MATH 100

An overall examination ○ In other words, there is one and only

reviewer beneficial to the Senior High School one output (y) with each input (x).
students of San Pedro College
○ Usually denoted by y = f(x)
This reviewer serves as the compilation of all the
lessons discussed by different teachers of the
same subject, it also includes examples and short
activities to sharpen one’s knowledge about the
topic.
● Linear Function
If there are topics included that are not discussed,
please clarify with your subject teachers.
○ It has a degree of 1 and its graph is a
straight line.
OUTLINE ○ It has the following form:
I. Functions V. Rational y = f(x) = a + bx
A. Functions v.s Inequalities ○ It has one independent variable (x) and
Relations VI. Inverse one dependent variable (y).
B. Evaluation of Functions
Functions A. One to One ○ The domain of any linear function is
C. Piecewise Function the set of real numbers.
Functions B. Steps in No matter what real number we
II. Operations on Obtaining substitute to x, the corresponding value
Functions Inverse of a of f(x) is also a real number.
A. Addition Function
B. Subtraction C. Graphing ○ Similarly, the range of any linear
C. Multiplication Inverse function is also the set of real numbers.
D. Division Functions No matter what value we choose for
E. Function VII. Review f(x), there is always a value of x that
Composition Questions can be used to obtain the chosen value
III. Rational VIII. Validated
Functions of f(x).
A. Finding the
Domain and
Range of a
Function
IV. Rational
Equation

I. FUNCTIONS

● What is a function?
○ A set of ordered pairs of real numbers
(x,y) in which no distinct ordered pairs
have the same first number.
○ A relation in which each element of the
domain (x, the independent variable) is
paired with exactly one element of the EXAMPLE: Find the domain and range of the
range (y, the dependent variable). function f(x) = x + 1.

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 MATH 100

Solution: - Its degree is greater than 2.

Since the function is a linear function, the ●
domain is the set of real numbers. ○ If the degree of a polynomial function is
Likewise, the range is also the set of odd, then its domain and range are
real numbers. both equal to the set of real numbers.

∴, the domain of the function f(x) = x +

1 is x ∈ ℝ and the range is y ∈ ℝ.

● Nonlinear Function
○ Quadratic Function
- It has a degree of 2 and its graph is a
parabola.
- The domain of any quadratic function
is the set of real numbers. In this case,
all real numbers can be squared, so all
real numbers can be used as values of
x.
- To determine the range of the ○ Using a graph of a polynomial function
function, remember that the square of a above, if we draw a vertical line
real number is always a nonnegative anywhere on this Cartesian plane, it will
real number. For instance, (-2²) = 4, 0² always intersect the graph of the
= 0, and 2² = 4. Thus, the range is the function. This means that all real
set of all nonnegative real numbers. numbers are used as -coordinates of
Generally, the range of a quadratic points on the graph. Hence, all real
function always contains restrictions numbers are part of the domain.
like this. If y = f(x) is a quadratic Similarly, any horizontal line drawn on
function, then its range can be written in the Cartesian plane will always
either of the forms y ≥ c or y ≤ c, where intersect the graph of the function as
c is a real number.Thus, the domain of well. This implies that all real numbers
f(x) is x ∈ ℝ and the range of f(x) is y ≥ are also used as -coordinates. Thus, all
0. real numbers are part of the range.

Therefore, the domain of f(x) is x ∈ ℝ

and the range of f(x) is y ∈ ℝ. This is
the case for every polynomial function
whose degree is 3, 5, 7 or any other
odd number.

○ Polynomial Function

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 MATH 100

● There are two tests that you can do to

identify whether a relation is a function or
not— the Eye Test and the Vertical Line
Test.
○ Eye Test: To know that a relation is a
function, you just have to look for
non-repeating x-values.
● Function Notation EXAMPLES:
○ It is a way in which a function can be 1. (1,2) (3,4) (5,6) (7,8)
represented using symbols and signs. xy xy xy xy

The x-values 1,3,5, and 7 are assigned to only

one y-value (2,4,6, and 8, respectively) and
occurred just once. Therefore, this example
is a function.

