SOUND AND SPACE

Grade 8

Teacher : Ms Nurul
Learning objectives
 SOUND
• Sound is a form of energy that is
transferred from one point to
another as a longitudinal waves
• Sound is produced by vibrating
sources placed in a medium.
• Medium of transmission : solid,
liquid and gas
Medium of transmission
Speed of
sound < Speed of
sound < Speed of
sound
In gas In liquid In solid

Speeds of sound in some media

Medium Air Water Iron Granite

Approximate
speed of
sound 300 1500 5000 5400
[ m/s ]
• Sound travels fastest in solids
due to the close packing of the
particles in the solid state
 Properties of Wave Motion
Wavelength (λ) = The shortest distance
Amplitude (A) = The maximum displacement
between two points in phase
of a point from its rest position
1 λ = A-E; B-F; and D-H
SI Unit = meter (m)
SI Unit = meter (m)

peak peak
B
F

C E G I
A

H
D

Period (T) = The time taken to produce Frequency (f) = The number of complete
one complete wave waves produced per second
SI Unit = second (s) SI Unit = hertz (Hz)
Wavelength
The wavelength of any wave is the distance between a point
on one wave and the matching point on the next wave.
wavelength

wavelength
The wavelength is the same whichever two matching points
are used to measure this distance.
The symbol used to represent wavelength is  (lambda).
Wavelength is measured in metres (m).
Frequency of waves
The frequency is the number of waves passing any point
each second.
l frequency = number of waves that passed a point / time
l frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) = 1/second (1/s)
l 1 wave per second = 1 Hz
If this set of transverse waves pass a point in one second,
what is the frequency? 4 Hz

1 2 3 4
 a sound wave

• Compressions are regions where air

pressure is higher than the surrounding air
pressure
• Rarefactions are regions where air
pressure is lower than the surrounding air
pressure
Question

• Can sound be transmitted through vacuum?

Why ?

• Sound wave can not be transmitted through

vacuum. Sound waves need a medium to
travel from one point to another.
 Pitch and Loudness

• Pitch is related to the frequency of a sound

wave– the higher the frequency, the higher
the pitch.

• Loudness is related to the amplitude of a

sound wave—the larger the amplitude, the
louder the sound
RECALL peak
the top of a wave graph
loudness where the line is at its
frequency highest, also known as a
the intensity of a sound, the number of complete
very quiet sounds are crest
vibrations of an object in 1
difficult to hear, whereas second
very loud sounds can be trough
painful and damaging to the bottom of a wave graph
the ears pitch where the line is at its
the highness or lowness of lowest
amplitude a musical note
the maximum distance
moved by a particle in a
wave as measured from the
position of the particle
when there is no wave, the
height of a wave, or graph
of a wave, from the
midpoint to the top
oscilloscope
electronic equipment used to display a waveform on a screen
Learning objectives
water waves - interference
 animation
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/sound-waves/latest/sound-
waves_all.html
interference
the effect produced when two or
more waves meet
Learning objective
Formation of the Moon
• collision theory
one of the theories for the
formation of the Moon,
sometimes called the giant
impact hypothesis.
Formation of the Moon
 Evidence that supports the collision theory
There is evidence
The collision theory
outside the Solar
fits with the theory of
System of similar The moon is less dense
how the Solar System
collisions causing rings than the Earth
was formed
of rock and dust

The composition of Samples of rock from

The Moon has a small
rocks on the Earth and the Moon show that
iron core, similar to
the Moon are the its surface was once
the Earth
same molten
The formation of solar system
Evidence that contradicts the collision theory
Evidence that contradicts the collision theory
Evidence that contradicts the collision theory
Learning objectives
nebulae
clouds of dust and gas in space
northern hemisphere
the part of the Earth that is
north of the equator

southern hemisphere
the part of the Earth that is
south of the equator
stellar nurseries
places within some nebulae
where stars are formed
Northern Hemisphere :Orion Nebulae
Southern Hemisphere : Carina Nebulae
Stellar nurseries
• The dust and gas can start to • The high pressure causes heat
collapse together under the • The heat can cause atoms to
force of gravity react with each other, so the
• When the mass of dust and gas new star can give out heat and
collects together and becomes light.
larger, the force of gravity
pulling inward increases.
• When this force gets very large,
the pressure inside the new star
also gets very large
Learning objectives
Pangaea
Movement of tectonic plates
caused by Convection currents in
the mantle.

• Molten rock in the mantle gets

heated from the core; heated
material expands and becomes
less dense and rises.
• Close to the crust, this material
cools, becomes more dense and
sinks again.
• Movement of molten rock across
the top of the mantle pulls the
tectonic plates along with it.
 Tectonic Plates
Tectonic plates :
Irregularly shaped
parts of the Earth’s
crust that can move
relative to each
other.
The ridge is a boundary
between two tectonic plates.
Volcanoes occur because
magma / molten rock is being
pushed up.
Earthquakes occur because
of the movement between the
two adjacent tectonic plates.
 Coursebook
• Page 238
• Activity 6.5.1
• Answer Q 1-4
Make a list of continent names (Present day)
Make a list of continent names (Present day)
• North America • South America [The Americas]
• Europe • Asia [Eurasia]
• Africa • Oceania [Australasia]
• Antartica
250 million years ago

• Pangaea, Laurentia ,Baltica, Gondwana

Evidence for tectonic plates
• fossils are the remains of
dead animals and plants
that have turned to stone
over millions of years.
• the fossil record provides
more evidence for
tectonic plates and their
movement
 Evidence for tectonic plates
• The Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed
several times in the past. Newer rock is
forming in the middle and the magnetite
there will align with the current magnetic
field direction.
• Rock is pushed outward, so older rocks
are found further away from the middle.
• This shows that the tectonic plates are
moving slowly apart, pushed by the
newly forming rock and this has been
continuing for millions of years.