ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

CEC 2I4

COMPILED BY: RSB

DUTIES AND RELATION OF PROFESSIONAL IN CONNECTION WITH CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTRACTS

1.1. Functions of all Professionals in a Building Industry

The building industry involves a wide range of professionals with various roles and
responsibilities. Here is a list of some key professionals in the building industry and their
functions:
Architect:
 Designing and planning buildings, structures, and spaces
 Creating architectural drawings and blueprints
 Considering functionality, safety, and aesthetics in design
 Coordinating with clients, engineers, and contractors
Civil Engineer:
 Designing and overseeing construction projects
 Analyzing and evaluating site conditions
 Calculating loads, stresses, and other structural factors
 Ensuring compliance with building codes and regulations
 Managing construction schedules and budgets
Structural Engineer:
 Designing and analyzing the structural elements of buildings
 Calculating loads, forces, and stresses on the structure
 Ensuring structural integrity and safety
 Collaborating with architects and contractors to develop feasible designs
Mechanical Engineer:
 Designing and specifying heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems
 Designing plumbing and fire protection systems
 Selecting and sizing mechanical equipment
 Ensuring energy efficiency and code compliance
Electrical Engineer:
 Designing electrical systems for buildings
 Determining power distribution and lighting requirements
 Specifying electrical equipment and components
 Ensuring compliance with electrical codes and safety standards
Construction Manager:
 Overseeing and coordinating construction projects
 Managing project budgets, schedules, and resources
 Hiring and supervising subcontractors and construction workers
 Ensuring quality control and safety on the construction site
Project Manager:
 Planning, organizing, and managing construction projects
 Coordinating with architects, engineers, and contractors
 Monitoring project progress and ensuring timely completion
 Managing project budgets and resources
Quantity Surveyor:
 Estimating and managing project costs
 Preparing bills of quantities and tender documents
 Evaluating and negotiating contracts with subcontractors
 Conducting cost analysis and value engineering
Construction Superintendent:
 Supervising and managing on-site construction activities
 Ensuring compliance with construction plans and specifications
 Coordinating subcontractors and workers
 Monitoring and maintaining construction schedules
Interior Designer:
 Designing and planning interior spaces
 Selecting finishes, materials, and furnishings
 Creating color schemes and layouts
 Collaborating with architects and clients to achieve desired aesthetics
Landscape Architect:
 Designing outdoor spaces, parks, and landscapes
 Selecting and arranging plants, trees, and hardscape elements
 Creating landscape plans and construction details
 Considering environmental factors and sustainability
Building Surveyor:
 Inspecting buildings for compliance with regulations and standards
 Identifying and assessing structural defects and maintenance issues
 Conducting building surveys and preparing reports
 Providing advice on building maintenance and improvement
Please note that this list is not exhaustive, and there may be other specialized roles and
professionals depending on the specific project and requirements within the building
industry.

1.2. Relationship between the Quantity Surveyor, Architect and Civil Engineer Etc in
the Building Industry
In the building industry, the quantity surveyor, architect, and civil engineer, among
other professionals, often work together collaboratively throughout various stages of a
construction project. Their roles and relationships can be described as follows:

Quantity Surveyor and Architect:

 The quantity surveyor works closely with the architect during the early design
stage to estimate and manage project costs.
 The quantity surveyor provides cost advice and prepares bills of quantities based
on the architect's design plans.
 The architect collaborates with the quantity surveyor to ensure that the design
aligns with the project's budget and cost constraints.
 The quantity surveyor may also provide input on the selection of materials,
finishes, and construction methods to help the architect achieve the desired
design within the allocated budget.
Quantity Surveyor and Civil Engineer:
 The quantity surveyor and civil engineer collaborate on cost estimation and
management for civil engineering aspects of the project, such as site preparation,
earthwork, drainage, and infrastructure.
 The quantity surveyor relies on the civil engineer's expertise to accurately
estimate quantities of materials and labor required for civil engineering works.
 The civil engineer provides technical specifications and engineering details to the
quantity surveyors, which are used in cost calculations and preparation of bills of
quantities.
Architect and Civil Engineer:
 The architect and civil engineer work closely together during the design phase to
ensure that the architectural design is structurally feasible and meets building
codes and regulations.
 The civil engineer provides input on the structural aspects of the building,
including foundation design, load calculations, and structural integrity.
 The architect collaborates with the civil engineer to incorporate structural
elements seamlessly into the overall architectural design.
 Both professionals coordinate to ensure that the building's design is aesthetically
pleasing, functional, and structurally sound.
Architect and Mechanical/Electrical Engineers:
 The architect collaborates with mechanical and electrical engineers to
incorporate their systems into the building's design.
 The mechanical engineer provides input on heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing, and fire protection, while the electrical
engineer advises on electrical systems and lighting design.
 The architect works closely with these engineers to integrate their systems into
the overall building design, ensuring that the infrastructure is accommodated
while maintaining aesthetic and functional objectives.
It's important to note that effective communication, coordination, and collaboration
between these professionals are crucial for successful project outcomes, as they bring
together their respective expertise to create safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing
buildings.
1.3. Functions of All Professionals in the Civil Engineering Works.
In civil engineering works, various professionals play different roles and perform specific
functions to ensure the successful planning, design, and execution of projects. Here are
the functions of key professionals involved in civil engineering:

