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17 views5 pages

Bbee103 Mod5@Azdocuments - in

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manyagowda1826
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Basic Electronics_22BEE13_Module5

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION:
Communication refers to the transmission of information from one place to the other.
ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
Figure shows the generic block diagram of a communication system. Any communication
system will have five blocks, including the information source and destination blocks.

Fig: Basic block diagram of communication system


Information source
 The various massage is the form of words, group of word, code, symbol, sound signal
etc. However, out of these message is selected & communicated.
 It is used to produce required message which has to be transmitted.
Transmitter
 The main function of transmitter is to process the electric signal from different aspects.
 Modulation of massage is done to transmit signal over long distance.
Channel & Noise
 The main function of channel is the medium though which the message travel from the
transmitter to receiver.
 The point to point (wired) or broadcast channel (wireless) are used as a medium.
Noise
 It is an unwanted signal which disturbs wanted signal (message).
Receiver
 The main function of receiver to reproduce the massage signal is electrical form from
the distorted received signal.

Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.


Basic Electronics_22BEE13_Module5

Block diagram of typical radio transmitter:


 The objective of the transmitter block is to collect the incoming message signal and
modify it in a suitable fashion (if needed), such that, it can be transmitted via channel
to the receiving point.
 Channel is a physical medium which connects the transmitter block with the receiver
block. The functionality of the transmitter block is mainly decided by the type or nature
of the channel chosen for communication.
 For instance, if you are talking to your friend sitting in the next room via intercom
service then the speech signal collected from your handset need not go through the
sequence of steps needed when your friend is far off and you are reaching him/her over
the mobile phone. This is because, in the first case the channel is a simple copper wire
connecting your handset with your friend's hand set, whereas in the second case it is the
free atmosphere.

Fig: Block diagram of typical radio transmitter


 The block diagram of typical radio transmitter is shown in Fig. This transmitter block
involves several operations like amplification, generation of high-frequency carrier
signal, modulation and then radiation of the modulated signal.
 The amplification process essentially involves amplifying the signal amplitude values
and also adding required power levels. The high-frequency signal is essential for
carrying out an important operation called modulation. This high-frequency signal is
more commonly termed carrier and is generated by a stable oscillator.
 The carrier signal is characterized by the three parameters amplitude, frequency and
phase. The modulation process involves varying one of these three parameters in
accordance with the variation of the message signal. Accordingly we have amplitude
modulation, frequency modulation and phase modulation.

Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.


Basic Electronics_22BEE13_Module5

 The modulated signal from the modulator is transmitted or radiated into the atmosphere
using an antenna as the transducer. Which converts the signal energy in guided wave
form to free space electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
Block diagram of an AM super heterodyne receiver:
 The receiver block receives the incoming modified version of the message signal from
the channel and processes it to recreate the original form of the message signal.
 There are a great variety of receivers in communication systems, depending on the
processing required to recreate the original message signal. Most of the receivers do
conform broadly to the super heterodyne type, as does the simple broadcast receiver
whose block diagram is shown in Fig.

Fig: Block diagram of an AM super heterodyne receiver.


 The super heterodyne receiver includes processing steps like reception, Amplification,
mixing, demodulation and recreation of message signal.
 Among the different processing steps, demodulation is the most important one which
converts the message signal available in the modified form to the original electrical
version of the message. Thus demodulation is essentially an inverse operation of
modulation.
 RF amplifier selects the desired radio wave and enhances the strength of the wave to
the desired level.
 Mixer and local oscillator combines RF amplifier and local oscillator frequencies and
produces an intermediate frequency (IF). IF is the difference between oscillator
frequency and radio frequency.
 The Audio signals are extracted from the demodulation circuit and it is amplified by
AF amplifier.

Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.


Basic Electronics_22BEE13_Module5

MODULATION
Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in accordance with
the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. Types of modulation are AM,FM and PM.

1. Amplitude modulation (AM):


AM is defined as the modulation technique in which the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the analog modulating signal
to be transmitted.

2. Frequency Modulation:
A modulating signal may vary the frequency of the carrier keeping the amplitude and phase
constant. This type of modulation is called Frequency modulation. Broadly speaking, the
frequency modulation is the process of changing the frequency of the carrier voltage in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.

3.Phase modulation:
Phase modulation is the process in which the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is varied
in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

Need of modulation:
• Increases operating range
• Reduces size of transmitting & receiving antennas
• Permits transmission without wire
• Extremely difficult to radiate low frequency signals through earth’s atmosphere in form
of electromagnetic energy.

Noise:

Noise is an unwanted signal which interferes with the original message signal and corrupts the
parameters of the message signal. This alteration in the communication process, leads to the
message getting altered. It is most likely to be entered at the channel or the receiver.

Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.


Basic Electronics_22BEE13_Module5

Effects of Noise:

Noise is an inconvenient feature which affects the system performance. Following are the
effects of noise.

 Noise limits the operating range of the systems

Noise indirectly places a limit on the weakest signal that can be amplified by an amplifier. The
oscillator in the mixer circuit may limit its frequency because of noise. A system’s operation
depends on the operation of its circuits. Noise limits the smallest signal that a receiver is
capable of processing.

 Noise affects the sensitivity of receivers

Sensitivity is the minimum amount of input signal necessary to obtain the specified quality
output. Noise affects the sensitivity of a receiver system, which eventually affects the output.
 The noise might distract the receiver, causing them not to hear the sender's message
properly. Or it might distract the sender, making it difficult for them to communicate
the message effectively.

Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.

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