Credentials

● Promoter - School Education department, Government of Maharashtra

● Publisher - State Council of Educational Research and Training,
Maharashtra, Pune - 30
● Motivation - Hon. Vandana Krushna (I.A.S.)
Additional Chief Secretary School Education department,
Government of Maharashtra
● Guidance- Hon. Vishal Solanki (I.A.S.)
Commissioner (Education), Maharashtra, Pune
Hon. Rahul Dwivedi (I.A.S.)
State Project Director, Maharashtra Prathmik Shikshan Parishad,
Mumbai
● Editor - Hon.Dinkar Temkar,
Director, State Council of Educational Research and Training,
Maharashtra, Pune - 30
● Co-editor - Dr. Vilas Patil,
Joint Director, State Council of Educational Research and Training,
Maharashtra, Pune - 30
● Executive - Vikas Garad,
Editor I/C Principal, State Council of Educational Research and Training,
Maharashtra, Pune - 30
Tejaswini Alawekar,
Senior Lecturer, Science Department, State Council of Educational
Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune - 30
Manisha Tathe,
Lecturer, Science Department,State Council of Educational
Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune - 30
● Editing - Shweta Dilip Thakur,
Assistance Supervisor/BOS, Annasaheb Vartak Smarak Vidyamandir,
Gopchar Pada, Virar (East)Block Vasai, District Palghar
Rupesh Dinkar Thakur,
Assistant Teacher/BOS, Annasaheb Vartak Smarak Vidyamandir,
Gopchar Pada, Virar (East)Block Vasai, District Palghar
● Creating - Pratibha Deshpande, Lecturer, Regional Academic Authority
Assistance District Aurangabad
Sudhir Aappaya Amanagi, Assistant Teacher, Secondary School,
 Kasaba Arale, Block Karveer, District Kolhapur
Pankaj Pralhadrao Deshmukh, Assistant Teacher, Shri Sant
Sakharam Maharaj Vidyalay, Mokha, Block Ballapur, District Akola
Jitendra Madhukar Rao Rathod, Assistant Teacher, Loknath Jalan
Highschool, Milhe, Block Murbad, District Thane
Prathamesh Pandurang Waghoskar, Assistant Teacher, Rayat
Shikshan Sanstha’s Adivasi Highschool, Washala, Block Mokhada,
District Palghar
Satish Bhaurao Kale, Assistant Teacher, Shri Swami Samarth
Secondary & Higher Secondary School, Rajur, Block Akole, District
Ahmednagar
Sanjivani Machchhindra Khairmode, Assistant Teacher, Renuka
Swaroop Memorial Girls Highschool, Sadashiv Peth, Block Haveli,
District Pune

● Translation Pratibha Deshpande, Lecturer, Regional Academic Authority

District Aurangabad
Gauri Rajendra Shinde, Assistant Teacher, Goregaon East
Secondary School, Mumbai
Bhikan Kisan Sonavane, Assistant Teacher, Kalbadevi
(Chunabhatti), MNC Secondary School BMC School building,
Chunabhatti (E), Mumbai
Sandip Laxman Chaudhari, Assistant Teacher, Gramin Shikshan
Sanstha’s English High School and Junior College, Maziwada,
District Thane
Anuradha Dattatrey Jangam, Assistant Teacher, Lakshmidevi Patil
Girl’s School and Junior College, Block Jaysingpur, District Kolhapur
Vrushali Sumit Phade, Assistant Teacher, General Education
Institute’s High School, Subhedar wada, Block Kalyan, District Thane
Vrushali Gopinath Mhatre, Assistant Teacher, Karmveer Bhaurao
Patil Vidyalay, Juchandra, Block Vasai, District Palghar
Tukaram Sudhakar Garude, Secondary Teacher, Zilla Parishad
Highschool Block Paranda, District Osmanabad

● Technical - Sudhir Baburao Nikam, Assistant Teacher, Raigad Zilla Parishad

Assistance School, Ratwad Adiwasi Wadi, Block Mangaon, District Raigad.
 Instructions for students / parents
Namaskar dear students!
In the academic year 2020-21, you could not go to school as usual, but your teachers
were trying to bring education to you through various media. Even though our
school was not regular, the education continued. Now we are getting ready for the
new academic year. This bridge course has been prepared for the purpose of
pre-preparation for the academic year 2021-22 as well as a review of the previous
year's syllabus.
1. This year's syllabus is based on the important concepts of the previous class, the
same concepts have been included in this bridge course.
2. The duration of the bridge course has been fixed at 45 days and it consists of three
tests. These tests are based on the Activity Sheets in the bridge course.
3. Each Activity Sheet in the bridge syllabus has been prepared with the aim of
clarifying important concepts.
4. The Activity Sheet is constructed as follows:
● Let's understand: The concepts included in the Activity Sheet are given here.
● Reference: Reference is made to last year's lesson.
● Learning Outcomes / Competency Statements: Learning Outcomes and
developing competencies that can be achieved through the given Activity Sheet.
● Let’s take a look: A brief explanation is given to make the concept clearer. It
includes tables, concept diagrams, flow charts, figures, etc.
● Let's Practice: The questions are designed with a balance of knowledge,
understanding, application and skills to further practice the concepts and contents
understood.
● Links for more study: To strengthen the concepts in the Activity Sheet, video links
of related concepts on the Diksha portal are provided.
5. The Activity Sheet should be solved under the guidance of the teacher. Parents and
students should keep in touch with the teacher to stay consistent in the study.
6. Attempts should be made to complete it within the time allotted for each Activity
Sheet.
7. The answers to the questions in the Activity Sheet should be solved in a
separate notebook and preserve the notebook for internal assessment.
8. Small activities as well as experiments are given. These should be performed by the
students in the presence of parents or teachers.
9. Students should better understand the concept by watching the related videos using
the links given at the end of the Activity Sheet.
10. Seek the help of your parents or teachers if you have any problems solving the
Activity Sheet. We are confident that you too will successfully complete this bridge
course and prepare yourself for the new academic year 2021-22 with confidence.
Best wishes for completing the bridge course with sincerity and self-effort!
 Instructions for teachers
The global crisis of coronavirus outbreak in the academic year 2020-21 has led to
many difficulties in direct classroom teaching. We all tried to reach out to the students
using various media. We also had great success in it. But due to lack of direct teaching,
our efforts were facing many limitations. The crisis is not over yet. There is a question
mark over the commencement of schools in the academic year 2021-22. This bridge
course is created to review the studies done by our students in the academic year
2020-21, as well as for pre-preparation of the current academic year curriculum.
1. The bridge course is to be completed in a period of 45 days.
2. In this bridge course, the most important concepts of the previous year have been
included and presented in the form of Activity Sheets.
3. Each of the Activity Sheets is constructed in such a way that they contain small
activities and experiments which can be easily performed by the students using the
materials that are readily available .
4. Understand the structure of the Activity Sheet in a systematic way, so that it will be
easier to solve.
Let's understand: Here are the key concepts included in the Activity Sheet
related to last year's lesson. Much emphasis has been placed on last year's concepts,
which have been further expanded this year.
Reference: Reference is made to last year's lesson. Students should be
instructed to use their last year’s textbook.
Learning Outcomes / Competency Statements: Learning Outcomes and
developing competencies that can be achieved through the given Activity Sheet. While
solving the Activity Sheet, attention should be paid to the achievement of the learning
outcome, as well as to the development of the relevant competency.
Let’s take a look: A brief explanation is given to make the concept clearer. It
includes tables, concept diagrams, flow charts, figures, etc. Here you can design various
other learning experiences. Important points and brief information are provided to
make your teaching easier. You can add explanations to those concepts as per available
time.
Let's Practice: The questions are designed with a balance of knowledge,
understanding, application and skills to further practice the concepts and contents
understood. The practice questions in each Activity Sheet should be written by the
students in an independent notebook. This will lead to revision as well as writing
practice. These notebooks should be submitted after completion of the bridge course.
Links for more study: To strengthen the concepts in the Activity Sheet, video
links of related concepts on the Diksha portal are provided. Students should be
instructed to watch these videos at this link at home.
5. This bridge course will be useful for understanding various concepts in the present
class, for awakening the students' foreknowledge as well as for reviewing the students'
learning.
6. Observe that the students solve the Activity Sheets strictly as per the plan given in
the index.
7. The teacher should pay attention to the fact that the students will solve the Activity
Sheets in the bridge syllabus honestly and with self-effort. Understand their problems
and help them accordingly.
8. After reviewing certain units, the given tests should be attempted by the students.
After checking the tests, they should be evaluated by adopting proper criteria and the
marks should be recorded.
9. After the evaluation of each test, the students who need therapeutic teaching should
be properly guided. Thus all the three tests should be implemented.
10. After completing this 45 days bridge course, you should start teaching your regular
course.
Best wishes for the academic year 2021-22 !
State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune 30
Preparatory Bridge Course
Standard -IX
Subject - Science and Technology - 01
Index

