C/C++ Programming Techniques

Statements & Expressions

Thanh-Hai Tran

Electronics and Computer Engineering

School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 Concepts

 The statement is used to perform a task in a program:

assign, calculate, read / write data, call a function, ...
 Classify:
 Single command
 printf ("Hello!");
 x = PI * R * R;

 Block of statements in {...}

 Branch statements and conditions: for, if, while,
switch, ...
 Special: blank statement, expression statement,
create label, return,

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 Statements

 Selection statements
 if
 switch
 Iteration statements
 while
 do
 for
 Jump statements
 break
 continue
 goto

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Selection statements

if, switch

Electronics and Computer Engineering

School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 if statement

 Branching according to the conditions

 Syntax: if (<condition>) <statement>
[else <statement>]
 For example:
if (x! = 0.)
printf ("Tool =% f", 1 / x);
else printf ("No value available");

if (score> current_record)
NewRecord (score);
Don’t confuse == (equality) with =
(assignment)

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 Cascaded If

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 Condition expression

 Condition operator:

 Examples

 Conditional expression make the program shorter but

harder to understand so it’s probably best to avoid
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 Conditional expression

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 switch statement

 When we need to compare an expression against a

series of values to see if one it currently matches.
 A cascaded if could be used for this purpose

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 switch

 Common form of switch statement

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 Controlling expression

 The word switch must be followed by an integer

expression in parentheses
 Characters are treated as integers in C and thus can be
tested in switch statement
 Floating point numbers and strings don’t qualify

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 Case label

 Each case begins with a label of the form

 Constant expression is a ordinary expression except

it cannot contain variables or function call
 Examples
 5 is a constant expression
 5+10 is a constant expression
 n+10 is not a constant expression (unless n is a macro that
represents a constant)
 The constant expression in a case label must evaluate
to an integer or character

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 Case label

 Duplicate case labels are not allowed

 The order of case labels doesn’t matter
 The default case does not need to come last
 Several case labels may precede the same group of
statements
 Thee are no way to write a case label that specifies a
range of values

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 The role of break statement

 Switch is as a computed jump

 A case label is a marker indicating the position within
the switch
 Without break, control will flow from one case into the
next case

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Loops

while, for, do

Electronics and Computer Engineering

School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 while

 While is the simplest and most fundamental C statement

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 while

 Compound statement

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 Infinite loop

 A while statement won’t terminate if the controlling

expression always has a nonzero value
 Example:

 This will execute forever unless its body contains a

statement that transfer control out of the loop (break, goto,
return)

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 do statement

 Syntax:

 The do statement is quite similar to while statement

 When the do statement is executed, the loop body is
executed first, then the controlling expression is evaluated
 If the value of expression is nonzero, the loop body is
executed gain then the expression is evaluated once more
 If not, the state will terminate

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 Example

 Calculating the number of digits in an integer

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 for statement

 Syntax:

 Without some special cases: the closed while

statement

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 For statement idioms

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Jump statement

break; continue; goto

Electronics and Computer Engineering

School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 Break statement

 A break can transfer

control out of a
switch statement
 Break can be used
to jump out of a
while, do, for loop

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 break statement

 Example: check if the number n is a prime

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 break statement

 Break is useful for writing loop in which the exit point

is in the middle of the body than at the beginning or
the end

 Break transfer control out of the innermost enclosing

while/do/for/switch statement

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 continue statement

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 goto statement

 A goto statement in C
programming provides an
unconditional jump from the
'goto' to a labeled statement
in the same function
 Use of goto statement is
highly discouraged in any
programming language
because it makes difficult to
trace the control flow of a
program, making the goto label;
program hard to understand ..
and hard to modify .
label: statement;
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 goto statement

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 Examples
 Label: used to mark a place in source code
 The goto statement: jumps to the position of the label and
continues
printf ("Enter now:");
scanf ("% d", & now);
if (now <1 || now> 31) goto error;
printf ("Enter ladder:");
scanf ("% d", & thang);
if (scale <1 || thang> 12) goto error;
/ * ... * /
error:
printf ("Error inputting data!");
 There must be at least one statement after the label (empty
statements can be used if needed).
 The goto statement breaks the structure, so it should be used
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 Null statement

 Nothing, just use ";" to finish

 The empty statement does nothing, has no effect, and
does not take up machine runtime
 Sometimes it is necessary to use to validly terminate a
statement: loops, conditions, labels, ...
 For example:
 for (i=0; i<N; a[i]=b[i++]) ;
 for (i=0; i<10; printf("%d ",i++)) ;
 if (x==y) ;
else x=y;

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Expressions
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operator
 Increment and decrement operator
 Expression evaluation
 Expression statement

Electronics and Computer Engineering

School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 Arithmetic operators

 The operation between 2 integers => results in an integer

 Math operation with at least 1 real number => results in
real numbers
 Operator % requires integer operands
 C uses operator precedence rules: 2+3*4-1

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 Assignment operators

 Simple operator: a = b
 Compound assignment:
Assignment Similar Assignment Similar
a += b a = a + b a &= b a = a & b
a -= b a = a – b a |= b a = a | b
a *= b a = a * b a ^= b a = a ^ b
a /= b a = a / b a <<= b a = a << b
a %= b a = a % b a >>= b a = a >> b

 Some examples:
 x = y = 15;
 if ((c = getchar()) == 'y' || c == 'n') { … }
 if (a = b) { … } /* vẫn dịch được dù viết nhầm */

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 Increment and decrement operator

 Increase or decrease 1 unit : a++ a-- ++a --a

 The operand must be a variable of type integer
 a ++ and a-- perform calculations with the value of a and then
increase / decrease the value of a, while ++ a and --a do the
opposite
 a++ * 2;

 ++a * 2;

 a++ + a++;

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 Logic and comparison operators

 Logic:
 and: A && B
 or: A || B
 not: !A
 Comparison:
 x == y
 x != y
 x > y
 x < y
 x >= y
 x <= y

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 Bit operators

 Include:
 and: a & b
 or: a | b
 xor: a ^ b
 not: ~a
 Dịch trái, phải: a<<b a>>b
 Apply only to integer operands
 Attention: do not confuse to logic operators

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 Other operators
 Unary addition / subtraction: +a, -a
 sizeof(): size of type/variable/constant
 Operator (): (a+b)*c
 Operator “,”: do nothing, regardless the result
 x++, y = x*2;
 for (i=2, j=3, x=1; i<10; i+=2, j+=3, x++) {…}
 Access to element of an array: a[4]
 Pointer: *a
 Address: &a
 Take an attribute: sv.ten, b->tuoi
 Type casting: (int)a
 Function call (): sin(x), pow(x, 3)
 Condition: <condition> ? <expression 1> : <expression 2>
 biggest = a > b ? a : b;

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 References

 C Programming, A modern approach, chapter 5,

chapter 6
 Slide, C/C++ programming technique, Nguyen Thanh
Binh
 Slide, C/C++ programming technique, Dao Trung Kien

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