Civil Engineer:
 Conducting feasibility studies and site investigations.
 Designing and analyzing civil engineering structures such as buildings, bridges,
roads, dams, and airports.
 Calculating loads, forces, and stresses on structures.
 Preparing technical specifications, drawings, and construction plans.
 Ensuring compliance with building codes, regulations, and safety standards.
 Managing and supervising construction activities.
 Conducting quality control and quality assurance checks.
 Collaborating with architects, surveyors, and other professionals.
Structural Engineer:
 Designing and analyzing the structural components of buildings and
infrastructure.
 Calculating loads, forces, and stresses on structural elements.
 Ensuring structural integrity, stability, and safety.
 Developing detailed structural drawings and specifications.
 Assessing existing structures for renovation or rehabilitation.
 Collaborating with architects and construction teams.
 Conducting structural inspections and assessments.
Geotechnical Engineer:
 Investigating soil, rock, and groundwater conditions at project sites.
 Conducting geotechnical surveys and laboratory testing.
 Assessing the stability and bearing capacity of soil and foundations.
 Designing foundations and retaining structures.
 Providing recommendations for earthwork, slope stability, and ground
improvement.
 Collaborating with structural engineers and construction teams.
Transportation Engineer:
 Designing and planning transportation systems, including roads, highways,
railways, and airports.
 Conducting traffic impact studies and analyzing traffic flow.
 Determining geometric design parameters, such as alignments, grades, and
intersections.
 Designing transportation infrastructure, including pavement, signage, and traffic
signals.
 Evaluating and implementing sustainable transportation solutions.
 Collaborating with urban planners and environmental engineers.
Water Resources Engineer:
 Designing and managing water-related projects, such as water supply systems,
drainage systems, and flood control measures.
 Analyzing hydrological data and predicting water flow patterns.
 Designing hydraulic structures, such as dams, canals, and levees.
 Assessing and managing water resources sustainably.
 Conducting floodplain modeling and flood risk assessments.
 Collaborating with environmental engineers and hydrologists.
Environmental Engineer:
 Assessing the environmental impact of civil engineering projects.
 Conducting environmental studies and impact assessments.
 Designing and implementing environmental mitigation measures.
 Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and standards.
 Managing waste disposal and pollution prevention.
 Collaborating with architects, planners, and regulatory agencies.
Construction Manager:
 Overseeing and managing construction projects.
 Planning and scheduling construction activities.
 Managing project budgets, resources, and contracts.
 Coordinating with various stakeholders, including engineers, architects, and
subcontractors.
 Ensuring compliance with safety regulations and quality standards.
  Monitoring project progress and resolving issues.
 Conducting site inspections and managing construction documentation.
Please note that this list covers some common professionals in civil engineering works,
and there may be other specialized roles depending on the project scope and
requirements.

1.4. Relationship between the Professionals in Civil Engineering Works.

In civil engineering works, various professionals collaborate and work together to
ensure the successful completion of projects. The relationships between these
professionals can be described as follows:

Civil Engineer and Architect:

 The civil engineer and architect collaborate closely during the design phase of a
project.
 The civil engineer provides input to the architect regarding the structural
requirements and feasibility of the architectural design.
 The architect incorporates the civil engineer's recommendations into the overall
design, ensuring that the structural integrity and safety considerations are met.
 Both professionals coordinate to balance the aesthetic and functional aspects of
the project, while adhering to building codes and regulations.
Civil Engineer and Structural Engineer:
 The civil engineer and structural engineer work in tandem to ensure the
structural integrity and safety of civil engineering projects.
 The civil engineer provides input to the structural engineer regarding site
conditions, loads, and other considerations for the design of foundations,
structural elements, and overall stability.
 The structural engineer develops detailed structural designs and calculations
based on the civil engineer's specifications and requirements.
 Both professionals collaborate throughout the project, addressing any design
modifications or structural challenges that may arise during construction.
Civil Engineer and Geotechnical Engineer:
 The civil engineer and geotechnical engineer work closely together to address soil
and foundation-related aspects of a project.
 The geotechnical engineer provides site investigation results, soil testing, and
recommendations to the civil engineer for designing suitable foundations and
retaining structures.
 The civil engineer incorporates the geotechnical engineer's recommendations
into the design, ensuring the structural stability and load-bearing capacity of the
project.
 Both professionals collaborate to assess and mitigate any geotechnical risks
during construction.
Civil Engineer and Transportation Engineer:
 The civil engineer and transportation engineer collaborate on projects involving
transportation infrastructure, such as roads, highways, and railways.
 The transportation engineer provides input on traffic analysis, geometric design,
and transportation system planning.
 The civil engineer incorporates the transportation engineer's recommendations
into the overall design, ensuring safe and efficient transportation systems.
 Both professionals coordinate to address factors such as alignment, grading,
intersections, and traffic flow management.
Civil Engineer and Water Resources Engineer:
 The civil engineer and water resources engineer collaborate on projects related
to water supply, drainage systems, and flood control.
 The water resources engineer provides input on hydrological analysis, water
management, and hydraulic structures.
 The civil engineer incorporates the water resources engineer's recommendations
into the design, ensuring sustainable and effective water-related infrastructure.
 Both professionals coordinate to address factors such as water flow patterns,
flood risk management, and environmental impact.
Civil Engineer and Environmental Engineer:
 The civil engineer and environmental engineer collaborate to address
environmental considerations in civil engineering projects.
  The environmental engineer assesses the environmental impact of the project
and provides recommendations for mitigation measures.
 The civil engineer incorporates the environmental engineer's recommendations
into the design, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and
sustainable practices.
 Both professionals coordinate to minimize the project's environmental footprint,
manage waste disposal, and protect natural resources.
These relationships highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in civil
engineering works, where professionals with different expertise work together to
ensure the successful execution of projects that are safe, functional, and
environmentally conscious.
 STANDARDS FOR MEASURING CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
Prior to the introduction of this document, there was no uniformity of practice in the
measurement of civil engineering quantities, and engineers responsible for the
preparation of civil engineering bills of quantities largely worked up their own systems
of measurement as they thought fit.
The order and nature of the billed items, the units of measurement and even the
method of tabulating the information in specific columns-usually referred to as 'ruling'-
which was adopted for the bills of quantities, varied considerably.
It will be appreciated that this lack of uniformity in the preparation of civil engineering
bills of quantities made the task of civil engineering contractors in pricing them far more
difficult than it is today, now that a more uniform method of measurement has been
generally adopted.
For convenience and uniformity in the preparation and presentation of civil engineering
bills of quantities, formal agreement to produce uniform method/standardized method
of preparing such measurements within the civil engineering industry occurred much
later than in the building sector.
The Institution of Civil Engineers published in 1933 a report of the committee on
engineering quantities. The document was revised and republished as standard method
of measurement (SMM) in 1953, 1963 and 1968 (metric edition) and as Civil Engineering
Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM) in 1976, 1985, 1991 and 2012 in present
form.
The current standard for measuring civil engineering works i.e CESMM4 was prepared
under the guidance of ICE's CESMM Review Committee. It retains many of the
characteristics of CESMM3, but can be used across a range of contract types, including
with NEC, FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils) and ICC
(Infrastructure Conditions of Contract). Other changes have been introduced to bring it
into line with industry practices and to reflect the emergence new technologies. In
addition, references to the British Standards have been removed, making the method
more applicable to a global audience (the only exceptions being road construction and
concrete mixture).
CESMM4 sets out a procedure for the preparation of a Bill of Quantities for civil
engineering works, for contracts based on traditional ‘measure & value’ principles. The
Bill of quantities enables tenders to be prepared efficiently and can be used to value
work completed once the contract has been let.
The work classification system in CESMM4 includes 26 main classes of work commonly
undertaken on civil engineering projects and defines; how work is divided into items,
the method for describing items, the units to be adopted and the method of
measurement.
(A copy of CESMM4 is recommended for details)