2. (1,1) (1,2) (3,1) 3,2)

xy xy xy xy

A. FUNCTIONS V.S RELATIONS The x-values 1 and 3 occurred twice in this

example. Therefore, this is a relation, not a
● Relation function.
○ A relationship between two values or
between sets of information. 3. (7,-1) (-7,1) (9,-3) (-9,3)
● Function x y x y x y xy
○ A relation where each input has only
one output; a well-behaved relation, The x-values 7,-7,9, and -9 are assigned to
that is, given a starting point we know only one y-value (-1,1,-3 and 3, respectively)
exactly where to go. and occurred just once. Therefore, this
example is a function.

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 MATH 100

○ Vertical Line Test: If the given is a

graph you can use this test to identify
whether the relation is a function or not.
■ The graph is a function if it only
touches the vertical lines once. If
it touches the lines twice or
more, then it is a relation.
The graph touches the lines twice. Therefore,
EXAMPLES: it is a relation.

1. 3.

If you put vertical lines on the graph like this:

Use the vertical line test.

The graph touches the vertical lines only

once. Therefore, it is a function.
The graph touches the vertical lines
2. once. Therefore, it is a function.

B. EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS

● Evaluation of functions can be done by

substituting the given values of the
variables and simplifying the resulting
expressions.

Put vertical lines on the graph. EXAMPLE:

1. f(x) = -x + 1; Find f(-10)

Solution:
Step 1: Substitute the given values.
f(x) = -x + 1 ; x= -10
f(-10) = -(-10) + 1

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 MATH 100

Step 2: Simplify. 1
f(x) = -1 + x; x=
3
f(-10) = 10 + 1
f(-10) = 11 4 4
∴, f(-10) = 11 3 1 3
f( ) = -1 + ( )
4 4 4
2. p(x) = 3x; Find p(-6)
Step 2: Simplify.
3 3
Solution: f( ) = -1 +
4 16
Step 1: Substitute the given values. 3 13
p(x) = 3x; x= -6 f( ) =
p(-6) = 3(-6) 4 16
Step 2: Simplify. 3 13
p(-6) = -18 ∴, f( ) =
4 16
∴, p(-6) = -18
3. g(n) = n² + 3; Find g(8) C. PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS

Solution: ● What is a piecewise function?

Step 1: Substitute the given values. ○ A function with multiple pieces of
g(n) = n² + 3; n= 8 curves in its graph.
g(8)= (8)² + 3 ○ Different inputs, different definitions
(behaves differently)
Step 2: Simplify. ○ “Pieces” may be all linear, or a
g(8) = 64 + 3 combination of functional forms
g(8) = 67 (constant, linear, quadratic, cubic,
∴, g(8) = 67 square root, cube root, exponential,
etc.)
4 8
4. h(n) = n + ; Find h(-1) ○ There is no “parent function.”
3 5

Solution:
Step 1: Substitute the given values.
4 8
h(n) = n + ; n= -1
3 5
4 8
h(-1) = (-1) +
3 5

Step 2: Simplify.
−4 8
h(-1) = +
3 5
4
h(-1) =
15
4
∴, h(-1) =
15
EXAMPLE:
1 3
5. f(x) = -1 + x; Find f( ) 1. Given f(x) = { 4x + 5 if x < 2}
4 4
{ 3x - 8 if x ≥ 2}
Solution:
Step 1: Substitute the given values.

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 MATH 100

Find f(-2), f(2), and f(5). ○ The sum of two functions f(x) and g(x)
is denoted by (f + g)(x).
Solution: ○ The sum is defined as (f + g)(x) = f(x) +
1) f(-2) = 4x + 5 g(x)
= 4(-2) + 5 ○ To add functions, you have to (1) define
= -8 + 5 the function; (2) substitute the function
∴, f(-2) = -3 notations with their appropriate
polynomials; and, (3) add and combine
2) f(2) = 3x - 8 like terms.
= 3(2) - 8
=6-8 EXAMPLE:
∴, f(2) = -2 1. Given : 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 and
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 5𝑥 + 5
3) f(5) = 3x - 8 Find (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥 )
= 3(5) - 8
= 15 - 8 Solution:
∴, f(5) = 7 Step 1: By definition:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
2. A user is charged P300 monthly for a
particular mobile plan, which includes 100 Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with 3𝑥 − 2 and
free text messages. Messages in excess of 2
100 are charged P1 each. Represent the 𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 5 :
amount a consumer pays each month as a
2
function of the number of messages m sent (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 5)
in a month.
Step 3: Add and combine like terms:
Solution: (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥² − 5𝑥 + 5
Let t(m) represent the amount paid by (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 2𝑥 + 3
the consumer each month. It can be
expressed by the piecewise function: ∴, (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 2𝑥 + 3

