C/C++ Programming Techniques

C Fundamental

Thanh-Hai Tran

Electronics and Computer Engineering

School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
 Content

 Simple program
 Directives
 Comments
 Main function
 Data types
 Variables / Constants
 Assignment
 Type Cast
 enum
 struct
 Formatted Input / Output

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 Writing a simple program
/* hello.c */
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf(“Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}

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 Directives

 Directives: #include <stdio.h>

 The information in stdio.h will be included into the program
before it is complied
 C does not have built-in read and write commands
 Stdio.h contains information about C’s standard I/O library
 Directives begin with a character # to distinguish them
from other items in a C program.
 By default, directives are one line long; no semi colon or
other special marker at the end of the directive

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 Functions

 Functions are procedure or sub-routines – the building

blocks from programs
 C is little more than a collection of functions
 Function is a series of statements that are grouped
together and given a name
 Functions fall into 2 categories:
 Provided by C implementation
 Written by programmer
 A C program may consist of many function, but only
main() function is mandatory.
 Main gets called automatically when the program is
executed

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 Statements

 A statement is a command to be executed when the

program runs
 Two types of statements:
 Return statement
 Function call: asking a function to perform its assigned task
is known as calling the function
 Each statement ends with semicolon ;
 Directives are normally one line long , they don’t end with
a semicolon

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 Comments

 Every program should contain identifying information:

 Program name, Data, Author
 Purpose of the program, So forth
 This information could be placed in comments
 The symbol /* */ marks the beginning and the end of a
comment

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 Comment styles

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 Variables and assignment

 Type: every variable must has a type

 Primitive types:
 char, int, short, long
 float, double
 Declaration: <type> <list of variable>;
 Example:
 int i; // int is integer type, i is a
variable
 float f; // float is floating point type, f
is a variable
 Declaration can be combined: int a, b, c, d;

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 Constants
 The value of constant can not be changed during
running
 Declaration: const <type> <name> = <value>;
 In C, constant allocates memory as variable
 Example:
 const double PI = 3.14159;
 const char* name = "Nguyen Viet Tung";
 PI = 3.14; /* sẽ báo lỗi */
 Macro definition: #define <name> <value>
 Example: #define PI 3.14159
 #define is a pre-processing directive, no semicolon at the
end of the line
 When a program is compiled, it will replace each marco by
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 Primitive types
Type Size Meaning
char 1 Integer, char
int (tuỳ thuộc: 2, 4, 8) Integer
short 2 Integer
long 4 Integer
long long 8 Integer
float 4 Float (dấu chấm động)
double 8 Float (dấu chấm động)
void 0 Undetermined type
 In C, char is a integer of 8 bits
 Operator: sizeof() computes the size of a type in bytes:
 sizeof(x)

 sizeof(int)

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 Primitive types

 Signed and unsigned:

signed char (8 bits) –128 ~ +127
signed short (16 bits) –32768 ~ +32767
signed int (32 bits) –2147483648 ~ +2147483648
signed long (32 bits) –2147483648 ~ +2147483648
unsigned char (8 bits) 0 ~ +255
unsigned short (16 bits) 0 ~ +65535
unsigned int (32 bits) 0 ~ +4294967295
unsigned long (32 bits) 0 ~ +4294967295
 Notice:
 Signed by default
 int has size depending on computer configuration

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 Assignment
 A variable can be given a value by means of assignment
 Syntax:
<variable> = <constant, variable> or <expression>;
 Before a variable can be assigned a value, it must be first
declared.
 Example:
 count = 100;

 value = cos(x);

 i = i + 2;

 A variable can be initialized by a value

 int count = 100;

 char key = 'K';

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 Identifiers and keywords

 Identifier: name for variables, functions, macros, other

entities. It can contain letters, digits, underscores, but
must begin with a letter or a underscore.
 Keywords: C is case sensitive, keywords can not be used
as identifiers

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 Type casting

 Cast operator: Converting one datatype into another is

known as type casting. You can convert the values from
one type to another explicitly using the cast operator
 Default type casting:
 float a = 30;
 int b = 'a';
 Explicit type casting:
 int a = (int)5.6; /* lấy phần nguyên */
 float f = (float)1/3;
 Impossible type casting
 char* s = 2.3; /* không dịch được */
 int x = "7"; /* dịch được nhưng sai */

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 enum

 Enumeration is a user defined datatype in C language.