OBJECTIVES AND USES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STANDARD METHOD OF

MEASUREMENT (CESMM)
• Provides a structure for the information that should make up the descriptions.
• Defines the unit of measurement for each item - m, m2, m3, number, tonnes,
and so on.
• Provides rules as to what is included within each item.
• Defines the terms used to avoid disputes.
• Allows familiarity to develop, so measurement becomes easier and quicker.
• Provides a clear system for structuring other project information and cross-
referencing specification information with bill of quantity information
The contents of CESMM4 are as follows:
Preface
Foreword
Section 1. Definitions
Section 2. General principles
Section 3. Application of the work classification
Section 4. Coding and numbering of items
Section 5. Preparation of the bill of quantities
Section 6. Completion, pricing and use of the Bill of Quantities
Section 7. Method-related charges
Section 8. Work classification
 Class A: General items
  Class B: Ground investigation
 Class C: Geotechnical and other specialist processes
 Class D: Demolition and site clearance
 Class E: Earthworks
 Class F: In situ concrete
 Class G: Concrete ancillaries
 Class H: Precast concrete
 Class I: Pipework - pipes
 Class J: Pipework- fittings and valves
 Class K: Pipework - manholes and pipework ancillaries
 Class L: Pipework - supports and protection, ancillaries to laying and excavation
 Class M: Structural metalwork
 Class N: Miscellaneous metalwork
 Class O: Timber
 Class P: Piles
 Class Q: Piling ancillaries
 Class R: Roads and pavings
 Class S: Rail track
 Class T: Tunnels
 Class U: Brickwork, blockwork and masonry
 Class V: Painting
 Class W: Waterproofing
 Class X: Miscellaneous work
 Class Y: Sewer and water main renovation and ancillary works
 Class Z: Simple building works incidental to civil engineering works

Comparison of Civil Engineering and Building Methods of Measurement

There are two separate and distinct practices of measurement operating for civil engineering
and building works. There is, however, considerable common ground as regards the general
approach, units of measurement employed and items of work that can be measured under
both codes.
As previously stated, civil engineering work should be measured in accordance with the Civil
Engineering Standard Method of Measurement prepared by the Institution of Civil Engineers
and the Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
while
Building works are generally measured in accordance with the Standard Method of
Measurement of Building Works, issued by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
and the Building Employers Confederation.
The details of building works are usually in a far more precise stage at the time of
preparing the bill of quantities than is the case with civil engineering works.
Furthermore, the building work normally covers more works sections, and is in
consequence subject to more detailed measurement. In the absence of variations in
design, most building work with the exception of sub-structural, drainage and external
works, will not be subject to remeasurement and the contractor will be paid for the
quantities of work incorporated in the bill of quantities. In a building contract the bill of
quantities will constitute a contract document, whereas in the majority of cases the
specification will not. Consequently, the bill of quantities in a building contract will
invariably be far more detailed with lengthier descriptions than that operating in civil
engineering work, unless the components in the billed items, specification and drawings
are coded in accordance with the recommendations for coordinated project
information, which is the exception.
The measurement of building work also involves a larger number of measured items,
with the monetary rate entered against some of them being relatively small. The
Contractor, when pricing a civil engineering bill of quantities will need to refer
constantly to the specification for detailed information on the billed items, and must
generally include for any necessary temporary work and incidental labours.
Furthermore, a much greater proportion of the work is likely to be below ground. There
is, in consequence, a greater degree of risk in the pricing of civil engineering work.
In some of the larger civil engineering contracts there is also some building work. With
these contracts the question often arises as to how the works as a whole are to be
measured. Take, for example, a large power station contract. The best procedure would
appear to be to measure the main superstructure, the ancillary buildings and probably
the chimneys in accordance with the Standard Method of Measurement of Building
Works. The structural steel frameworks could be measured under either code of
measurement. The remainder of the power station contract, comprising heavy
foundations, piling, wharves and jetties, railway sidings, cooling towers, circulating
water ducts, roads, sewers and water mains, are all essentially civil engineering work,
and are best measured in accordance with the Civil Engineering Standard Method of
Measurement.
In building work a larger number of items are measured separately, than is the case with
civil engineering work. For instance, in building work, backfilling trenches, compacting
trench bottoms and earthwork support are each measured separately, whereas in civil
engineering work most of these items are included in the excavation rates.