Activity Sheet No. Name of the Activity Sheet

1st July to 15th July 2021

1 Force and Pressure

2 Types of Inertia

3 Pressure on solid, liquid and gas

4 Current Electricity

5 Compound, Mixture and their Types

6 Matter, States of matter, Types of Matter

7 Atomic Structure

Test No. 01 (Based on Activity Sheet No. 01 to 07 )

16th July to 30th July 2021

8 Molecular formula and Valency

9 Ionic bond, Covalent bond

10 Classification of living organisms and their characteristics

11 Classification of living organisms and their characteristics

12 Types of Ecosystem

13 Various types of diseases

14 Use of Medicines and Lifestyle

Test No.02 ( Based on Activity Sheet No. 08 to 14)

31st July to 14th August 2021

15 Environmental Management

16 Reflection of light, Angle of Incidence, Angle of refraction

17 Types of reflection : Regular reflection, Irregular reflection

18 Sound, Production of sound, propagation of sound

19 Decomposable and Non decomposable materials

20 Cell organelles and transport

21 Life cycle of stars

Test No.03 (Based on Activity Sheet No. 01 to 21 )

 State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune 30
Preparatory Bridge Course
Standard : IX Activity Sheet : 01 Sub: Science and Technology
Let’s Understand : Force, Contact force and non-contact force, Frictional force,
balanced force and unbalanced force.
Reference : Std VIII, Chapter 03, Force and pressure
Learning Outcomes :
1.Explain the effect of force.
2. Explain the examples of contact force and non-contact force in everyday life.
3.Explain the examples of balanced force and unbalanced force in everyday life.
Let's take a look :
Force : A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the
object's interaction with another object. Force helps to set an object in motion, change
the direction and speed of the object in motion. Also, it is required to stop the object in
motion.

Develop on establishing Develop when the object

contact the object comes in the vicinity of force.
Ex. Frictional force Ex.Gravitational force
Contact Force and Non contact force

Contact Force : A force which is seen to act through a direct contact of objects is called
Contact Force. Example: pushing, pulling, and picking up something.

Non contact Force - A force is applied between two objects even if the two objects are
not in contact; such a force is called a non contact force.
Example: Magnetic force, Gravitational force, Electrostatic force.
I) Examples of contact force II) Examples of non-contact force
Some more types of Forces.
Characteristics of balanced and unbalanced force

D . Effect of force on an object.

1. If several forces are applied on an object in the same direction, a force equal to their
addition acts on that object.
2. If the two forces are applied on one object in the direction opposite to one other, a
force equal to their difference acts on the object.
3. A force is expressed in magnitude and direction. Force is a vector quantity.

Let’s Practice :
Q.1.Identify the types of forces in the following picture.

Picture. 1 ------------- Picture 2 -------------

Q.2. Identify whether contact or non-contact force is used while performing the
following action.

A. Fruit falling from a tree.

____________________________________________________________________

B. One side of a weighing pan is coming down.

____________________________________________________________________

C. Hitting a ball with a bat.

____________________________________________________________________

D. Separating the iron nails from the saw dust using a magnet.
____________________________________________________________________
E. Balloon rubbed against the hair sticks on the wall.
____________________________________________________________________

Q.3. List some more examples of contact force and non-contact force. While listing,
write its type.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.4. Which experiment will you perform to prove that electrostatic force is a
non-contact force?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q 5. Make a list of the incidents taking place by the influence of gravitational force.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Link for more study :

Force and pressure
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003340697616048?contentId=do_
31303415115255808011105
 Activity Sheet : 02
Let’s Understand : Inertia and types of inertia
Reference : Std VIII, Chapter 03, Force and pressure
Learning Outcome : Explains the different types of Inertia.
Let's take a look :
Inertia :

As shown in the diagram, when the force is applied on the postcard the coin remains
there, but the postcard is set in motion. The coin does not change its place. This means
as the force is not applied on the coin it did not change its place because of the inertia in
it.
The tendency of an object to remain in its existing state is called its inertia. This is why
an object in stationary state remains in the same state and an object in motion remains
in the same state of motion in the absence of an external force.
Types of Inertia :
1. Inertia of the state of rest: An object in the state of rest can not change its state of
rest due to its inherent property. This property is called the inertia of the state of rest.
Ex.If the bus starts suddenly, the passengers get a backward jerk.
2. Inertia of Motion: The inherent property of an object due to which its state of motion
cannot change, is called its inertia of motion.Ex. Passengers sitting on the running bus
get a jerk in the forward direction.
3.Directional inertia:The inherent property of an object due to which the object can not
change the direction of its motion, is called directional inertia. Ex.If the bus turns left
the passenger turns right.

Let’s practice :
Q.1. When the rear wheel of the cycle is spun in water the water is seen splashing over
the wheel. What kind of inertia is it?
______________________________________________________________________

Q.2. Give two examples of inertia that you have experienced in your everyday life.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Q. 3. Identify the type of inertia in the following examples.

1. After switching off the fan, it continues to move for some time.
______________________________________________________________________
2. The luggage kept in the lobby of the bus moves further when the bus stops suddenly.
______________________________________________________________________

3. The dishes remain on the table even if the tablecloth is pulled immediately.
______________________________________________________________________

Q.4. State whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The cycle stops immediately if they stop pedaling a cycle.

