm
3. Specific resistance of wire B = Qm

PRECAUTIONS
1. All the connections should be neat and tight.
2. The ends of the connecting wires must be cleaned with a sand paper.
3. The resistance wire should be wound on a card-board strip (-3 cmx6 cm) so that two
distant
points on it may not get short-circuited.
4. Ammeter should be connected in series and voltmeter in parallel with the circuit. The
of the ammeter and the voltmeter should be adjusted for zero deflection when no current
pointers
passes
through them. If it is not possible, then zero corrections should be determined for the two meters.
5. Always connect the positive terminals of the ammeter and voltmeter to the positive ternminal
of the battery, so that current enters at a +ve terminal and leaves at a ve terminal.
6. Use a low resistance rheostat to change the current and not a resistance box as
smnooth
variation of current is possible only with a rheostat and not with a resistance box.
7. The ammeter and voltmeter used should be of suitable range. For low
currents, a
milliammeter should be used.
8. Current should be passed for a short time only while taking a set of readings, otherwise the
resistance of the wire may change due to excessive heating.
9. The length of only that portion of the experimental wire should be measured which lies
outside the binding terminals.
10. As the diameter of the wire is a small quantity and its second power occurs in the
expression
for specific resistance, it should be measured accurately at a number of places along the
length of the wire and that also along two mutually perpendicular directions.
SoURCES OF ERROR
1. The wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
2. Resistance of the wire may change due to excessive heating.
3. There may be an error in the measurement of length I if the wire is not taut or it is not along
the scale in the metre bridge.
4. There may be an error in the measurement of radius of the wire due to backlash error in the
screw gauge.

35
 E XPERIMENT A2
AIM
wire/standard resistor using metre bridge.
Tofind resistance ofa given
REQUIRED
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL wire about 1 m long (of material who
galvanometer, a resistance
Ametre bridge, a sensitive a dry cell (or abattery eliminator), plug key
resistance is to be determined), resistance box,
gauge.
jockey, connecting wires, sand paper and a screw
THEORY
resistance S in the right gap of the
With the known resistance Pin the left gap and the unknown
cm from the left end A By the
metre bridge,suppose the null point Bis obtained at a distance of l
principle of Wheatstone bridge,
PR
Q S
Resistance of wire AB R
or
Resistance of wire BC S
R
or
100-1 S [:: Resistance oc Length of wire]
or
S=R
40
 Chopter4 MEIRE BRIDGE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

(w)

lnkey
lcm (l00-hom
Iug key

Leclanche oll

(l00-)em

Bidge wire

Galvanonneter
(c) ()
Fig. 4.5 Measurement of resistance by a metre bridge.
PROCEDURE
1. Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 4.5(4).
2. Assemble the required apparatus on the working table in acordane with Fig. 4.50).
3. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting wirs by rubbing with a sand aper.
Tighten all the plugs in the resistance box by giving them a gentte twist
4. Connect the resistane box R.B. across the left gap ab and the unknown resistance Sacrss
the right gap a,b, of the metre bridge. Connect ajockey and a sensitive galvanometer
between the points Band D. Connect a dry cell between the points Aarnd C through a plug
key KThis arrangement forms the Wheatstone bridge shown in Fig. 4.5(().
5. To see that the connections are correct, take out some resistane Rfrom the resistance box
R.B. and insert the plug in the key K. First pres the jockey at the lett end Aand then at the
right end Cof the metre bridge wire. The detlections in the two cases should be in opysite
directions fthere is one-sided detlection, check up the cinuit again, particularly the
continuity of the junctions.
41
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XI

6. Take out a suitable resistance Rfron the

resistance box so that when the
the middle of the wire (ie., between 30-70 cm divisions), there is no jockey is nearly in
calvanometer. Note the position of the null point Bfrom the rnetre scale.deflectin in
Also nte the
resistance R introduced from the resistance box R.B.
If the current through the galvanometer is large and its deflection gets out of scale, a
resistae wIresould be connected across the galvanometer for obtaining an shunt of alou
Houerer, the shunt must be remoted for obtaining the exact balance point. apprOzimate null point.
7. Repeat the experiment three more times by changing slightly the value of resistance and
taking care that the nuil point always lies between 30 - 7o cm divisions.
8. Record all the observations in a tabular form.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
Table 4.1 : Resistance of the given wire
Known resistance Position of null Ratio arms P,Q Resistance of wire
S. from resistance point B
No.
Length AB =1 LengthBC = (100 -l) S =R
box = RQ (cm) (cm) (cm)
1