= 300 if 0 < m < 100

t(m) = 300 + (m-100) if m > 100 2. Given f(x) = 5x - 6 and g(x) = x² - 5x +
6, find the sum of the functions.

II. OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS Solution:

Step 1: By definition:
● Functions, just like polynomials, can be (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided.
Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with (5x - 6) and
A. ADDITION 𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑥² − 5𝑥 + 6 :
(f + g)(x) = (5x - 6) + (x² - 5x + 6)
● Addition
Step 3: Add and combine like terms:

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 MATH 100

(f + g)(x) = 5x - 6 + x² - 5x + 6
(f + g)(x) = x² Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with (5x + 2) and
𝑔(𝑥) with 8 + 6x − 2x² :
∴, (f + g)(x) = x² (f + g)(x) = (5x + 2) + (8 + 6x − 2x²)

3. Find the sum of f(x) = 2x - 1 and g(x) = Step 3: Add and combine like terms:
3x + 5. (f + g)(x) = (2 + 8) + (5x + 6x) - 2x²
(f + g)(x) = 10 + 11x - 2x²
Solution: (f + g)(x) = -2x² + 11x + 10
Step 1: By definition:
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) ∴, (f + g)(x) = -2x² + 11x + 10

Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with (2x - 1) and B. SUBTRACTION

𝑔(𝑥) with 3x + 5 :
(f + g)(x) = (2x - 1) + (3x + 5) ● Subtraction
○ The difference between the two
Step 3: Add and combine like terms: functions f(x) and g(x) is denoted by
(f + g)(x) = 2x - 1 + 3x + 5 (f-g)(x).
(f + g)(x) = 5x + 4 ○ The difference is defined as
(f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x).
∴, (f + g)(x) = 5x + 4
○ To subtract functions, you have to (1)
define the function; (2) substitute the
4. Given f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 4 - 5x,
function notations with their appropriate
find (f + g)(x).
polynomials; and, (3) change the signs
of all terms in the subtrahend and
Solution:
combine like terms.
Step 1: By definition:
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the difference between the functions
Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with (3x + 2) and 2
𝑔(𝑥) with 4 - 5x : 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 5
(f + g)(x) = (3x + 2) + (4 - 5x)
Solution:
Step 3: Add and combine like terms: Step 1: By definition:
(f + g)(x) = 3x - 5x + 2 + 4 (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
(f + g)(x) = -2x + 6
Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with 3𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥)
∴, (f + g)(x) = -2x + 6 with 𝑥² − 5𝑥 + 5:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥² − 5𝑥 + 5)
5. Given the functions f(x) = 5x + 2 and
g(x) = 8 + 6x − 2x², let us find (f + g)(x). Step 3: Change the signs of all terms in the
subtrahend and combine like terms:
Solution: (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥² + 5𝑥 − 5
Step 1: By definition: (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = − 𝑥² + 8𝑥 − 7
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

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 MATH 100

Solution:
∴, (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = − 𝑥² + 8𝑥 − 7 Step 1: By definition: (𝑓𑁦𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𑁦𝑔(𝑥)
Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with 4𝑥 + 1 and 𝑡(𝑥)
5 2
2. Given : ℎ(𝑥) = 3
𝑥 − 1 and 𝑡(𝑥) = 9𝑥. with 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2
2
Find (ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥). (𝑓𑁦𝑔)(𝑥) = (4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2)

Solution: Step 3: Multiply the expressions:

Step 1: By definition:
(ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑡(𝑥) 3 2 2
(𝑓𑁦𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
5
Step 2: Substitute ℎ(𝑥) with 3
𝑥 − 1 and 𝑡(𝑥) Step 4: Simplify:
3 2
with 9𝑥 : (𝑓𑁦𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2
5
(ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥) = ( 3 𝑥 − 1) − (9𝑥)
3 2
∴, (𝑓𑁦𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2
Step 3: Change the signs of all terms in the 5
subtrahend and combine like terms: 2. Given : ℎ(𝑥) = 3
𝑥 − 1 and 𝑡(𝑥) = 9𝑥.
5
(ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 − 1 − 9𝑥 Find (ℎ · 𝑡)(𝑥).
5 27
(ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥) = 3
𝑥− 3
𝑥 −1 Solution:
(ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥) = −
22
𝑥−1 Step 1: By definition: (ℎ · 𝑡)(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥) · 𝑡(𝑥)
3 5
Step 2: Substitute ℎ(𝑥) with 3 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑡(𝑥)
∴,(ℎ − 𝑡)(𝑥) = −
22
𝑥−1 with 9𝑥
3 5
(ℎ · 𝑡)(𝑥) = ( 3 𝑥 − 1) (9𝑥)
C. MULTIPLICATION Step 3: Multiply the expressions:
45 2
(ℎ · 𝑡)(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 9𝑥
● Multiplication 3
Step 4: Simplify:
○ The product of two functions f(x) and 2
g(x) is denoted by (f∙g)(x) (ℎ · 𝑡)(𝑥) = 15𝑥 − 9𝑥
○ The product is defined as 2
(𝑓𑁦𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𑁦𝑔(𝑥) ∴, (ℎ · 𝑡)(𝑥) = 15𝑥 − 9𝑥
○ To multiply functions, you have to (1)
define the function, (2) substitute the D. DIVISION
function notations with their appropriate
polynomials; (2) multiply the ● Division
expressions by distributing the terms; ○ When you divide two such functions
and, (3) group and combine like terms. together, you get what is called a
rational expression. A rational
EXAMPLES:
expression is the division of two
1. Find the product of the functions
2 polynomials. If they divide evenly, your
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 answer will become a polynomial.

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please do clarify with your subject teachers.
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 MATH 100

○ The quotient of two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥)

=
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
𝑔(𝑥) is denoted by 𝑔(𝑥) . This quotient
is defined as: Step 4: Simplify:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
○ The denominator must not be equal to 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥+1
zero as division by 0 makes the 𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑥−1
function undefined.
○ To divide functions, you have to (1) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥+1
define the function; (2) substitute the ∴, 𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑥−1
function notations with their appropriate
polynomials; (3) factor the numerator NOTE: (1) This function is simplified; (2)
and denominator into simpler The input x= 1 is not a valid input for this
expressions; and, (4) simplify. function because x-1=0 and it will make the
EXAMPLE: function undefined.
𝑓 2
1. What is ( 𝑔 )(𝑥), if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and E. FUNCTION COMPOSITION
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1?
● Function Composition
Solution: ○ The composition of two functions f(x)
Divide the two given expressions for 𝑓(𝑥) and and g(x) is denoted by (f∘g)(x).
𝑔(𝑥). ○ This composition is defined as
(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)). We read this as “f
composed of g of x” or “f of g of x”.
○ To find the composition of functions,
you have to (1) define the function; (2)
substitute the variable x of the outside
function with the inside function; and,
2
(3) simplify.
2. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 and
2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1. Find
𝑓
(𝑥). EXAMPLES:
𝑔
1. What is (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1 and
2
Solution: 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1?
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
Step 1: By definition: 𝑔
(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
2 Solution:
Step 2: Substitute 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 and Step 1: By definition: (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
2
𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑥 − 1 Step 2: Substitute the variable x of the outside
𝑓(𝑥)
2
𝑥 +2𝑥+1 function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1, with the inside
= 2
𝑔(𝑥) 2
𝑥 −1 function, 𝑔(𝑥) =𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1:
Step 3: Factor the numerator and 2
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1
denominator into simpler expressions:

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 MATH 100

Step 3: Simplify the function: exponent of a polynomial must be an

2
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3 − 1 integer value. The denominator 𝑥 can
2 1
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2
be expressed as 𝑥 2 . Since the
2 exponent is not an integer, then the
∴, (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2
function is not rational.
2
2. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
A. FINDING THE DOMAIN AND
5𝑥 − 2. Find: (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)
RANGE OF A FUNCTION
Solution:
Step 1: By definition: (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) ● The domain of a function is the set of all
Step 2: Substitute the variable x of the outside values of the independent variable that
function, 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 2, with the inside have corresponding values of the
2
function, 𝑓(𝑥) =𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3. dependent variable . It contains all values
2 that go into the function.
(𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 5(𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3) − 2
● The range of a function is the set of all
Step 3: Simplify the function: values of y that can be obtained from the
2
(𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)= 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 15 − 2 possible values of x. It contains all possible
2 values of the function.
(𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 17

2 EXAMPLES:
∴, (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 17
1. Find the domain and range of the
function F={(-3,2),(0,1),(4,2),(5,2)}.
III. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
● Rational Function is a function of the Solution:
𝑝(𝑥) ○ If a function is expressed as a set of
form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥) , where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥)
ordered pairs, then its domain is the set
are polynomials and 𝑞(𝑥) is not equal to
of all x-coordinates, while its range is
zero.
the set of all y-coordinates. In this case,
EXAMPLE: the domain of F is {-3,0,4,5} and the
𝑥+2 range of F is {1,2}.
The function 𝑦 = 𝑥+5
is a rational
function since the numerator and the ∴, Domain: {-3,0,4,5} ; Range: {1,2}
denominator are both polynomials, and
the denominator is not equal to zero. 2. Find the domain and range of the function
2
The function 𝑦 =
3𝑥 +5
is not a f(x) = x+1.
𝑥
rational function because the Solution:
denominator is not a polynomial. The

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 MATH 100

○ Since the function is a linear function, 3

= 1,
𝑥−2
=2
𝑥−2 𝑥−1
the domain is the set of real numbers.
Likewise, the range is also the set of ● Least Common Denominator
real numbers. Therefore, the domain of Is the least common multiple of the
the function f(x) = x+1 is x ∈ ℝ and the denominators.
range is y ∈ ℝ.
EXAMPLE:
∴, Domain: x ∈ ℝ ; Range: y ∈ ℝ The LCD of the rational expressions
4 𝑥−2
2 and 2 is (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1).
𝑥 −4 𝑥 +3𝑥+2
Graph of a Rational Function
● Solution (or roots)
Values that satisfy a given rational
equation.

EXAMPLE:
The value 𝑥 = 3 is a solution of the
6
rational expression 𝑥−1 = 3.

● Extraneous Solutions
values that arrive upon solving a
rational equation but do not satisfy the
given equation.

EXAMPLE:
IV. RATIONAL EQUATION 5𝑥−10
In solving 2 = 1, 𝑥 will be equal to
𝑥 −4
● Rational Expression
2 and 3. However, 2 is an extraneous
Is a fraction whose numerator and
denominator are both polynomials. It solution since using 2 as a value of 𝑥
𝐴 makes the denominator equal to
can be written in the form 𝐵' , where 𝐴
zero; thus, the rational expression will
and 𝐵 are both polynomials, and 𝐵 ≠ 0.
be undefined.
EXAMPLES:
3 𝑥−2
2
𝑥 +1 Sample Problem:
, , 𝑥 4
𝑥−2 𝑥−1 𝑥+6 Solve 𝑥+1 = 3

● Rational Equation
Is an equation whose terms are rational Solution:
expressions. 1. Find the LCD
The denominators are x+1 and 3. Both
EXAMPLES: of these expressions are completely

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 MATH 100

factored already. Thus, the LCD of the EXAMPLE:

𝑥−2
terms of the equation is 3(x+1). The expressions ≥ 0 is a rational
𝑥+1
2. Multiply both sides of the equation by the inequality.
LCD to remove the denominators then
solve for the unknown variable. ● Critical Value (of a rational expression)
A number that makes the expression
undefined or equal to zero.