______________________________________________________________________

2. After a railway accident some coaches are seen sliding ahead from their position. This
is an example of directional inertia.
______________________________________________________________________

Q.5. State different types of inertia.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Link for more study :

Inertia
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003340697616048?contentId=do_
3128453272275189761578
 Activity Sheet : 03
Let’s Understand : Pressure, Pressure on solids, Pressure of liquid, Atmospheric
pressure, Gas pressure
Reference : Std VIII, Chapter 03 Force and Pressure
Learning Outcomes :
1. Explain the concept of pressure.
2. Explain the concept of pressure on solids,pressure of liquid with the help of
experiments
3. Explain the concept of gas pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Let's take a look :
Pressure: The effect of force exerted perpendicularly on a unit area is called pressure
exerted on that area.The SI unit of pressure is N/m . The SI unit of force is N and that
₂

of area is m . It is known as Pascal(Pa).In atmospheric science, the unit of pressure is

₂

bar. 1 bar = 10⁵ Pa. Pressure is a scalar quantity.

1) Pressure on solids: Pressure depends on the area of surface on which it is applied. If
the area increases, pressure reduces for the same force, and if the area decreases, the
pressure increases for the same force.
In the second figure,force exerted by books occupies
more area while in the third figure it occupies lesser
area.Therefore the wooden plank is seen bent. This means,
if the area increases, pressure reduces and if the area
decreases the pressure increases for the same force.

2. Pressure of liquid: In the given vessel, at any one level, the liquid
pressure is the same. Also, the pressure increases as the depth of the
liquid increases.This can be well understood with the help of the
adjacent diagram.

3. Gas pressure: If the balloon is inflated by filling air, it inflates on

all sides. This means gases exerts the same pressure in all
directions.It is realised that gas exerts pressure on the wall of the
container in which it is enclosed.

4. Atmospheric pressure:
Pressure created due to air is called the atmospheric pressure.
The air pressure at the sea level is called 1 Atmosphere pressure. Air pressure
decreases as one goes up in height from the sea level.
Let’s Practice:
Q. 1. The wooden plank may break if someone stands on it. What will be the reason?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.2. Number the places where the more, moderate and least pressure is observed in the
given diagram.

______________________________________________________________________

Q.3.In a multi storeyed building the water supply on the top floor is less than the
ground floor. Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.4.Which characteristic of liquid can be understood from the following diagram?

______________________________________________________________________
Link for more study :
Pressure.
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003340697616048?contentId=do_
3128453302788505601592
 Activity Sheet : 04
Let’s Understand : Current Electricity, Electrostatic Potential, Potential difference
Reference : Std VIII, Chapter 04, Current Electricity and Magnetism
Learning Outcome :
1. Explains the concept of potential difference.
2. Explains the concept of current electricity.
3. Understands the concept of electric cells and their arrangement.
Let's take a look :

In a waterfall, it falls from a height. The river flows from a height towards the
plain as there is a difference between the heights. In a similar way the difference in
potential is required for the flow of electricity. This difference in the potential of two
points is called potential difference. A point with higher potential is considered as
positive potential while the one with less than that is considered as negative potential.

Fig. A Fig. B
In figure A the current does not flow through the circuit but in fig. B the current
flows because in fig. B the electric cell is connected in the circuit. This means an electric
cell develops an electric potential when connected. In a circuit it is an electric cell that
makes the electrons flow through the wire. Hence the current flows through the electric
wire.

Potential difference and units of Electric current: SI unit of potential difference is Volt.
The SI unit of electric current is Ampere.
Let’s practice :
Q. 1.Identify the type of cell given in the figure.

____________________________________________________________________

Q.2. What type of arrangement of connecting cells is observed in a torch?

____________________________________________________________________

Q.3. In the following connection of electric cells, name the following parts. Flow of
electrons, positive terminal, negative terminal.
Q. 4. Write true or false.
1. The Electric potential of a positive terminal is less.
______________________________________________________________________

2. The unit of electric current is Volt.

______________________________________________________________________

Q.5. Name the different types of electric cells at your home.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Link for more study :

https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003341516816053?contentId=do_
31307453065259417619416
 Activity Sheet : 05
Let’s Understand : Compounds, Mixtures and their types.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 06 Composition of matter.
Learning Outcomes :
1. Explain the science, nature of substances, shape and structure behind the formation
of substances in the universe.
2. Explain the different types of compounds.
3. Identify the different types of mixtures.
Let’s take a look :
Compound : A molecule of compound is formed when two or more elements come
together. The properties of compounds are completely different from those of
constituent elements. There are two types of compounds.

Changes observed after heating sugar and salt :

While heating sugar and salt. Changes observed after heating sugar and salt.
After heating the colour of sugar turns black while the colour of salt does not
change. This proves that sugar is an organic compound and salt is an inorganic
compound.

Mixture: In a mixture there are two or more constituent substances. We can separate
the constituents of a mixture.There are two types of mixtures, Homogeneous mixture
and Heterogeneous mixture.
Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture.
Components of mixture form one phase. In this the components of a mixture are
Homogeneous mixture is called as distributed into two or more phases.
Solution.
Ex..Sugar syrup, brine Mixture of soil and sugar.
The heterogeneous mixtures are of two types. Suspension and Colloidal mixture.

Let’s Practice :
Q.1 List the various mixtures normally found at our home and classify them into
suspension and colloidal solutions.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q. 2. If the mixtures are made as shown in the figure, which type of mixture is formed?
Homogeneous or heterogeneous?
Q. 3. As shown in the figure, if the camphor is heated for 5 mins, will the residue remain
in the evaporating dish? What kind of compound camphor is?

Q. 4.When the solution is kept steady for some time the particles of colloid do not get
collected at bottom but the suspended particles settle at bottom. Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Links for self study :

https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003346432016067?contentId=do_
31269799771000832015794
 Activity Sheet: 06
Let’s Understand : Matter, States of matter, Types of matter.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 06 Composition of matter.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain science behind constitution of substance,and formation of an element,
can explain structure and shape
2. Explain the States, formation, and shape of matter.
3. Identify the types of matter and classify them.
Let's take a look :
1. All the objects that we see around us are made up of the same or the other matter.
Matter occupies space and has a definite volume.
Classification of matter on the base of physical state :-
On the basis of physical state, matter is classified as Solid, liquid and Gaseous state.

Types of Elements :
Type Characteristics Example
Metals Good conductors of heat and Sodium, zinc,
electricity. They have a shiny surface, calcium
have ductility and malleability .
Non metals Bad conductors of heat and electricity. Carbon, oxygen.
They do not have a shiny surface, do hydrogen, chlorine,
not have ductility and malleability. helium etc.
Metalloids Metalloids have properties Silicon, Arsenic,
intermediate between metals and Germanium.
nonmetals.
Look like metal but have chemical
properties similar to nonmetals.
Let’s Practice :
Q.1. Make a list of substances used in your homes as solids, liquids and gaseous
substances.
Solid substances Liquid substances Gaseous substances

Q.2.The smell spreads immediately after you burn agarbatti. In this example what is
your conclusion about intermolecular force?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.3 When a candle is burning where the two states of wax are seen ?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.4. Classify the following substances into metals and non-metals.