2
3.
4
5

Mean value of S=

RESULT
Resistarnce of the given wire =
PRECAUTIONS
1. All the connections should be neat and tight.
2 The plugs in the resistance box must be kept tight by giving them a gentle twist after inserting
3. The jockey should not be pressed too hard on the wire, as otherwise it will damage the
uniformity of the metre bridge wire.
4 The battery circuit should be closed first before pressing the jockey on the bridge wire and
reverse order should be followed at the time of break.
5. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it against the wire.
essential
6. The current through the bridge wire should be passed for only as much time as is
for getting a null point.
null pont
7. The known resistance Rshould always be adjusted in sucha way so as to get the
between 30-70 cm divisions.
to avoid excessive current and
8. The galvanonmeter should be shunted by a low resistance wire balanced. The shunt must be
hence out of scale deflection in it when the bridge is not
removed while getting the exact balance point.
SoURCES OF ERROR
area of cross-section along its entire length
L The bridge wire may not be of uniform

42
 Chepter 4 METRE BRIDGE
2 End coretions, The rsistane otteeN by the vpper strips at the
are callv end nsistaes, erors due to thewe rsistanes are called endsof the bridge wire
end erors
called end ntims, To avoid this eror, the vilance pnt should be obtained and
near
corrections are
the midyoint o
the ine. This eor can be totally climinated by
3 Due to prlonged flow of current, the wine gets interchanging positions of resistances Rarnd S.
4. The galv aometer pointer may not be exactly at
heated up and its resistarnce changes.
by gently moving the srew at the bottom of the frontthe zero mark. It must be adjusted to zero
panel with the help of a screw driver.

E X PE RIME NT
A3
AIM

To verify the law of series combination of resistances using a metre bridge.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
A metre bridge, a sensitive galvanometer, two
resistance wires about 50 cm each (or two
resistance coils R, and R-), a resistance box, a jockey, a plug key, a dry cell or
thick connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. battery eliminator,
THEORY
(a)Measurement of unknown resistance. With the known resistance R in the left gap and the
unknown resistance S(R, or R, or series combination of R, and R,) in the right gap of the
bridge, suppose the balance point is obtained at a distance I cm from the metre
left end, then the
unknown resistance is given by
S= R|
(b) Law of series combination of resistances. When two
resistances R, and R, are connected in
series, their equivalent resistance R, is given by : R, = R, + R,
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R R,
R.B.
- R D

0 10 20 30 40 5 60 70 80 90 100
P B

A
Jockey

I cm (100 -)cm
Fig. 4.6 Circuit to study law of resistances in series.
43
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XI

PROCEDURE
1. Draw neat circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 4.6 and assemble the required apparatus on th
working table accordingly.
2. Connect the resistance box R.B. across the left gap ab and the unknown resistance B acros
the right gap a,b, of the metre bridge. Connect a jockey and a sensitive galvanometer betwem
the points Band D.Connect a dry cell between the points Aand Cthrough lug key K.
resistance h
3. To see that the connections are correct, take out some resistance R from the
R.B. and insert the plug in the key K. First press the jockey at the left end Aand then at the
right end Cof the bridge wire. The deflections in the two cases should be in opposite directions
4. Adjust the resistance R from the resistance box R.B. in such a way that the balance pointtheis
obtained nearly in the middle of the wire AC. Note the value of the resistance R and
position of the balance point BTake three sets of observations by slightly changing the value
of resistance R every time.
R,.Obtain null
5. Now connect resistance R, across the right gap a, b, in place of resistance
resistance Ry.
point for it. Again take three sets of observations for
in Fig. 46.
6. Now connect both the resistarnces R, and R, in series (end to end), as shown
remains
across the right gap a,b,. Ensure that the effective length of each resistance wire end, the
unchanged. This means that at the point where the two wires are joined end to
should be
lengths of the ends that were inserted into the binding terminals in steps 5 and 6
twisted together. Take three sets of observations for the null point of this combination.
7. Record your all observations in atabular form.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Table 4.2 :For determining resistances R,, R, and R,