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME)

A BEME is a document, which lists all the items necessary for the complete construction
of Civil Engineering works. Each item includes a description and an estimated measure
or quantity.
The bills of quantities is a form of document which sets out the quantities and
descriptions of the items of labour, materials and plant required to erect and complete a
building or other works in a systematic manner.
The preliminary section of the bill sets out :
• the practical and contractual conditions of the project,
• particulars of the type of contract to be used and
• also the details of general matters,
which may affect the price of the work together with project overheads.
Project overheads are items that cannot be attributed to any particular measured work
section. The measured items are grouped in appropriate sections and each section
starts with a number of preamble clauses.
When a contractor is asked to prepare a tender, he is supplied with all the contract
documents, including a copy of the BEME. The BEME is priced by the contractor by
applying a unit rate to each item, which when multiplied by the quantity gives the total
cost of the item. The contractor’s estimate for the contract is the sum of all the items in
the BEME.
The word ‘estimate’ is used because the contract drawings from which the BEME is
prepared are often amended during the progress of the contract, or further drawings
are issued. If the quantity of work constructed is different from the quantity in the
BEME, then the contractor’s estimate is adjusted. This adjustment is made by applying
the unit rate to the actual quantity in the work. It can be seen that a contractor’s final
account is often different from the estimate given in his tender.
It is the facility of being able to value the work as constructed that makes the inclusion
of a BEME in the contract documents desirable.
Another reason for including a BEME in the contract documents is that it provides the
engineer with the opportunity of seeing how the contractors have arrived at their
estimate.
This can be of considerable assistance when deciding on the most suitable contractor.
- Purpose of BEME
(a ) it forms basis for tendering
(b) it forms basis for comparison of tenders;
(b) it provides schedule of rates for re-measurement;
(d) it serves as a tool for continued cost monitoring and financial control.
(e) it is an itemized list of components of civil engineering works.
(f) it serves as a basis for the valuation of work for interim certificate and variations.
(g) it serves as a basis for cost analysis and planning.

The objectives of the BEME

(a) To provide sufficient information on the quantities of works to be performed to
enable bids to be prepared efficiently and accurately.
(b) When a contract has been entered into, to provide a priced BEME for use in the
periodic valuation of works executed.

Typical prime cost items for a civil engineering contracts are:

► Machinery
► Electrical work
► Switch gear
► Pumping equipment
► Ventilating equipment
► Special doors e.g roller shutter doors or folding sliding doors.
► Special finishes e.g. tilling terrazzo. Plaster work, Facing bricks etc.

In order that the sums entered against prime cost items in the BEME by the engineer are
realistic, he will, during the pre-tender period obtain estimates or budget prices for each
prime cost items.
 -Units of measurements
The following are abbreviations of units of measurements used in Civil engineering bills
with their standard:
► Cubic, m3
► Square, m2
► Millimeter, mm
► Metre, m
► Kilmetre, km
► Megagramme, mg
► Kilogramme, kg
► Hectare, ha
Note:
 Sum is used where there is no quantity entered against items
 All items should be numbered consecutively page by page
Bill Preparation Methods
A BEME cannot be prepared directly from the drawings but must be built up in stages.
There are certain principles, which should always be followed when writing a bill, it
should be remembered that this is one of the contract documents and it will be read by
contractors during the tender stage and will be constantly referred to during the
progress of the work.
Therefore, It should be concise, accurate and well written.
There are three main methods of preparing bill:
I. Traditional method: this involves
a. Taking – off: The term ‘taking off’ refers to the process of identifying
elements of construction works that can be measured and priced. This is
necessary to produce bills of quantities and requires that the design is
complete and a specification has been prepared.

b. Working up (Squaring and Abstracting), after the dimensions have been

'taken-off'. The term 'working-up' is applied to all the various operations
collectively and can comprise the following processes.
(1) Squaring the dimensions and entering the resultant lengths, areas and
volumes in the third or squaring column on the dimensions paper.

(2) Transferring the squared dimensions to the abstract, where they are
written in a recognised order, ready for billing, under the appropriate
section headings, and are subsequently totalled and reduced to the
recognised units of measurement in readiness for transfer to the bill.
(3) In the bill of quantities, the various items of work making up the
project are then listed under appropriate section headings, with
descriptions printed in full and quantities given in the recognized units of
measurement, as laid down in the Civil Engineering Standard Method of
Measurement (CESMM4). The bill also contains rate and price columns for
pricing by contractors when tendering for the project.

c. Billing. Final stage which produces the bill.