Copper, Iron, Carbon, Aluminum, Iodine, Oxygen.
Metals : _____________________________________________________________
Nonmetals: _________________________________________________________

Links for more study :

https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003346432016067?contentId=do_
31269799771000832015794
 Activity Sheet : 07
Let’s Understand : Atomic Structure.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 05 Inside the Atom.
Learning Outcomes :
1. Try to understand discussions on scientific research and their importance.
2. Explain atomic structure.
3. Describe the different subatomic particles.
Let's take a look :

Atomic Structure: An atom is formed from the nucleus and the extra nuclear part.
These contain three types of subatomic particles.
Nucleus: The atomic nucleus is positively charged. Almost the entire mass of the atom
is concentrated in the nucleus. The nucleus contains two types of subatomic particles
together called nucleons.
Protons (P):- Proton is a positively charged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus.
The positive charge on the nucleus is due to the proton in it.
A proton is represented by the symbol “P”.
Neutrons ( n ) :- Neutron is an electrically neutral subatomic particle and is denoted by
the symbol “n”. The mass of a neutron is approximately 1 u, which is almost equal to
that of a proton.
Extranuclear part: - The extranuclear part includes electrons revolving around the
nucleus.
Electron (e-):- Electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle and is denoted by
the symbol ‘e-’. Each electron carries one unit of negative charge. (- 1 e).Mass of
electrons is negligible.
Distribution of electrons: - As per Bohr’s Atomic model, electrons revolve in stable
shells. These shells have definite energy. The shell nearest to the nucleus is called the
first shell. The next shell is called the second shell.
A symbol “n” is used for the ordinal number of shells. The shells are referred to
by the symbols K, L, M, N, .... corresponding to ordinary numbers. n = 1,2,3,4, …. The
2
maximum number of electrons a shell can contain is obtained by the formula “2n ”. As
the magnitude of n increases, the energy of an electron in that shell increases.
Let’s Practice :
Q1. A. Fill in the blanks.
1. Electron, Proton, Neutron are the types of _________________ in an atom.
Ii, An electron carries a ___________ charge.

Q1. B. Match the pairs.

‘A group’ ‘B group’

i. Proton a. Negatively charged

ii. Electron b. Neutral

Iii Neutron c. Positively charged

Q2. Write electronic configuration and valency of following elements .

i. Na - 11
ii. Cl- 17
iii. Mg- 12

Q3. Label the given diagram.

Q.4. complete the given chart.

Shell number Shell name Number of maximum electrons

1 K ________

2 ______ 8

_______ M _________

4 ______ 36

Link for more study :

https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31270648003342336016060?contentId=do_
313081002267942912111029
 State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune 30
Preparatory Bridge Course Test : 01
Class: IX Subject: Science and Technology Marks: 15
Activity Sheet : 01 to 07 Time: 30 Minutes
Note : 1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
3. This test is based on activity sheets - 01 to 07
4. Draw scientifically correct labelled diagrams.
Q. 1. Tell me who I am? (3 marks)
1. In an electric circuit, electrons in the wire flow due to me.
______________________________________________________________________
2. I make iron screws stick to the magnet.
______________________________________________________________________
3. I have characteristics of both metal and nonmetal.
______________________________________________________________________

Q. 2. Observe the following diagram and write the answers. (3 marks)

a. Identify the element. _____________

b. How many electrons are there ? _____________
c. Name the second shell of the atom. _____________
d. How many electrons are there in this shell ? _____________

Q.3. Which type of mixture is Lemon sherbet? Write down the components in it.
(3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Q. 4. Identify the odd term. (2 marks)

i. Salt, baking soda, camphor, blue vitriol. ________________
ii. Sodium, zinc, chlorine, calcium. ________________
Q.5 Complete the table. (2 marks)
Sr. No. Example Type of Inertia
1 If we stop pedaling then also the
Cycle remains in motion,
2 The stone does not change its position.

Q.6. The following diagram shows the experiment of pressure exerted on an

object. What will you conclude from this experiment? (2 marks)
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

***
 Activity Sheet : 08
Let’s Understand : Molecular formula and valency.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 06 Composition of matter.
Learning Outcomes :
i. Explains and writes the molecular formula of a compound.
ii. Knows the constituent elements in a given molecular formula.
iii. Tells the valencies of constituent elements in a given molecular formula.
Let’s take a look :
Molecular Formula: Molecular formula indicates the number of atoms of each of the
constituent elements present in one molecule of a compound.
A Molecular formula includes the information regarding the symbols of all the
constituent elements and their respective number as subscripts.

Following are the things that we know from the molecular formula:
We know How to do ? Ex. 1. CH4 Ex.2. NH3
I. Constituent Symbols from C- Carbon N- Nitrogen
elements. molecular H- Hydrogen H- Hydrogen
formulae
Number of atoms Constituent C has no N has no
of constituent element and their subscription; it subscription; it
elements subscripts means there is 1 means there is 1
atom and H has 4 atom and H has 3
atoms. atoms.
Valency of Cross CH4 – valency of C is NH3 - valency of N is
constituent multiplication 4 and that of H is 1. 3 and that of H is 1.
element
Number of bonds Number of bonds Valency of carbon is Valency of N is 3 so,
formed formed are equal 4 so, C has formed 4 N has formed 3
to the valency of chemical bonds, chemical bonds,
the constituent whereas valency of H whereas valency of H
element. is 1 so H has formed 1 is 1 so H has formed
bond. 1 bond.

Valency : Atoms of constituent elements are connected to each other by chemical

bonds. The ability of joining to another atom with a chemical bond is called valency of
that atom.
Let’s Practice :
Q.1 Write the steps to form the molecular formula of following compounds.
i. Sodium sulphate
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
ii. Potassium nitrate
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
iii. calcium oxide
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.2 Valency of carbon is 4 and valency of oxygen is 2. Write the molecule of carbon
dioxide.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Write down 3 examples of elements each having valency 1 and 2 .

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 09
Let’s Understand : Ionic bond, Covalent bond.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 13 Chemical change and Chemical bond.
Learning Outcomes :
1. The science behind structure and formation of an element, can explain structure
and shape.
2. Identify the type of chemical bond.
3. Identify the type of bond in the compound.
Let’s take a look :
Chemical Bonds :
The attraction which binds two or more atoms together is called a chemical bond.
Chemical bonds can be formed either by sharing electrons or by transferring electrons.
Depending on this, there are two types of chemical bonds .
i. Ionic bond: It is formed between two metals and non-metals by transferring
the Electrons.