Ratio arms P, Q Unknown
Known Position of resistance Mean
S. resistance null point Length Length unknown
Resistance from
No. AB = 1 BC = (100 -1) S =R| resistance
R.B. RQ (cm) (cm) (cm)
1

R 2
3.
1.
2.
3.
R, and 1
2 R=
in series 3

Experimental value of series combination of resistances R, =,

Theoreticalvalue of series combination of resistances R, -R +R, = 2
Difference =R, -R =
RESULT
of the sere
Within the limits of experimental error, the experimental and the theoretical values
verified.
combination of resistances are equal. So the law of combination of series stands
44
 Chapter 4 : TR BRIDCE

PRECAUTIONS
1. Allthe connections should be neat and tight.
2. The plugs in the resistance box must be kept tight by giving them a gentle
them.
twist after inserting
3. The jockey should not be pressed too hard on the wire, as
uniformity of the metre bridge wire.
otherwise it will damage the
4. The battery circuit should be closed first before pressing
reverse order
the jockey on the bridge wire and
should
be followed at the time of break.
5. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not
rub it against the wire.
6. The current through the bridge wire should be passed for
only as much time as isessential
for getting a null point.
7. The known resistance R should always be
between 3(0-70 cm divisions.
adjusted in such a way so as to get the null point
8. The galvanometer should be shunted by a low
resistance wire to
hence out of scale deflection in it when the bridge is not avoid excessive current and
removed while getting the exact null point. balanced. The shunt must be
9. Ensure that the same lengths of resistance
wires R, and R, are used for determining R, as
have been used for determiningR, and R, individually.
SoURCES OF ERROR
1. The bridge wire may not be of
uniform area of cross-section along its entire length.
2. There may be end errors due to
resistances of copper strips at the ends of the bridge wire.
3. Due to prolonged flow of current, the resistance wires may get heated up and their
resistances may change.
4. The effectivelengths of the resistance wires used while measuring R, may not
same as those used while measuring R, and R, be exactly
individually.

E XPERIMENT A4
AIM

To verify the law of parallel combination of resistances using a metre

bridge.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
A metre bridge, a sensitive galvanometer, two resistance wires about 50 cm
each (or two
resistance coils R, and R,), a resistance box, a jockey, a plug key, a dry cell or battery eliminator,
thick connecting wires anda piece of sand paper.
THEORY
(a) Measurement of unknown resistance. With the known resistance R in the left gap and the
unknown resistance S(R, or R, or parallel combination of R, and R,) in the right gap of the

