Data and Signals
Data and Signals
2
Signals
Unit Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Data & Signals
2.2.1 Data types
2.2.2 Signal types
2.2.3 Periodic & Non Periodic Signals
2.3 Analog Signal
2.3.1 Characteristics of Analog Signal
2.3.1.1 Peak Amplitude
2.3.1.2 Frequency
2.3.1.3 Phase
2.3.2 Relation between Frequency & Period
2.3.3 Wavelength
2.3.4 Time & Frequency Domain Representation of a signal
2.3.5 Composite Signal
2.4 Digital Signal
2.4.1 Definition
2.4.2 Level
2.4.3 Bit lenght or Bit Interval
2.4.4 Bit Rate
2.4.5 Baud Rate
2.5 Types of Channel
2.5.1 Lowpass Channel
2.5.2 Bandpass Channel
2.6 Transmission of Digital signal
2.6.1 Baseband Transmission
2.6.2 Broadband Transmission
2.7 Review Questions
2.8 References
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2.0 OBJECTIVES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Signals which repeat itself after a fixed time period are called
Periodic Signals.
Signals which do not repeat itself after a fixed time period
are called Non-Periodic Signals.
In data communications, we commonly use periodic
analog signals and non-periodic digital signals.
2.3.1.2. Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of cycles completed by the
wave in one second.
Period refers to the time taken by the wave to complete one
second.
2.3.1.3. Phase
Phase describes the position of the waveform with respect to time
(specifically relative to time O).
2.3.3 Wavelength
The wavelength of a signal refers to the relationship between
frequency (or period) and propagation speed of the wave
through a medium.
The wavelength is the distance a signal travels in one
period.
It is given by
Wavelength = Propagation Speed X Period
OR
Wavelength =Propagation Speed X 1 a
Frequency
It is measured in micrometers
It varies from one medium to another.
2.4.1 Definition:-
A digital is a signal that has discrete values.
The signal will have value that is not continuous.
2.4.2 LEVEL
Information in a digital signal can be represented in the
form of voltage levels.
18
11 10 01 00 00 01 10 10
LEVEL
4
LEVEL
3
LEVEL
2
LEVEL
1
Fig: Three signals with different bit rates and baud rates
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This channel can pass all the frequencies in the range f1 to f2.
3
BANDWIDTH
Unit Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fourier Analysis
3.3 Bandwidth of a signal
3.3.1 Bandwidth of an analog signal
3.3.2 Bandwidth of a digital signal
3.4 Bandwidth of a channel
3.5 The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel
3.5.1 Nyquist Bit Rate
3.5.2 Shanno Capacity
3.6 Review Questions
3.7 References & Further Reading
3.0 OBJECTIVES
To understand
Concept of bandwidth
Bandwidth of Analog signal
Bandwidth of Digital signal
Bandwidth of Channel
Maximum Data rate of a channel : noisy & noiseless
3.1 INTRODUCTION
b) A Noisy Channel
A realistic channel that has some noise.
The Shannon Capacity formulated by Claude
Shannon gives the bit rate for a Noisy Channel
Where,
Bitrate is the bitrate of the channel in bits per second
Bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel
L is the number of signal levels.
Example
What is the maximum bit rate of a noiseless channel with a
bandwidth of 5000 Hz transmitting a signal with two signal
levels.
Solution:
The bit rate for a noiseless channel according to Nyquist Bit
rate can be calculated as follows:
BitRate = 2 x Bandwidth x Log2 L
= 2 x 5000 x log2 2 =10000 bps
Where,
Capacity is the capacity of the channel in bits per
second
Bandwidth is the bandwidth of the channel
SNR is the Signal to Noise Ratio