Electrons are exchanged between sodium and chlorine to complete the octave.
By giving an electron of M orbit in sodium atom to chlorine its L orbit becomes the
outermost orbit. There are 8 electrons in that orbit. By the reduction of electrons it
becomes a + ion. Similarly on the receiving of an electron of chlorine atom there are 8
electrons in its outermost orbit. With the increase of electrons it becomes a - ion. Both
these atoms get stability.
Because of the electrostatic force of attraction these opposite ions are attracted
to each other and chemical bonds are formed between them.

ii. Covalent bond: This bond is formed by sharing valence electrons of two atoms
with each other. For ex. Hydrogen.
 Hydrogen has 1 electron in its K- shell and the duplate is short of one electron,
therefore the valency of hydrogen is 1.as a result, electron duplet of both is complete, by
sharing of electrons.
Depending on how much pairs of electrons are shared there are three types of covalent
bonds -
Single bond: sharing of 2 e or one pair of electrons.
Double bond: sharing of 4 e or two pairs of electrons.
Triple Bond: sharing of 6 e or three pairs of electrons. For Ex. Nitrogen.

Let’s Practice :
Q.1 Name the types of chemical bonds.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.2. Name the types of covalent bonds.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Which type of bond is formed in the following diagram ?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Q.4. Which type of bond is formed in the following diagram?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q.5. When + ion is formed whether electrons are shared or transferred ?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 10
Let’s Understand : Classification of living organisms and their characteristics.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 01 Living world and classification of Microbes.
Learning Outcomes :
1. Understands the classification of living organisms on the basis of their
properties, structure and functions.
2.Classifies the living organisms.
Let’s take a look :
Biodiversity and need of classification
Around 87 million species of living organisms are found on the earth – including
land and sea. To study such a vast number, it was essential to divide them into groups.
So groups and subgroups were created considering the similarities and differences
among the living organisms. This process of dividing the living organism into groups
and subgroups is called biological classification.
Robert Harding Whittaker (1920-1980) was an American Ecologist. In 1969 he
divided living organisms into 5 groups.

Kingdom 1: Monera - Characteristics

1) All the organisms are unicellular.
2) They may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
3) These are prokaryotic cells without distinct nucleus or cell organelles.
4) Eg. All types of bacteria and blue green algae.
Kingdom 2: Protista – Characteristics
1) Protista is single celled organisms with well-defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear
membrane.
2) They have pseudopodia or hair like cilia or whip like flagella for locomotion.
3) Autotrophs –eg. Euglena, Volvox contain chloroplast.
Heterotrophs –eg. Amoeba, Paramecium.
Kingdom 3 : Fungi- Characteristics
1) These are non-green, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms.
2) Most of them are saprotrophs. They feed on decaying organic matter.
3) Their cell wall is made up of tough and complex sugar called ‘Chitin’.
4) Some fungi are thread-like and many nuclei are present in the cytoplasm.
5) Examples- Baker’s yeast, Aspergillus (Fungus on corn), Penicillium, Mushrooms.
Let’s Practice :
1. Write the characteristics of the animals in the kingdom fungi.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Which living organisms are included in the kingdom Monera ?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Match the pairs.
Column A Column B
1. Protista a) Without distinct nucleus
2. Monera b) Saprotrophs
3. Fungi c) Well defined nucleus
4. State whether the following statements are true or false.
a) Organ of locomotion in amoeba is pseudopodia. ____________
b) All the organisms in kingdom Monera are multicellular ____________
5. Write the name of the organism given below.

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 Activity Sheet : 11
Let’s Understand : Classification of living organisms and their characteristics.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 01 Living world and classification of Microbes.
Learning Outcomes :
1. Understand the classification of living organisms on the basis of their properties,
structure and functions.
2. Describe the characteristics of Microorganisms.
Let’s take a look :
Classification of Microbes:
Among the living organisms, microorganisms are largest in number. Hence they are
classified as follows.

Bacteria (size- 1 µm to 10 µm) Unicellular, independent / parasitic organisms. Bacterial

cell is prokaryotic with cell wall, but distinct nucleus or cell organelles are absent. They
reproduce by simple binary fission.

Protozoa (size- approx. 200 µm)

Protozoans are found in soil, fresh water and sea water. Some are found in the
body of other organisms and are pathogenic. These organisms reproduce by simple cell
division.

Paramoecium Entamoeba Plasmodium

Fungi (size - approx. 10 µm to 100 µm)
These are found on decaying organic matter and dead
bodies of plants and animals. They reproduce sexually and
asexually by cell division or by budding.

Saccharomyces
Algae - (size approx.10 µm to 100 µm) They are aquatic.
Eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic organisms.
Photosynthesis is carried out with the help of chloroplast
present in the cell.
Chlorella

Virus - (size approx. 10 nm to 100 nm) Viruses cause many

diseases to plants and animals.

Let’s Practice :
1. Write the names of diseases caused by microorganisms.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a) Plasmodium causes dysentery.
____________________________________________________________________

b) Tomato wilt is a bacterial disease.

____________________________________________________________________

3. Match the pairs.

Column ‘A’ Answers Column ‘B’

1. Viruses _______________ A. 10 µm to 100 µm
2. Algae _______________ B. 1 µm to 10 µm
3. Bacteria _______________ C. 10 nm to 100 nm

4. Arrange the following in ascending order of size.

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Algae.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Write the Classification of microbes given below.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

6. Which of the following is a photosynthetic microorganism ?

Chlorella, Saccharomyces, Tomato wilt virus
______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 12
Let’s Understand : Ecosystem, types of ecosystems, reasons for diminishment of
ecosystems
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 18 Ecosystems
Learning Outcomes :
1. Explains the structure of the ecosystem as well as identifies the various
components of the ecosystem.
2. Makes efforts to conserve the environment, For eg. using resources judiciously.
3. Tells the reasons for diminishment of ecosystems.
Let’s take a look :
Living organisms and their habitat, environment are correlated with each other.
The structure formed due to these reciprocal relationships is called an ecosystem.
Biotic and abiotic factors and their interactions form an ecosystem.
Living organisms need biotic as well as abiotic factors. Plants, animals, microbes are
biotic factors and Soil, sunlight, temperature etc. are abiotic factors.
Interactions among the factors of an ecosystem are as follows

In the ecosystem, plants produce food so they are called producers. Other living
organisms depend on them. So they are called consumers. Primary, secondary, tertiary
are the types of consumers. Decomposition of dead bodies is done by decomposers.
You will notice the types of ecosystems from the observation of the figure and
the chart given below. Also write the names of different living organisms in the chart
and complete it.
1. Grassland Ecosystem

Producers Primary Secondary Tertiary Decomposers

consumers consumers consumer

Grass Cow Wolf Lion Aspergillus

2. Forest Ecosystems

Producers Primary Secondary Tertiary Decomposers

consumers consumers consumer

Teak Grasshopper Lizard Tiger Aspergillus

3. Aquatic ecosystems
 Producers Primary Secondary Tertiary Decomposers
consumers consumers consumer

Aquatic plants Snails small fishes Large fishes Fungi

Diminishment of ecosystems : Ecosystems that were in good condition a few years ago
are diminished due to many human activities and interference in nature. For eg.
Increased population, increased urbanization, industrialization, increased traffic and
tourism. These human activities are responsible for diminishment of ecosystems.