II. Cut and Shuffle method: a rationalized traditional approach which eliminates
the preparation and checking of the abstract and the draft bill. Hence there is
only one major written operation, namely taking-off.
Unlike abstracting and billing there is no universally accepted format and many
different paper rulings and methods of implementation are used in different
offices.
The system of 'cut and shuffle' was developed in the early 1960s and by the late
1970s was probably the most widely used method of entering dimensions and
descriptions.

Method of carrying out the technique:.

(1) Taking-off is carried out on A4 sheets of dimensions paper, ruled vertically
into four columns, and thus accommodating four items per sheet. Dimensions
are entered on one side only of each sheet and each column is generally
stamped with the project reference and numbered consecutively. 'Ditto.' items
must include a reference to the column number of the main item, where full
particulars can be found.

(2) As sections of the taking-off are completed, the side casts are checked and
repeat dimensions calculated.

(3) When the taking-off is complete, each column is marked with the taking-off
section number, work section reference and column number. A copy of each
dimension sheet is obtained, generally either by using NCR (no carbon required)
paper or by photo-copying. However, some systems operate without the need to
produce a copy.
(4) The taker-off retains the copy and the original sheet is cut into four slips,
each containing one item. Some quantity surveyors use sheets that are already
perforated.

(5) The slips are shuffled or sorted into sections, such as Earthworks,
In situ Concrete, Concrete Ancillaries and Precast Concrete. Similar items are
collected together and the whole of the slips placed, as near as possible, in bill
order.
 (6) When all the slips for an individual work section have been sorted, they are
edited to form the draft bill, with further slips being inserted as necessary to
provide headings, collections and other relevant items. The correct unit is
entered on the 'parent' or primary item slip and the 'children' or repeat item
slips are marked 'a. b.' (as before). As each section is edited it is passed to a
calculator operator for squaring.

(7) The calculator operator squares, casts, reduces and inserts the reduced
quantity on the parent item slip. This operation is double checked.

(8) Parent and children slips are separated. The parent slips form the draft bill
and are ready for processing.

(9) Any further checks on the draft bill are then carried out and final copies made
and duplicated.

(10) The children slips are then replaced to provide an abstract in bill order for
reference purposes during the post-contract period.

III. Computer: Computer-aided bill production systems provide the facility to check
accuracy, but care is needed in the coding of dimensions and entry of data.
Modern computerized billing systems can, however, print out errors in the form
of tables. The coding can be double checked, although a random check may be
considered adequate.
The need to engage outside agencies for computerized bill production has been
largely eliminated. Hence the use of computer-aided bill of quantities production
pack-ages eliminates the reducing, abstracting and billing operations by
converting coded dimension sheets into bills of quantities. Codes are frequently
based on the CESMM3 reference codes to form a standard library of
descriptions. Items not covered by the standard library are termed rogue items
but these are unlikely to be very extensive. The rogue items are suitably coded
and entered into either the standard library or the particular project library. The
computer normally prints a master copy of the bill of quantities which can be
photocopied on to ruled paper to give a high standard of presentation.
Format and Content (Logical Arrangement) of Bills for Civil Engineering Projects
I. Highway and road projects
(a) List of principal quantities
(b) Preamble -
(c) Day work schedule
(d) Work items
i. Bill No 1 - General items
ii. Bill No 2 - Demolition and site clearance
iii. Bill No 3 - Culverts and drains
iv. Bill No 4 - Bridges
v. Bill No 5 - Roads and pavings
(e) Grand summary
II. Bridge project
(a) List of principal quantities
(b) Preamble
(c) Day work schedule
(d) Work items
i. Bill No 1 - General items
ii. Bill No 2 - Demolition and site clearance
iii. Bill No 3 - Foundation (piles)
iv. Bill No 4 - Abutments and piers
v. Bill No 5 - bridge superstructure
(e) Grand summary

III. Borehole Water Supply Scheme

(a) List of principal quantities
(b) Preamble
(c) Day work schedule
(d) Work items
i. Bill No 1 - General items
ii. Bill No 2 - Borehole construction
iii. Bill No 3 - Pump/generator house
iv. Bill No 4 - Pumping and power equipment
v. Bill No 5 - Transmission mains
vi. Bill No 6 - Reservoir
vii. Bill No 7 - Distribution system
(e) Grand summary
Items Description
 All works shall be itemized in the bill with the description framed in accordance
with the work classification to identify the work covered by the respective item
but not the exact nature and extent of the works.
 Workmanship requirements should be written into the specifications and not the
bills.
 Thus, supply, deliver, cut, bend and fix mild steel fabric reinforcement to BS 4483,
nominal mass 2.5kg/m2 is not allowed.
 Instead, mild steel fabric reinforcement to BS 4433 nominal mass: 2.5kg/m2.
Therefore, continual reference to drawings and specifications is necessary in writing
civil engineering bills.

