Electric Cars

Team Members:-

Aditya Jain
21054010

Keerthana MS
21054011

Komal Bhalotia
21054012
 What are
Electric Cars?
 An electric car, battery electric car, or all electric car is an
automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using
only energy stored in batteries.

 Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric

cars are quieter, have no exhaust emissions, and lower emissions
overall.

 The term "electric car" typically refers specifically to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) or all-electric cars, a type of
electric vehicle (EV) that has an onboard rechargeable battery pack that can be plugged in and charged from the
electric grid, and the electricity stored on the vehicle is the only energy source that provide propulsion for the
wheels.

 The term generally refers to highway- capable automobiles, but there are also low-speed electric vehicles with
limitations in terms of weight, power and maximum speed that are allowed to travel on public roads.
Materials Used In
Electric Cars
ALUMINIUM - has been a key metal in the development of EVs. Its low density allows for the overall
vehicle weight to be reduced. This is a crucial factor for increasing the energy efficiency and thus the range of Evs.
 Steel: strength and cost
In the latest EV models, however, steel is winning out against aluminium for the body and chassis. Despite the low weight
of aluminium , its higher cost compared to steel makes it a limiting factor when bringing down the price of EVs. In its
place, advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) are being utilized for their stiffness, strength and ability to absorb energy in
the event of a crash. Due to the high strength of AHSS, the thickness of parts can be reduced, thereby keeping weight to
a minimum.

Copper: motors and chargers

Because of its good electrical conductivity copper is a major component of EVs, with the average EV containing four
times as much copper as conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. This is located primarily in the motor, where
it is required for rotor and stator windings.

 Rare earth metals: magnets for motors

Another concept for increasing the range of EVs comes from motor technology. Some EV manufacturers such as Tesla and VW have
started introducing permanent magnet motors in place of all-copper induction motors. These are more efficient and more cost-
effective than motors containing only copper coils. Neodymium magnets are used in these motors to make them more efficient and
more cost effective. Neoprene, leather and vinyl are used in making car seats.
 Battery materials
Here are the top materials used in EV batteries:
 Cobalt
 Nickel
 Manganese
 Graphite
 Silicon
 lithium
Most EV battery electrolytes are Li-ion based, meaning they use lithium to carry the charge between electrodes.

 Lithium-ion batteries - have higher energy densities than lead-acid batteries or nickel-metal hydride
batteries, so it is possible to make the battery size smaller than others while retaining the same storage capacity.
MECHANISM - Nissan's Lithium-ion battery realizes high energy density and reliability by adopting Ni-Co-Mn positive
electrode material and laminated-structure cells. The Ni-Co-Mn positive electrode material has a layered structure,
increasing battery storage capability by allowing lots of lithium ions to be stored. Laminated-structure battery cells
have a high level of cooling performance and a simple structure, saving space and reducing the overall size of the
battery pack. Due to its high durability and reliability, the battery capacity warranty guarantees 160,000 km or 8
years.
 Cathode materials

 Cobalt
Cobalt was the first material used for cathodes in Li-ion batteries and has been used in vast amounts
in recent years. Cobalt’s tight compound molecular structure makes it ideal to maintain a rapid flow of
electrons through the battery.

 Nickel
High purity nickel is needed to produce EV battery cathodes due to its extra durability. It is used in the
cathode in nickel sulfate form.
Battery manufacturers are keen to use more nickel as it is so much cheaper than cobalt.

 Manganese
High purity and high-grade manganese are often used to create the cathodes of NMC batteries
 Anode materials

 Graphite
Graphite is the most commonly used material for EV battery anodes. The process for manufacturing graphite anodes
is a time-consuming and costly one. the graphite used for the anode has to be high-quality, with a highly
crystalline structure.

 Silicon
Silicon has a number of advantages over graphite as an anode material, including the lower cost of the material
and manufacturing. Also, it can absorb and contain a much higher number of lithium ions upon charging than graphite.
This increases the efficiency of the battery

 The future of EV battery materials

Many of the main materials used in EV batteries are in short supply. Combined with the increasing numbers of electric vehicles being
developed, there is rapid innovation in the batteries used to power them. Finding materials that can be cheaply produced as well as
improving battery efficiency, durability and lowering weight are priorities for the industry.
Working of Electric Cars
 Electric cars function by plugging into a charge point and taking
electricity from the grid. We can charge an electric vehicle by plugging it
into a public charging station or into a home charger.
 They store the electricity in rechargeable batteries that power an electric
motor, which turns the wheels. Electric cars accelerate faster than
vehicles with traditional fuel engines – so they feel lighter to drive.