 It is used to assign names to the integral constants which
makes a program easy to read and maintain.
 The keyword “enum” is used to declare an enumeration.
 Declaration: enum <type name> { <values> };
 Example:
 Declaration:
enum DongVat { Meo, Cho, Ho, Bao };
enum Ngay { Thu2 = 2, Thu3, Thu4, Thu5, Thu6,
Thu7, CN = 1 };
 Usage:
enum DongVat dv = Meo;
dv = Bao;
2020 enum Ngay n = Thu5; 16
 struct

 Structure is another user defined data type available in C

that allows to combine data items of different kinds
 Structures are used to represent a record. Suppose you
want to keep track of your books in a library. You might
want to track the following attributes about each book −
 Title
 Author struct <type name> {
 Subject
 Book ID member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
};
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 Struct example
struct Student {
char name[20];
int yob;
int promotion;
};
struct Student sv = {"Le Duc Tho", 1984,
56};
sv.yob = 1985;
sv.promotion = 54;

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 typedef

 Typedef is used to give a type a new name

 Syntax: typedef <original type> <new type>;
 Examples: Decration
 typedef double ChieuCao;
 typedef unsigned char byte;
 typedef enum DongVat DV;
 typedef struct { … } SinhVien;
 Usage
 ChieuCao d = 165.5;
 byte b = 30;
 DV dv = Cho;

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 struct
typedef struct{
char name[20];
int yob;
int promotion;
} student;
student sv = {"Le Duc Tho", 1984, 56};
sv.yob = 1985;
sv.promotion = 54;

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 Formatted Input / output

 Input / Output operations must meet a number of

requirements:
 Allow to give out all the data types that the user requires, at
least the basic data types.
 Allow data to be outputted to various peripheral devices,
such as to a screen, to a printer or to a file for archiving.
 The data presented must be accurate, complete and clear.
 Formatted Input / output: stdio.h

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 printf()

 Designed to display the contents of a string (format string)

with possibly inserted at specified points in the string
 The values displayed could be
 Constant,
 Variables
 Or more complicated expression
 There is no limit on the number of values can be printed
 The format of string: ordinary string or conversion
specifications (begin with the % character)
 C is not required to check the number of conversion
specifications, as well as if it is appropriate to the type of
item to be printed.

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 printf()

 Syntax:
 printf(“formatted string", <values>);
 Conversion specification:

 Format:
 %[flags] [width] [.precision]type
 Example: %+15.5f

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 Example
main(){ Output:
char ch='A';
int i=1234,j=-1234; A^^^^,^^^^A
float x=11.23456789; 1234,1234^^^^^^,^^^^^+123
printf("%- 4, ^^^^001234,-
5c,%5c\n",ch,ch); 0000001234
printf("%d,%-10d,%+10d, 11.234568,
%10.6d, ^^^11.234568,11.2346^^^
%010d\n",i,i,i,i,j); ^^,+000011.2346
printf("%f,%12f,%- ^^^11.234568
12.4f,%+012.4f\n",x,x,x ^^^^^^11.235
,x);
-------------------------
printf("%*f\n",12,x); ----
printf("%*.*f",12,3,x); Quy ước các dấu ‘^’ biểu
getch(); diễn các kí tự trắng để
return; dễ theo dõi.
}

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 printf()

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 scanf()

 Syntax:
 scanf(“formatted string", <addresses of
variables>);
 Examples:
 int age;
scanf("%d", &age);
float weight;
scanf("%f", &weight);
 char name[20];
scanf("%s", name);

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 Quick test

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 Exercise

 Install VSCode
 Write a program that enter two fractions, add these
fractions and print out the result

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 To do

 Class representative:
 Student grouping (3 students/group)
 Google form
 Topics
 All:
 Install C/C++ (Dev C hoặc VS Code)
 Code in C
 Study the lecture (Slide S02)
 PC: Ready for coding

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