Reasons for Bills of Quantities

(1) All tendering contractors base their prices on the same information and therefore
tenders are strictly comparable (even if an error exists in the bill).
(2) Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to take off quantities for
themselves. Should there be an error in their own quantities the result would be that
the tender figure is too high or too low irrespective of their intended rates for items of
work.
(3) Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and adjustments for the final account.
(4) Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of certificated stage payments
during the contract, before the accurate remeasurement figures are available.
(5) Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to order materials and other
resources.
(6) Bills can provide data for cost analyses for use in cost planning of future projects.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND RULES TO BE FOLLOWED IN TAKING- OFF FOR QUANTITIES
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS.
Some of the general principles to be followed in taking off building quantities are
detailed in the General Rules in the first section of the Standard Method of
Measurement of Building Works.
The need for rules applies when measuring for bills of quantities. If a document is to be
used for tender purposes and included in a contract, then the contractor needs to know
the basis of the measurement and what is included or excluded from an item to be
priced.
The taking – off sheet, which is sometimes called a dimension paper, is ruled in the
following manner:
The paper is vertically separated into two parts by a double line each with four columns
(figure below).

Figure 1
Column 1, 2, 3, and 4 appear twice on each sheet; column 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the left hand
side of the sheet are used before columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the right hand side of the
sheet.

Column A is called the ‘timesing’ or dotting on column and is used if the quantity is to
be multiplied. For example, if we were taking off the quantities for column bases and
there were four bases, then 4/would appear in column A. This idea can be used for
multiplying the quantities several times. For example, it there were four rows of
columns with twenty columns in each row the multipliers would be written 4/20/ i.e x
80.
Note: Practice of ‘dotting-on’ should be used only where absolutely necessary because
of the dangers of mistaking the dot for a decimal point.
‘timesing’
Dotting on

Dotting on is used to add dimensions together in the timesing column rather than
multiplying. The numbers are positioned diagonally in the column with the dot between
them to avoid any confusion with decimals.
In the first example below, the cubic measurement 3.00 x 2.00 x 1.00 is multiplied by (1
+ 4) 5.
In the second example below, the same measurement is multiplied by (1 + 4) 5, which is
then multiplied by 2.

Column B is the dimension column and receives the measurements taken off from the
drawings. The dimensions are normally expressed to two decimal points (Figure 3).
It is important to note that it is the insertion of the horizontal line which determines
whether the dimension is intended as a linear, superficial or cubic measurement (Figure
4).
The dimensions should always be recorded in the order of length, width and height.

Column C is the squaring column where the result of the addition, subtraction or multiplication
of the entries in the dimension column is recorded. Figures which are to be added or subtracted
are bracketed together in the manner shown. Deductions are sometimes necessary
where it is easier to take an overall measurement and deduct the parts not required
(Figure 5).
Column D is the description column where the item being measured is described. This is
done by using a form of standard abbreviations which have been listed separately. This
column also contains annotations giving the location of the dimensions and waste
calculations which show the build up of the figures entered in the dimension column.
(Figure 6).
Quite often two item descriptions share the same measurement and this is indicated by
linking the descriptions with an ampersand. It may be considered desirable to insert the
appropriate

All calculations should appear on the taking off sheets as they are of considerable
assistance when the ‘taking off is being checked. Many of the words entered in the
description column are abbreviated to save space and time.

Waste calculations

Order of entering dimension

It is usual to set down the dimensions in the following order:
(1) Horizontal length (2) Horizontal width or breadth (3) Vertical depth or height.
A constant order of entering dimensions must be maintained throughout, to avoid
doubt as to the shape of the item being measured. When measuring a cubic item of
concrete 10m long, 5m wide and 0.5m deep, the entry in the dimension column would
be as follows;
The following are typical abbreviations that are often used on the dimension sheets:
 B’wk brickwork]
 C.I cast iron
 Ddt deduct
 D.P.C. damp-proof course
 Ex excavation
 M.S. mild steel etc.
 Conc concrete
 FWK formwork

The dimensions that are measured will be in one of the following forms:
• Cubic measurements (e.g. 3 m x 3 m x 3 m).
• Square measurements (e.g. 3 m x 3 m), also known as superficial measurements.
• Linear measurements (e.g. 3 m).
• Enumerated items (e.g. ‘Nr. 3’).
• Item (e.g. ‘Testing’).

Some illustrations of rules guiding taking off

Figure 2
 Figure 3

Figure 4

METHODS OF MEASURING QUANTITIES FOR DIFFERENT ASPECT OF WORKS

It is vitally important that measurement practice applied to buildings is both accurate
and consistent. There are a number of situations that require a quantity surveyor to
measure and record dimensions from both drawings as well as on site, depending on
the stage of the project. In order to standardize measurement rules and conventions,
there are a number of standard codes and methods of measurement that are available.
These are outlined below.
There are various approaches to measurement for bills of quantities and these are as
follows:
- Each (numbers): Piles, doors, Windows, Precast concrete, etc.
- Length (meter): Windows sills, Pipes, Skirts, stair steps, etc.
- Area (Square meter): Flooring, painting, plastering, Brick walls (12 cm or less), etc.
- Volume (Cubic meter): Brick walls (>12 cm thick), Excavation, Backfilling, Reinforced
Concrete, etc.
- Weight (Ton): Metallic works, Reinforcement steel, etc.
- Lump Sum: Some electrical and plumbing works, Manholes, etc.
- Effort (Man-day): Renting of equipment or labor, etc.

Methods of Measuring Quantities for: (calculations)

I. Excavation and earth work
II. Block work
III. Concrete work
IV. Reinforcement
V. Examples of Sub-Structure from drawings of a small dwelling and Civil
Engineering Structures.

I. Excavation and earthwork,

Earthworks comprise site level, excavation, backfilling and transportation of excavated
materials.
Excavation:
- Quantities are calculated based on the dimensions of the foundation in plans from the
owner perspective.
- Contractors should consider the excess of material excavated to all for safe operations.
- Prices differ based on the soil type, deep of excavation, ground water level, site
location, shoring system, Equipment used, etc.
- Unit of measurement is cubic meter (volume).