Let’s Practice :
Q 1. Answer the following.
1. Write the names of ecosystems found in your village or surrounding area.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. List the Producers and Primary consumers that are found in the farmland/field.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q 2. Classify the given living organisms as primary consumers, secondary consumers,

tertiary consumers and decomposers.

Name of living Type of consumer Name of living Type of consumer

organism /Nutrition level organism /Nutrition level

Heron Rabbit

Frog Birds

Snails Fungi
Q 3. Observe the following picture and answer the questions.

1. Write the name of the ecosystem observed in the given picture.

____________________________________________________________________

2. Write the effects of the diminishment of an ecosystem observed in the given figure.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. What will you do to prevent the diminishment of such a system ?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q 4. Observe the following figure and answer the questions .

1. Write the names of biotic and abiotic factors observed in the pictures.
Biotic factors:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Abiotic factors:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.Carefully observe the given diagram and draw a food chain for the same.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 13
Let’s Understand : Various types of disease.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 02 Health and diseases
Learning Outcomes :
1. Understands the useful and harmful microorganisms on the basis of their
properties, structure and functions.
2. Classifies various diseases that occur in humans.
3. Tells the symptoms of diseases.
Let’s take a look :
Health - Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-beingness and
not merely the absence of any disease.
What is a disease ?
Condition of disturbances in physiological or psychological processes of the body
is called disease. Each disease has its own specific symptoms.

A. Infectious diseases : Diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food or

vectors (insects and other animals) are called infectious diseases.

Some important diseases of present days :

Dengue – Dengue is spread by a species of mosquito Aedes aegypti. This disease is
caused by DEN-1-4 virus belonging to the type- flavivirus

Swine Flu : Reasons of infection -

Infection for swine flu occurs through pigs and humans. Viruses of swine flu are spread
through secretions of nose, throat and saliva.

AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome) :

This disease is caused in humans by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). In this
disease, victims suffer from various diseases due to progressive weakening of natural
immunity.
Infections through Animals :
Rabies: This is a viral disease. It occurs due to bite of infected dogs, rabbits, monkeys,
cats etc. Virus enters the brain via neurons.

Let’s Practice :
1. Write the names of diseases found in your area during the rainy season.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Enlist the various media responsible for the spread of infectious diseases.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. With the help of the internet gather the information regarding chickenpox such as
cause, symptoms and treatment.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Where do you see the water-logged materials shown in the picture and which
hazards can happen due to this ?
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 14
Let’s Understand : Use of Medicines and Lifestyle
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 02 Health and diseases
Learning Outcomes :
1. Understands phenomena that occur due to harmful microorganisms based on
characteristics, structure and function.
2. Explains the side effects of misuse of medicines on the human body.

Let's take a look :

Misuse of medicine : Sometimes, some people take medicines without a prescription
from a doctor. Overdose of medicines may affect our body. ex. overdose of painkillers
may damage nervous system, excretory system, liver. Overdose of antibiotics may lead
to nausea, stomach ache, dysentery, rashes, white
patches on tongue etc.

Generic medicines : Generic medicines are also known as

general medicines. These are manufactured and
distributed without any patent. These medicines are at
par in quality with branded medicines.

Lifestyle and disease: Nowadays because of changing lifestyles, people are getting sick
frequently.To avoid this people should follow the right lifestyle. It must include
sufficient sleep, a balanced diet, yoga asanas, pranayama and physical exercise.

Vaccination : vaccination is an important way to prevent infectious disease.

Let's Practice :
Q.1 Answer the following questions.
1. Write the names of non-infectious diseases you know.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. List the names of generic medicines from the nearby medical store.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. Collect the information about modern methods of diagnosis and treatments with the
help of the internet.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Write down what measures you are taking to protect yourself in the current
pandemic of corona.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune 30
Preparatory Bridge Course Test: 02
Class: IX Subject: Science and Technology Marks: 15
Activity sheets : 08 to 15 Time: 30 Mins
Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. The numbers in brackets on the right indicate marks.
3. Draw neat and labeled diagrams wherever necessary.
Q.1 Answer the following questions. (3 marks)

A. Draw the diagram showing the electronic configuration of the element oxygen (O=8).
B. Write the name of the ecosystem shown in the
picture.
C. Name the two primary consumers of this
ecosystem shown in the figure.

Q.2 Answer in one sentence. (2 marks)

1. Write following organisms in ascending order as per their size.
Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, Algae
2) How is the covalent bond formed?

Q.3 Read the paragraph and write the answers to the questions. (2 marks)
Rajiv is a six year-old boy who lives in a village with his family. His father works
in a factory. The father has been coughing for more than two weeks and is now bleeding
in his sputum and also has lost weight.
1) Which disease Rajiv’s father may have ?
2) What will you do to help Rajiv’s parents in such a situation?

Q.4 Complete the food-chain. (1 mark)

Grass Grasshopper

Q.5 What will happen ? (1 mark)

1. Yogurt or Buttermilk is kept in copper or brass vessels.

Q.6 Write the steps involved in the formation of a Magnesium Chloride molecule.
(2 marks)
Q.7 Classify the following organisms in groups Protozoa and Fungi. (2 marks)
Penicillium, Amoeba, Paramecium, Agaricus

Protozoa Fungi

Q.8 Look at the picture and write the effect of this incident on the environment.
(2 marks)

* * *
 Activity Sheet : 15
Let’s Understand : Environmental Management
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 08 Environmental Management
Learning Outcomes :
1. Correlates processes and events to actions
2. Learn about environmental pollution.
3. Strives to protect the environment.
Let’s take a look :
Pollution, Pollutants, Air pollution.
Pollution: We see and experience many things happening
around us.one of the most important of these is pollution.
Contamination of the natural environment that will be
harmful to the ecosystem is called pollution. Pollution is
everywhere around us.
Pollutants:
Factors affecting natural functions of the ecosystem and
causing harmful effects on abiotic and biotic factors are called
pollutants.

Various problems in Environment:

Air Pollution: Contamination of air by harmful substances like poisonous gas, smoke,
particulate matter, microbes etc.is called air pollution.

Reasons of air pollution:

Natural reasons Man Made reasons
1. Volcanic eruption: Solid, liquid and 1. Fuel:-Burning of fuel like coal, timber,
gaseous materials emerge through LPG, kerosene, diesel, petrol, releases
eruption. Ex. Hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide etc. are
ammonium chloride hydrogen, vapours, released in air.
dust etc.
2. Earthquake : Poisonous gases and 2. Industrialization:-Smoke released in
water vapors from inside of earth are large quantities from various factories.
released into air. sulphur powder, nitrogen oxide mixed
with air.
 Volcanic eruption Forest fires
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Let’s Practice :
1. Write three examples of air pollution observed in your surroundings.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Suggest any four measures to prevent air pollution.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. Write down any four natural reasons for air pollution.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Encircle the man made reasons for pollution from the following.
Forest fire, burning of Fuel, Volcanic eruption, Industrialization, earthquakes,
atomic blasts.