An electric car simply consists of three main

components – Battery, controller and electric motor.

 The base of any car is the battery. We need 300V DC to drive the AC
motor. This rating is converted to 240V AC and is sent to the motor with
the help of the converter.
 As the accelerator is pressed in different modes, the controller is
supposed to give an output power accordingly. So, variable
potentiometers are connected between the accelerator and the
controller, so that variable, but proportional power can be delivered to
the motor. the controller acts as a pulsator. It notices the value of
potentiometer and rapidly switches the proportional power to the
motor.
 Environment Friendly – The biggest and the best reason to
use an electric vehicle is that it is environment-friendly.
They do not release vicious gases that lead to air pollution
as against the fossil fuel powered cars.

 Quieter – Electric cars cut noise pollution as they have less

moving parts than a conventional vehicle. They are much
quieter when in operation. An electric car is very quiet and
very smooth compared to a petroleum-powered internal
combustion engine vehicle.
 Cheaper to operate – Electric cars are much cheaper to operate
especially in parts of the world where electricity prices are falling. It is
estimated that the cost to fuel an EV per mile is almost 25%-30% lower
than the cost of gasoline. In many parts of the world, the price of fuel
(petrol and diesel) is very high thus making electric cars a smart and
pocket-friendly choice.

 More Efficient - With being Environment Friendly, An electric car is

around three times as efficient as cars with an internal combustion
engine.

 Improved Safety – An electric car is safer to use given their lower

center of gravity which makes them much more stable on road in case
of a collision. They are even less likely to explode since there is no
combustible fuel or gas used.
Disadvantages of
Electric Cars
 Range-
Electric cars have a limited range before they run out of charge. EV infrastructure in
many countries isn’t where it needs to be in terms of supporting EVs to take long-
distance drives . Thus there is always a fear that electric vehicle will run out of
fuel.

 Temperature sensitive batteries-

Extreme heat can speed up the degradation of an EV battery pack, whereas extreme cold can negatively affect the vehicle’s
range. That results in having to be more mindful of what temperatures your EV is exposed to, as blaring heat from the sun or
frigid conditions are only going to do damage.

 Charging time-
A major drawback to EVs is how long it takes them to charge. Whereas filling your ICE vehicle’s tank with petrol takes mere
minutes, charging an EV can take much longer - 15 minutes to 48 hours - depending on which type of charger you’re using.
 Disadvantages:-
 No standard plug -
There is no universal standard when it comes to plugs, in the same way that the nozzle
on a petrol pump is the same regardless of what petrol station we visit.

 Cost –
EVs are a fair bit more expensive than ICE vehicles at the moment for a variety of
reasons:-
1) Car companies trying to recoup research and development costs.
3) costly battery packs

 NOT AS GREEN AS YOU WOULD THINK –

EvS are almost certainly better for the environment, but that doesn’t mean they’re 100
per cent carbon neutral. Unless you’re charging your car with renewable energy
generated by wind or solar, you’re likely using electricity that’s been generated in a
power plant emitting CO2, and the production of EVs also involves the releasing of
carbon emissions.
 Difference:-
ICE CARS & ELECTRIC CARS
1. Powertrain: IC engine 1. Powertrain: Motor (+ Engine)
2. High specific energy of fuel 2. Low specific energy of battery
3. Power density: High 3. Power density: Low
4. Emits greenhouse gases 4. No tailpipe emissions
5. Travels > 300 miles / fill 5. Travels < 100 miles / charge
6. Short refilling time (< 5 min.) 6. Long charging time (0.5-8 hr.)
7. Fuel tank takes less space 7. Battery takes large space
8. Fuel weight is very less 8. Batteries are very heavy
9. Higher maintenance costs 9. Lesser maintenance costs
10. Braking energy not recovered 10. Can recover braking energy
11. Running cost: high 11. Running cost: low
12. Engine efficiency: ~ 30% 12. Motor efficiency: ~ 80%
13. Needs complex gear system 13. Needs only one gear
14. Noisy operation 14. Quiet operation
15. Ample refilling infrastructure 15. Lacks charging infrastructure
16. Need to pick up some speed 16. Produce maximum torque
17. Uses only hydrocarbons 17. Uses electricity from many