Site Level
Virgin sites will almost certainly be covered with a layer of vegetation that has to be
removed prior to excavation and stored separately or removed from site. Top soil
cannot be used for backfilling as it would, over time, cause damage to the substructure.
The usual default depth for topsoil is 150 mm although it could be more than this and a
test pit may be dug to accurately determine the actual depth.
Every project site requires cutting and filling to reshape the grade. For any new project,
site needs earthwork or grading to remove topsoil or rough ground. Cutting consists of
bringing the ground to lower level by removing earth. Filling is bringing soil in to build
the land to higher elevation.

Example 1:
If 100 bank cubic meter (in place at natural density) of dense clay (30% swell) needs to
be moved away, how many loose cubic meters have to be moved away by trucks? And,
how many loads of 8m3 dump trucks will be needed?
Answer:
Volume of loose clay= 100 X (1+ 0.3) = 130 m3
Loads = 130 ÷ 8 = 16.25 (17 truck-loads will be required
Example 2:
If (20 m x 50 m x 20 cm) 200 m3 of compacted sand is required in-place, how many of 8
m3 loads would be required? The sand has a swell of 15% and shrinkage of 95%.
Answer:
Compacted Volume = Natural Volume X Shrinkage
Loose Volume = Natural Volume X (1 + Swell)
Natural Volume = 200 m3 ÷ 0.95 = 210.5 m3
Loose Volume = 210.5 m3 X (1 + 0.15) = 242.1 m3
Number of Loads = 242.1 ÷ 8 = 30.26 (31 truck-loads will be required)

Example 3:
Figure 2.7 shows a 5 m grid of a survey of levels taken on a proposed site. The site is
required to be reduced to a level of 35.62 and in order to calculate the volume of
excavation required the average level of the site must be determined. This can be quite
easily done by calculating the average level:
 Fig. 2.7 Grid survey of the proposed site
Average site level = (35.90 × 5 + 35.86 × 3 + 35.89 × 2 + 35.92 + 35.84 × 2 + 35.88 × 2 +
35.85 + 35.87 × 2) / 18 = 35.87 m
Reduced site level = 35.62 m
Average excavation depth = 0.25 m
Total excavation volume = 0.25 × 25 × 10 = 62.5 m3

Example 4
- Consider the following example (Figure 2.3).

Fig. 2.3: Plan and cross section of building foundation

The length of excavation = (5.4 -1) x 2 + (4.4 – 1) × 2 = 15.6 m
Depth of excavation = 1.8 m
Width of excavation = width of plain concrete footing = 1.0 m
Volume = 15.6 × 1.8 × 1.0 = 18.8 m3
Exercise
Calculate the quantity of earthwork that is involved for the cutting and filling work by
using the square and triangle method. Given: i. Formation Level = 98.00 meter ii.,
Interval Distance = 3.50 meter iii., Cutting top soil = 150 mm

II. Block work

The rules and precautions that should be followed when measuring brick works are
- Measured in m2 (by area) if thickness <25 cm.
- Measured m3 (by volume) if thickness ≥25cm.
- Deduct all openings.
- Deduct half the area (volume) of arches.
- Deduct all Concrete elements.
- Facades are measured by area.
- Separate item for each brick type

III. Concrete work

Concrete works comprises of both plain concrete (PC) and reinforced concrete (RC).
Plain concrete (PC):
- Measured in m2 (area) if thickness < 20 cm.
- Measured in m3 (volume) if thickness ≥ 20 cm.
Note: Average thickness should be mentioned when measurement is done by area.
Reinforced concrete (RC):
- All RC elements measured by volume (m3) except hollow block slabs measured by area
(m2).
- Domes, cylindrical roofs and shells measured by area in the horizontal projection.

IV. Reinforcement (see attachment)

V. Examples of Sub-Structure from drawings of a small dwelling and Civil Engineering

Structures.
Sub-structure or Foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually located below
the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the supporting soil.
A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the
ground to which the loads are transmitted.

Centre Line Girth (see attached)

Taking off (see examples)
 PRINCIPLES OF SPECIFICATION WRITING.
What is Specification?

In civil engineering, a specification refers to a detailed description or set of

requirements that outline the characteristics, materials, standards, and procedures to
be followed for a construction project. Specifications provide instructions to
contractors, engineers, and other stakeholders involved in the project to ensure that the
final structure meets the desired standards and functional requirements.

Specifications typically cover various aspects of the project, including materials,

workmanship, construction methods, dimensions, tolerances, quality standards, and
testing procedures. They are typically included as part of the contract documents and
serve as a legally binding reference for the project.
Here are some key components typically found in civil engineering specifications:
 General Requirements: This section includes information about the project's
objectives, scope, and relevant codes and regulations. It may also outline any
special considerations or unique requirements for the project.
 Materials: Specifications detail the types, quality, and sources of materials to be
used in construction. This can include aggregates, cement, steel reinforcement,
pipes, electrical components, and more.
 Workmanship: The specifications define the quality of workmanship expected
during construction. This may include standards for surface finishes, jointing
techniques, welding procedures, and other construction practices.
 Construction Methods: This section outlines the approved construction methods
and techniques to be followed. It may cover excavation, formwork, concrete
placement, structural assembly, and other construction processes.
 Quality Control and Testing: Specifications often include requirements for quality
control measures and testing procedures to ensure compliance with standards
and specifications. This may involve on-site inspections, laboratory testing, non-
destructive testing, and other quality assurance measures.
 Dimensions and Tolerances: Specifications provide details regarding dimensions,
tolerances, and alignment requirements for various components of the project.
This ensures that the final structure meets the intended design and functional
requirements.
  Health and Safety: Specifications may include provisions for health and safety
requirements to be followed during construction. This can involve guidelines for
personal protective equipment, hazard identification, and compliance with safety
regulations.
 Documentation and Submittals: Specifications often specify the documentation
and submittals required throughout the project. This can include shop drawings,
material samples, test reports, and other project-related documentation.
The purpose of specifications is to ensure consistency, quality, and safety in civil
engineering projects. They provide clear guidelines and standards that help stakeholders
understand the project requirements and facilitate effective communication among the
project team.