5. What type of air pollution is observed in the following figures?

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 Activity Sheet : 16
Let’s Understand : Reflection of Light, angle of incidence, angle of refraction.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 16 Reflection Of Light.
Learning Outcomes :
1. Correlate processes and events to each other
2. Explain the concept of lLight.
3. Explain the types of reflection of light..
4. Explain the different types of reflections in daily life.
5. Measure the angle of reflection and angle of incidence.Make models using the
materials available around them and explain their functions.

Let's take a look :

Reflection of Light : When light rays fall on the object their direction changes and they
turn back. This is called reflection of light. The light entering our eyes may be emitted
by the object or reflected Surrounding objects. Objects are visible only due to this
phenomenon.

Incident rays: The rays falling on any surface are called incident rays.

Reflected rays – The rays going away to the surface after reflection are called reflected
rays.

Point of incidence - The point at which an incident ray falls is called the point of
incidence.
Normal – The perpendicular drawn at the point of incidence is called normal.
Laws of reflection:
1. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal are lie in the same plane.
3. The incident ray and the reflected ray are on the opposite side of the normal.
Let’s Practice :

1 Which property of the light is responsible for the change in the path of light produced
by the torch, in figure below.

2 Filling the blanks in the table below.

Sr. No. Measure of Angle of incidence Measure of Angle of reflection
0
1 30
0
2 45
0
3 60

3. Who am I?
1. I get reflected from the surface of the object and enter your eyes due to which the
object is visible to you.
______________________________________________________________________

2. I can be seen in the water or mirror, but I am not real.

______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 17
Let’s Understand : Regular reflection, irregular reflection, reflection of reflected light.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 16 Reflection of Light.
Learning Outcomes :
1. Correlate processes and events to each other
2. Explain the types of reflection.
3. Name the instruments based on the concept-reflection of light. Measure the angle of
reflection and angle of incidence. Replicate using the materials available around them
and explain their functions.

Types of reflections of light.

1. Regular reflection:
The reflection of light from the
plane and smooth surface is called
regular reflection. for regular reflection,
the incident rays as well as o reflected
rays are all parallel .

2. Irregular reflection
Reflection of light from rough
surfaces is called irregular reflection. On
the rough surface all incident rays are
parallel, but rays reflected from rough
surfaces are not parallel.

Reflection of reflected light : Light falling

on the surface of an object gets reflected several times.it is called as reflection of
reflected light. Ex. Image of moon in the water.

Tools based on the principle of reflection of reflected light, are as follows:

Let’s Practice :
1. How many times the light gets reflected to see the moon, in the following figure?

2. Make the model: Collect the information about Kaleidoscope and Periscope and
make the models by using waste materials.

3 Who am I?
1. Light gets reflected several times inside me and forms various designs.

______________________________________________________________________

2. I am used in submarines to see objects above the surface of water.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4 Answer the following question.

1. Which device is used in the defense section for protection , based on the property of
reflection of reflected light?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. Write true or false.

1. The moon light is the reflection of reflected light ______________________
2. All the rays reflected from the rough surface are parallel to each other.___________
6. Draw the figure showing both incident ray and reflected ray with the help of a
compass. Also find the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Activity Sheet : 18
Let’s Understand : Sound, production of sound, compression, rarefaction, and
medium for propagation of sound.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 15 Sound
Learning Outcomes :
1. Explains the process of production and propagation of sound.
2. Explains the different terms related to sound.
3. Explains different frequencies of sound.
Let’s take a look :
Production of sound - Sound can be generated from a vibrating object. Propagation of
sound takes place through compression and rarefaction.If during the vibration, the
prongs of the tuning fork go away from each other, compressions of air are produced,
and when the prongs of the tuning fork come closer to each other , rarefactions of air
are produced.

Compression – The region in which air is at high

pressure and high density is called compression.

Rarefaction - The region in which air is at low

pressure and low density is called rarefaction, but
for production of sound waves the object must be
set in vibration. Also for the propagation any
medium like air, water etc. is needed .

Frequency: Number of cycles(C-R-C) are produced in the air ( or the medium) per
second is called frequency of the sound wave. The frequency is measured in Hertz(Hz).
The frequencies of different notes are given below.

Note Frequency (Hz)

sa 256

re 280

ga 312

ma 346

pa 384

dh 426

ni 480
Let’s Practice :
Q.1. What is formed by compression and rarefaction?
______________________________________________________________________

Q.2. Show the region of compression and rarefaction in the following diagram.

Q.3. Write true or false.

1). Sound can be produced without vibrations.
______________________________________________________________________

2). in the object in 1 sec. there are 100 vibrations, then the total number of
compressions and rarefactions are also 100.
______________________________________________________________________

3). Medium is not necessary for the propagation of sound.

______________________________________________________________________

4) In compressions the density of air is high.

______________________________________________________________________

Q.4). Do it and Explain.

Take two steel scales, one long and one short and place them between two wooden
planks so that most of them remain in the air. Now vibrate them with equal pressure on
both scales. Count which scale frequency is higher, on the second hand of a watch.

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
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 Activity Sheet : 19
Let's Understand : Natural Materials, man-made Materials, decomposable Materials,
non-decomposable Materials, the Bad effects of man-made Materials on the
environment and human life.
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 17 Man-made Materials
Learning Outcomes :
1. Connect processes and events to each other.
2. Explain the difference between natural and man-made Materials based on
structure and function.
3. Make a model from material available around us and explain its structure and
function.
Let's take a look :
Degradable substances:
Decomposition means separation. Some substances naturally decompose, they
are called decomposable substances. Ex: (The following example is for explanation only)
The dissolution of glucose or sugar - the separation of the constituents from which
sugar is made is called the dissolution of sugar.
C6H12O6 - -Dissolution → C + H + O
Sugar Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Such separated carbon, hydrogen, and simple substances like oxygen are reused by
plants, animals, or microorganisms. Remember! All natural substances are
decomposable.

Non-degradable substances :
Some substances do not decompose naturally, they are called Non degradable
Materials. Since man-made Materials such as plastics, glass, thermocol, etc., do not
decompose naturally, they accumulate in the environment as they fall and accumulate
in the environment, making them hazardous to plants and animals.
It takes thousands of years for manmade materials like plastics, thermocol to
decompose. When it burns, it releases highly toxic gases. Lying on the ground causes
soil pollution. Styrene, a highly lethal substance in thermocol, can cause leukemia and
lymphoma in people who come in contact with thermocol. Diseases of the eyes,
respiratory system, skin, digestive system are likely to occur. Pregnant women are at
risk of miscarriage as well as skin burns due to liquid styrene. Pieces of glass go into the
reservoir and adversely affect the habitat there.
Let’s Practice :
1 Observe the following pictures. Classify the objects in the pictures as follows.

Natural Materials Man Made Materials

2 Make a list of natural and manmade items in your home.

______________________________________________________________________

3. Choose one item from each of the groups given below for environmental protection.
A) Paper bags, cloth bags, plastic bags.
______________________________________________________________________

B) Metal glass, thermocol glass, plastic glass.