EXAMPLE:
𝑥−2
In the expression 𝑥+2
, The critical
values are 2 and -1 because 2 makes it
zero and -1 makes it undefined.
3. Verify your answer by substituting x=-4 to
the original equation. Then, simplify. Sample Problem:
2𝑥
Solve the rational inequality 𝑥+2
≥ 1
Solution:
1. Rewrite the inequality such that the
left-hand side is written as a single rational
expression and the right-hand side
becomes zero.
∴, Since it satisfies the equation, x=-4 is
the solution or root of the given equation.

V. RATIONAL INEQUALITIES
● Inequality
Shows a comparison between different
quantities or expressions using the
symbols ≠, ≤, <, ≥, or >. 2. Factor the numerator and the
denominator.
EXAMPLE: 3. Find the critical values of the rational
The expression 2𝑥 − 1 ≥ 0 shows a expression on the left-hand side of the
comparison between 2𝑥 − 1 and 0. inequality. This can be done by writing the
numerator and the denominator separately,
● Rational Inequality equating each of them to zero, and solving
Uses any of the symbols ≠, ≤, <, ≥, or
the resulting equations.
>, and contains at least one rational
expression. ● Numerator:
𝑥−2 =0
𝑥 = 2
● Denominator:

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 MATH 100

𝑥+2 =0 ● As indicated by the previous guidelines, we

𝑥 = − 2 use the critical values -2 and 2 to divide the
set of real numbers into the intervals
∴, The critical values are 2 and -2.
(− ∞, − 2), (− 2, 2], [2, ∞).
● The roots of the numerator make the
rational expression equal to 0, Thus, these 5. Construct a table of signs for the
values must be included in the final rational inequality. The top row of the table
solution set. should contain the intervals from the
● The root of the denominator, however, is previous step, while the leftmost column
not included because it will make the should contain the test point, the factors of
rational expression undefined. the numerator, and the factors of the
denominator. Add another row at the
4. Use the critical values as bounds to divide bottom for the entries that correspond to
the set of real numbers into intervals. the entire rational expression.
Remember the following guidelines:
a. The symbols − ∞ and ∞ always come
with parentheses because they cannot
possibly be included in any interval of
real numbers.
b. If the inequality involves the strict
inequality symbols >, ≠, or <, all
intervals should be enclosed in 6. To fill an entry on the table, choose a
parentheses because their endpoints convenient number from the
cannot possibly become part of a corresponding interval on top (do not
solution set. choose a critical value). Substitute this
c. If the inequality involves the non-strict number into the expression on the left,
inequality symbols ≥ or ≤, the roots of then simplify. Take the sign of the answer
the numerator should be included in you obtained (the actual value does not
their respective intervals using the matter) and write it on the table.
symbols 𝑥] or [𝑥, while the roots of the
denominator should be excluded using
the symbols 𝑥) or (𝑥.
● The number line helps you divide the set of
real numbers into intervals. Use a shaded
circle if the value is included in the solution
set and a hollow circle if not.
7. Determine the sign of the entire rational
expression for each interval by multiplying

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 MATH 100

the signs in each column. Write the

answers in the last row of the table.

8. Determine the solution set by forming 6. Determine the solution set by forming
the union of all intervals that satisfy the the union of all intervals that satisfy the
inequality. inequality
● Recall that the left-hand side of the
inequality is the rational expression in the ∴, The solution of the inequality is
bottom row of the table, and this inequality (-∞,-2) ∪ [2, ∞).
states that the rational expression is
greater than or equal to zero. This means VI. INVERSE FUNCTIONS
that our solution set consists of intervals
𝑥−2 ● Inverse Function
for which the expression is positive.
𝑥+2 Are functions which reverse or “undo”
These intervals are (-∞,-2) and [2, ∞) as another function
shown in the table A function g is the inverse function of f if
the ordered pairs of g are the ordered
∴, The solution of the inequality is (-∞,-2) pairs of f written in reversed order.
To write the inverse of a function f, we
∪ [2, ∞). use the notation f⁻¹

● Another method may be used in solving EXAMPLE:

rational inequalities. We call this the Consider the functions f and g where
method of test values. The steps 1-4 of f = {(1,2),(-3,5),(5,7)} and g =
the above mentioned method are just the {(2,1),(5,-3),(7,5)}.
same. The next steps are as follows:
The ordered pairs of g are the ordered pairs of
f written in reversed order. Hence, g is the
5. Choose a convenient test value for inverse function of f.
each interval. Substitute each of the
chosen values to the given rational NOTE: Always check the uniqueness of the
inequality and simplify. x And y coordinates.