45
 46
PROCEDURE DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT
8. Now 7. 6.Adjustthe5. 4 3. 2.
inserted
Recordobservations
for bridge. resistance 1. A
parallel, (b) unknown
it.Now obtained
the thein end RB. TotheConnect the bridge,
metre
the
the Again Tighten
Remove
accordingly.
working
table
umlwaunluuluutuuulu
Drawa hukuuauhut Law
10
connect cornect balance Cof and seepointsright
all null Ensure
into take he that
tinsert their ofesistance
your R gap the all the neat 20 RB paraliel
point the of resistance metre the B
everypoint the lcm
both
resistance resistance
and a,b, insulation circuit 30
40 equivalent supposethe
observations bindingthese that three middletheofconnections the
of plugs
the sets time. B bridge plug D.of combination is
this
resistances the Connect the diagram
in given
50
resistances of R, Take from R in
parallel
terminalseffective wire. the metre box the from resistance
observationsacross three R.B.
11.R,
R S=balance
by
in wireAC. the The key are aresistance the as B PHYSICS-XII
MANUALLAB
a bridge.
dry Jockey
combination. correct, across ends shown 70
()of -
tabular separately,
should length R, the resistance sets deflections K. -(100I) cm resi pointis
First cell 1
R,
and gap 80 tances,
is
Note
of the take
Connect the box of in
between K
form. of for a,b, press the Fig. given
be R,observations box left 100 90 obtained
i.e., each
resistance connecting by b, or
kept in in inthe out agapgiving 4.7 When
by
theparallel value R. B . the jockey
the wire place jockey some the and
two ab ata
in two
same.
Takelength is Ry. of of points and them assemble
bythe such resistance
cases at anda wires resistances distance I
same in
resistance the R;
R,
+
at the slightly the A a
resistance should a sensitive
the same way left unknown
and gentle by the
as Fig. cm
three ends it that
end R C rubbingrequired
R,.Obtainchanging be from resistances
parallel.in 4.7 K fromtlheft
was gap through
A
galvanometer
in
twist and
sets of Rthe Circuit
and opposite and the resistance
acrossR, with
eachwhile a,b,
of balance apparatus K,
the then
resistance a to are
observations of of null the plug a study
taking of
positiondirections at sand connected end.
which the point value point the between then
metre key on law
right box paper. of
tshe tor of is K the
i
 Chopter 4 METEE BRIOCE

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Table 4.3: For determining resist ances R,,R, and R,
Known Position of Ratio arms P, 9
S. resistance null point Length Unknown
Resistance
No. from Length resistance Mean
AB
R.B, - RSQ
(cm)
BC (100-) SR 100-11 unknown
(cm) (cm) resistance
1.

R, 2,

1.
2
3

R, and 1.
R, 2
in series 3

Experimental value of parallel combination of resistances, R,

Theoretical value of parallel combination of resistances, R, =
Difference= R-R,= _ R +R
RESULT
Within the limits of experimental error, the
combination of resistances are equal. So the lawexperimental and the theoretical values of the parallei
of parallel combination of
PRECAUTIONS resistances stands verified.
1. All the
connections should be neat and tight.
2. The plugs in the resistance box must be
kept tight by giving them a gentle twist after
3. The jockey should not be pressed too inserting.
hard on the wire, as otherwise it will damage the
uniformity of the metre bridge wire.
4. The battery circuit should be closed
first before pressing the jockey on the bridge
reverse order should be followed at the time of break. wire and
5. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire
and do not ub it against the wire.
6. The current through the bridge wire should be
passed for only as much time as is essential
for getting a null point.
7. The known resistance Rshould always be
between 30-70 cm divisions. adjusted in such a way so as to get the null point
8. The galvanometer should be shunted by a low
resistance wire to avoid
hence out of scale deflection in it when the bridge is not balanced.excessive current and
The shunt must be
removed while getting the exact null point.
SoURCES OF ERROR
1. The bridge wire may not be of uniform area of cross-section along its entire
length.
2. There may be end errors due to resistances of copper strips at the ends of the bridge
wire.
3. Due to prolonged flow of current, the resistance wires may get heated up and their
resistances may change.
4. The effective lengths of the wires used while measuring R, may not be exactly same as
those used while measuring R, and R, individually.
47
 Chopter 6 GAVANOMUIR, AMMETER AND VOLTAETER

EXPERIMENT A7
AM
To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to find
its fiqure of merit.
ArPARArUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
eliminator, a high resistance box
A Weston type galvanometer, abattery of 3V/la battery a voltmeter (0-3 V), connecting
(0 10k0), a low resistance box (0-200 2), two one-way keys,
wies and apiece of sand paper.
WORKING FORMULAL
deflection method is given by
1. Ihe resistance Gof a galvanometer by half
RS
G
R-S
galvanometer and Sis the shunt resistance.
where Ris the resistance in series with the
by
2. The figure of merit of the galvanometer is given
k
(R+G)0
resistance R andEis the emf of the battery.
where Ois the deflection produced with series
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
K (0- 10 k2)
H.RB
R
(0- 10 ks)