______________________________________________________________________

4. Identify a different word.

A) Paper, coconut, cotton rope, polythene bag.
______________________________________________________________________

B) Wood, glass, plastic, thermocol

______________________________________________________________________

Link for more study :

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30993218252636161563
 Activity Sheet : 20
Let's Understand : Cell organelles and transport
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 10 Cells and Cell Organelles
Learning Outcomes :
1. Observe the structure of plants and animals cells and understand their functions.
2. Conduct experiments on how material is transported in cells.
3. Explain the various processes in cells.
Let's take a look :

Parts of cells - cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm

1. Cell wall - Cell wall is an elastic and strong coat around the cell membrane. It is
mainly composed of carbohydrates like cellulose and pectin. Afterwards, polymers like
lignin, suberin, cutin are added to the cell wall as per need. Functions of the cell wall are
to support and to protect the cell by preventing entry of excess water in the cell.

2. Plasma membrane/cell membrane - It is a thin, fragile and elastic covering that

separates the cell components from the outer environment.

3. Cytoplasm - The fluid between the membrane and the nucleus is called cytoplasm. It
contains many scattered cells. Cellulite is the medium through which chemical
reactions take place in a cell.

4. Cell Organelles - There are nuclei, Mitochondria , endothelium, vacuoles, golgi

complex , chloroplasts.

Activities that consume cellular energy

1. Endocytosis - To gulp/engulf food and other substances from the outer environment.
2. Exocytosis - To excrete waste materials out of the cell.
Processes that don’t consume cellular energy
Osmosis - The travelling of water from a part with more water to a part with less water,
through a selectively permeable membrane is osmosis.It is a physical process with 3
possibilities.

a. Isotonic solution - Medium outside and inside the cell has the same proportion of
water, water doesn't go in or out.

b. Hypotonic solution - The cell has less water than the outside medium, so water
enters the cell. This is called endocytosis. Eg. If raisins are kept in water, after
sometime they swell and become turgid.

c.Hypertonic solution:The cell has more water than the outside medium so water comes
out of the cell.

Let’s Practice :
1. State whether the following diagram is of the plant cell or the animal cell. Label the
given parts.

2. ‘Try this’, write down the type of osmosis that occurs when raisins are soaked in
water.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Match the pairs.
Group A Group B.
1. Cell Wall a. Selective diaphragm
2. Cell Membrane b. The viscous and fluid in the cell
3. Cytoplasm a. Supports the cell.

4. Write the principle behind the exchange of gases in the lungs during respiration.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Link for more study:

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3130829405673717761206
 Activity Sheet : 21
Let’s Understand : Properties of stars, formation of stars, stability of stars, evolution
of stars, final state of stars
Reference : Std. VIII, Chapter 19 Life Cycle of Stars
Learning Outcomes : Explain the creation of the universe and human progress in
space technology.
Let's take a look :
Our solar system is contained in a galaxy. The galaxy contains billions of stars, their
planets, and clusters of interstellar clouds. This universe is made up of many galaxies.
Astronomers learn about the universe by studying telescopic observations.
Properties of stars : Sun is an ordinary star. Huge sphere of air. Hydrogen makes up for
72% of the mass of the Sun while helium is 26%. The rest 2% is made up of elements
heavier than helium.
Properties of the Sun : The mass of the Sun is about 3.3 lakh times that of the Earth
and its radius is 100 times greater than that of the Earth.

Birth of stars : Due to some disturbance, these clouds start contracting. Because of the
contraction, their density starts increasing and their temperature also starts to increase
and a dense sphere of hot gas is formed from the cloud. Once the temperature and
density at the centre of the sphere increase sufficiently, nuclear energy (energy
generated through fusion of atomic nuclei) generation starts there. Because of this
energy generation, the gas sphere becomes self-luminous and a star is formed or we
can say that a star is born.
Stability of stars : The gravitational force between the gas particles of the star keeps
these particles together. A star is stable if it has a balance between the force of gravity
and the pressure of the hot air in the star working against it.

Stability of stars
Evolution Of Stars : change in its properties with time resulting in its passing through
different stages. The reason for the evolution of stars is that the fuel in their center
burns and its effects are reduced.

End stages of stars : As the energy production in the stars stops, the temperature
decreases and the pressure of the air decreases, so it shrinks and increases in density.
These pressures remain constant even after the energy production has completely
stopped and the temperature has dropped. Therefore, the stability of the star is
maintained and it becomes the final state of the star.

Lets Practice :
1) Write the appropriate word in place of the blank.
1. Our solar system is included in _______________.
2. Our galaxy is shaped like ____________________.
3. The force in the gas particles of a star _________ acts to hold the particles
together.
2) Arrange the stages of the evolution of stars correctly.
1) The gas mantle of the stars is removed 2) The inner part is compressed
3) Proliferation occurs. 4) The stars explode.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3) Arrange the stages of star formation in the correct order.

1) Temperature and density increase 2) Atomic energy generation begins.
3) The sphere of air is self-illuminated. 4) A ball of hot air is formed.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4) Write the result: If the sun disappears

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Link for more study :

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1269799974056755212076
 State Council of Educational Research and Training, Maharashtra, Pune 30
Preparatory Bridge Course Test : 03
Class: IX Subject: Science and Technology Marks: 30
Activity sheets : 01 to 21 Time: 1 hour
Instructions :
1. It is compulsory to solve all questions.
2. Numbers in brackets at right indicate marks.
3. Wherever necessary draw a neat and labelled diagram.
4. For multiple choice questions write only option numbers.
Q. 1 A) Complete the correlation. (2 Marks)
1. Amoeba : Protista :: Bacteria : _______________
2. Compass : magnetic needle :: Door bell : _________________

B) Look at the diagrams and identify the type of chemical bond present in the
given molecules. (2 Marks)

___________________ ____________________

Q.2 Give scientific reasons. (4 Marks)

1. Beautiful designs can be made using kaleidoscopes.
2. We should always cover our nose while sneezing.
Q.3 Observe the following diagram and answer the questions given below.
(4 Marks )
A. Which gaseous oxides are getting
mixed with the air?

B. Which acid will be formed in the acid

rain?

C. Explain the effects of acid rain.

D. What will you do to avoid such

pollution ?
Q.4 Complete the following flowchart. (2 Marks)

Q. 5. The naming done for the given diagram is wrong. Identify the mistake and
correct it. (3 Marks)

Q.6 Write the correct order of the process of formation of stars. (2 Marks)
1) The temperature and density increases.
2) Nuclear energy generation starts.
3)The gaseous sphere becomes self-luminous.
4) Dense sphere of hot gas is formed.

Q.7 Give two examples of each. (4 Marks)

A. Substances that can be degraded naturally.
B. Media through which the sound can pass.
Q.8 Following figure shows the types of reflection. Observe it and write the
difference between the two. (2 Marks)

Q.9 Explain what will happen. (3 Marks)

1. Overdose of painkillers is taken.
2.Current carrying wire and bulb are connected between electric cells in an electric
circuit.
3.The volcanic eruption took place .

Q.10 Observe the given diagrams and answer the following questions. (2 Marks)

A) The manmade materials are shown in the

diagram. What effects can they have on the
environment ?
B) What preventive measures can we take to avoid
the ill effects ?

* * *