A. ONE TO ONE FUNCTION

● A function is one-to-one if every second

element is paired to only one first element.

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 MATH 100

Moreover, a function has an inverse B. GRAPHING INVERSE FUNCTIONS

function if and only if it is one-to-one.
● Consider the function y = 3x + 1. This
EXAMPLE: function has the corresponding table of
The function {(3,4),(5,-2),(-1,-1),(4,7)} is values:
a one-to-one function since every
second element is paired to only one
first element.
● To find the inverse, we interchange the x-
and y- values in the table to come up with
a new table of values:

Figure 1. Biohazard label.

● Plot these points to get the graph of y = 3x

A. STEPS IN OBTAINING THE + 1 and its inverse:
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

● EXAMPLE:

Consider the function f(x) = 3x + 5.

1. Change f(x) to y.

2. Interchange x and y

3. Solve for y in terms of x.

● Horizontal Line Test

4. Change y from Step 3 to f⁻¹(x) ○ This is performed to verify whether a
function is one-to-one or not. If a
horizontal line drawn anywhere in the
graph intersects the graph exactly
once, then the graph is one-to-one.
−1 𝑥−5
∴, 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3
VII. REVIEW QUESTIONS
● Question 1: What is a relation where each
input has only one output?

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 MATH 100

● Question 2: What function has a degree of ● Question 14: Is 𝑦 =

𝑥+1
2 a rational
1 and its graph is a straight line? 𝑥
function?
● Question 3: What function has a degree of
2 and its graph is a parabola? ● Question 15: Solve the inequality
2
−2𝑥 + 5x + 12 ≥ 0.
● Question 4: It is a function with multiple
pieces of curves in its graph. ● Question 16: Solve the inequality
𝑥+2
𝑥−4
≥ 0
● Question 5: Evaluate the function f(x) = 2x
+ 4 if x = 5 ● Question 17: Find the range :
{(0,7),(0,8),(1,7),(1,8),(1,9),(2,10)}
● Question 6: Evaluate the function
2
● Question 18: What kind of function is the
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 if 𝑥 = 3 second element paired to only one first
element?
● Question 7: Solve (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) if
2 ● Question 19: What should we do to
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 determine if the function is a one-to-one
function?
● Question 8: Solve (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) if
2 ● Question 20: If we get the table of values
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 of a function and we want to solve for its
inverse, what should we do to the table of
● Question 9: Solve 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and
2 values?
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3
● Question 21: What notation should we use
𝑓 to solve for the inverse of a function?
● Question 10: Solve ( 𝑔 )(𝑥) if
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 ● Question 22: Find the inverse of
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 3
● Question 11: Solve (𝑓 · 𝑔)(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥
and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 ● Question 23: Find the inverse of
4𝑥+2
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 .
● Question 12: Help Doyoung crack the code
7𝑥−7
by finding the solution set of 2𝑥+1 ≤ 2. ● Question 24: What is a number that makes
the expression undefined or equal to zero?
● Question 13: Find the domain of the
function: ● Question 25: Solve for x,
3
−
1
=
12
𝑥 2 𝑥
{(− 5, 4), (0, 0), (5, − 4), (10, − 8), (15, − 12)}

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 MATH 100

Approved by:

(SGD)
Sir Ariel Pastera
General Mathematics Teacher

VIII. VALIDATED
Prepared by:

Juliana Llanos Niñeza

Math Representative

Althea Faye Teopiz

Subject Leader

Cian Carlos Carim

Member

Merlie Theresse Daruca

Member

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