(0- 200 s) K,
Fig. 6.7 Determination of fiqure of merit
Fiq. 6.6 Determination of galvanometer resistance of the galvanometer.
by half-deflection method.
PROCEDURE
by half deflection method
A. Resistance of the galvanometer
diagram as shown in Fig. 6.6 and arrange the required apparatus on the
1. Draw a ncat circuit
working table accordingly. battery E.
wires with a sand paper. Connect the
2. Clean the ends of the connecting series. Connect a low resistance box S
galvanonmeter G, high resistance box Rand key K, in
galvanometer.
and key K, in parallel with the resistance box R. Close the key K, (keeping
3. Introduce ahigh resistance R(=5000N) fromtillthe
R the deflection Oin the galvanometer is almost
K, open), Adjust the value of resistancedivisions.
f l seale and is an even number of Note the deflection 0 and the value of
resistance R.

67
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

resistance box S and close the key K,

4. Introduce a small resistance (50 Q) through low
resistance Stillthe deflection in the galvanometer
Keping Rfixed, adjust the value of shuntobtained
reduced toexactly half the value of 0 in step 3, i.e., deflection becomes 0/2.Note
is
the deflection and the value of shunt resistance S.
NOTE As the value of Sincreases, deflection also increases. 3and
values of Rand S, take three more sets of observations by repeating steps
9/2 in a
5. For different divisions. Record the observations of
R, S, 0 and
4 so that is even number of
tabular form. RS
resistance using the formula, G= R-S
6. Calculate the value of galvanometer
galvanometer
B. Figure of merit of the across voltmeter. See that the
a high resistancevoltmeter.
battery by connecting it
7. Find the emfE of the is connected to the +ve terminal of
the
the battery
galvanometer G, high resistance box Rand a key
+ve terminal of
the battery E,
8. As shown in Fig. 6.7, connect
K in series. Kand
of about 5000 2 from resistance box R. Insert the plug in key
9. Introduce a resistance
deflection of certain complete number of
R so that almost a full scale
adjust the resistance Note the values of R and .
divisions is obtained in the galvanometer. between 20-30
for three more values of R so that deflections lie
10. Repeat the experiment and 0 in a tabular form.
divisions. Record the values of R
galvanometer using the formula, k =.(R+G)0
11. Calculate the figure of merit of the
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
half deflection method
Table 6.1 Resistance of galvanometer by
Galvanometer resistance
High Half deflection RS
Deflection 0 Shunt resistance 2 G=
S.No. resistance S (2) R-S
(divisions) (divisions)
R(2)
1.
2
3.
4.
Mean value of G=

EMF of the battery, E=_V; Resistance of the galvanomter, G=

Table 6.2 Figure of merit of the galvanometer
Figure of merit
High resistance Deflection A diy-1
S.No. R (2) (divisions) k=
(R + G)0
1.
2
3.

Mean value of k = Adiv

58
 Chepter 6GALVANOMETER, AMMETER AND VOLTMETER
galvanometer scale, M=
Total number of divisions on either side of zero mark of the
divisions
Current required for full scale deflection, I, = nk =
A

RESULT
1. Resistane of galvanometer by half-deflection method, G=
A div 1.
2 Figure of merit of the galvanometer, k =
3 Current required for full scale deflection in the galvanometer, 1, - A .
PRECAUTIONS
1. All the connections should be neas clean and tight
2 All the plugs of the two resistance boxes should be kept tight by giving them a gentle twist
value of G
3. The value of the series resistance R should be large This ensures correct
value has been
4 The plug in the key K, should be inserted only after aresistance Rof high
taken out from the resistance box otherwise the galvanometer coil may burn.
number of
5. The value of R should be adjusted so that deflection is equal to an even
divisions. Then the value of 0/2 can be obtained exactly with shunt S.
decreased
6. To decrease the deflection in the galvanometer, the shunt resistance S should be
must be
7. The emf the battery should remain constant For this, a freshly charged battery
used.
be used to measure the
&. For determining figure of merit, a high resistance voltmeter should
emf of the battery.
SOURCESs OF ERROR
tight
1. The plugs in the resistance boxes may not be clean or
2. The emf of the battery may not be constant
size
3. The divisions on the galvanometer scale may not be of equal