Types of Civil Engineering Specification

In civil engineering, specifications can be classified into different types based on their
purpose and level of detail. Here are some common types of civil engineering
specifications:

Performance Specifications: Performance specifications focus on the desired outcome

or performance requirements of the project rather than prescribing specific materials or
methods. They define the functional requirements that the structure or system must
meet. Contractors are given the flexibility to propose their own materials and
construction methods as long as they meet the specified performance criteria.

Prescriptive Specifications: Prescriptive specifications provide detailed instructions and

specific requirements for materials, methods, and construction processes. They leave
little room for interpretation or flexibility and are commonly used when there is a need
for standardized practices and quality control. Prescriptive specifications specify the
types and grades of materials to be used, construction techniques to be followed, and
quality standards to be met.

Proprietary Specifications: Proprietary specifications specify a particular brand, product,

or proprietary system to be used in the construction project. This type of specification is
often used when a specific product or system is necessary due to its unique features,
compatibility, or performance. It is important to ensure that proprietary specifications
do not restrict competition and comply with applicable regulations.

Reference Specifications: Reference specifications refer to existing industry standards,

codes, or manuals to define the requirements for the project. Instead of duplicating all
the technical details, reference specifications identify the applicable standards and
indicate compliance with those standards. This type of specification is commonly used
when well-established standards exist for a particular aspect of the project.

Descriptive Specifications: Descriptive specifications provide detailed descriptions of

materials, construction methods, and workmanship requirements. They may include
information such as physical properties of materials, construction tolerances, surface
finishes, and testing procedures. Descriptive specifications leave some flexibility for the
contractor to propose alternative materials or methods as long as they meet the
specified requirements.

Design Specifications: Design specifications are used to convey specific design

parameters and requirements to the contractor. They outline the design calculations,
loadings, dimensions, and other design considerations necessary for the construction
project. Design specifications are commonly used in structural engineering to ensure the
structural integrity and safety of the project.

It's important to note that specifications can also be a combination of different types
depending on the project's requirements and complexity. The choice of specification
type depends on factors such as the project's objectives, available standards, level of
control desired, and the owner's preferences.

State The Importance of Specification.

Specifications play a crucial role in civil engineering projects and hold significant
importance. Here are some key reasons why specifications are essential:
1. Clarity and Communication: Specifications provide clear and concise instructions
to contractors, engineers, and other stakeholders involved in the project. They
help in establishing a common understanding of the project requirements,
materials, methods, and quality standards. Specifications act as a communication
tool, ensuring that everyone is on the same page regarding the project's
objectives.
2. Quality Control: Specifications define the quality standards and requirements for
materials, workmanship, and construction methods. They ensure that the final
structure or system meets the desired level of quality and performance. By
specifying the appropriate materials and construction techniques, specifications
help maintain consistency and uniformity in the project, minimizing errors and
defects.
3. Compliance with Regulations and Standards: Specifications incorporate
applicable codes, regulations, and industry standards. They ensure that the
construction project complies with safety, structural, environmental, and other
relevant requirements. Specifications help prevent non-compliance issues, legal
disputes, and ensure the project is carried out in accordance with industry best
practices.
4. Cost Control: Specifications can help control costs by clearly defining the required
materials and construction methods. They prevent unnecessary expenses and
variations by specifying the most suitable and cost-effective options.
Specifications also help in evaluating and comparing bids from contractors,
ensuring that pricing is based on the same requirements and standards.
5. Consistency and Interchangeability: Specifications facilitate consistency and
interchangeability of materials and components. By specifying particular
standards and brands, they ensure that materials and products are compatible
and can be easily sourced or replaced during the construction process or in the
future.
6. Safety and Risk Mitigation: Specifications incorporate health and safety
requirements, ensuring that construction activities are carried out in a safe
manner. They help identify potential risks and hazards, establish safety protocols,
and ensure compliance with relevant regulations. Specifications contribute to a
safer working environment for construction personnel and reduce the likelihood
of accidents or injuries.
 7. Contractual Agreement: Specifications are typically included as part of the
contract documents. They serve as legally binding references, protecting the
interests of both the owner and the contractor. Specifications provide a clear
framework for the project scope, requirements, and deliverables, helping to
avoid misunderstandings and conflicts.
8. Documentation and Accountability: Specifications serve as a record of the
project's technical requirements and serve as a reference for future
maintenance, repairs, or modifications. They provide documentation of the
agreed-upon standards and specifications, enabling accountability for the
project's performance and longevity.

Overall, specifications ensure that construction projects are executed with precision,
compliance, and quality. They provide a comprehensive framework that guides the
project from planning to completion, leading to successful outcomes and customer
satisfaction.