Welcome to

Relations & Functions II

 Table of contents

Session 01 03 Session 06 160

Relation 05 Periodic Functions 170
Inverse Function 182
Session 02 33
Function 38
Session 07 186
Classification of functions 44 Functional Equations 201
Transformation of graphs 209
Session 03 70
Greatest integer function 72
Session 08 211
Fractional Part Function 86
Transformation of graphs 212
One – one function 92
Many one function 96

Session 04 105
Number of functions 108
Onto function 119
Into function 124

Session 05 129
Principle of inclusion and exclusion 137
Composite Functions 152
 Session 1
Introduction to Relation and
Types of Relation

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 Key Takeaways

Cartesian product of Sets:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏
[ where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵] is called Cartesian product of sets 𝐴 and 𝐵.

• It is denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵.
• If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, then the number of elements in cartesian
product of sets is 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑝 × 𝑞.

Example: 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 , 𝐵 = 1, 2

⇒ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = { 𝑎, 1 , 𝑎, 2 , 𝑏, 1 , 𝑏, 2 , 𝑐, 1 , 𝑐, 2 }

⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 6 = 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝑛(𝐵)

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 Key Takeaways

Relation:
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two sets, then a relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵.

• 𝑅 ⊆𝐴×𝐵

• Number of relations = Number of subsets of 𝐴 × 𝐵

• If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑝, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑞, and 𝑅: 𝐴 → 𝐵, then number of relations = 2𝑝𝑞

𝐴 𝐵
Example: 𝑛(𝐴) = 6, 𝑛(𝐵) = 4

⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝑛 𝐵 = 6 × 4 = 24

Number of relations = Number of subsets of 𝐴 × 𝐵

= 224

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 Domain and range of relation:

Let 𝑅 be a relation defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵.

Let 𝑅 = 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑎1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏3
A B
The set of all the first components of ordered pairs belonging
𝑎1 𝑏1
to 𝑅 is called domain of 𝑅.
𝑎2 𝑏2
i.e., domain ⊆ 𝐴
𝑎3 𝑏3
The set of all the second components of ordered pairs
𝑏4
belonging to 𝑅 is called range of 𝑅.
i.e., Range ⊆ 𝐵

Set 𝐵 is called the co–domain of 𝑅.

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 Inverse of a relation:

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two sets and 𝑅 be a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵, then the inverse of
𝑅 is denoted by 𝑅−1 is a relation from 𝐵 to 𝐴 and is defined as:
𝑅−1 = 𝑏, 𝑎 , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅

𝐴 𝐵
• Domain (𝑅−1 ) = Range of 𝑅

𝑎 𝑏 • Range 𝑅−1 = Domain of 𝑅

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 If 𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers 𝑍,
then the domain of 𝑅 −1 is:
JEE Main 2020

A {−1, 0, 1} B {0, 1}

C {−2, −1, 1, 2} D {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

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 If 𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers 𝑍,
then the domain of 𝑅 −1 is:
JEE Main 2020

𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ≤ 8}

⇒𝑅= 0, 1 , 1, 0 , 0, −1 , −1, 0 , 1, 1 , 1, −1 , −1, 1 , −1, −1 , 2, 0 , −2, 0 , 2, 1 , 2, −1 , −2, 1 , −2, −1

⇒ 𝑅: −2, −1, 0, 1, 2 → {−1, 0, −1}

⇒ 𝑅−1 : {−1, 0, −1} → −2, −1, 0, 1, 2

A {−1, 0, 1} B {0, 1}

C {−2, −1, 1, 2} D {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

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 Void relation

A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is called a void or empty relation, if no element

of set 𝐴 is related to any element of 𝐴.

• 𝑅=𝜙

𝐴 𝐴

Example: 𝐴 = {students in boys' school}

Relation 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑏 is sister of 𝑎 & 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴}

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 Universal relation

It is a relation in which each element of set 𝐴 is related to every element

of set 𝐴.

• 𝑅 =𝐴×𝐴

Example: 𝐴 = {set of all the students of a school}

Relation 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ difference between the heights of 𝑎 & 𝑏
is less than 10 meters, where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴}

Explanation: It is obvious that the difference between the heights of

any two students of the school has to be less than 10 m.

Therefore (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴.

⇒𝑅 =𝐴×𝐴
∴ 𝑅 is the universal-relation on set 𝐴.

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 Key Takeaways

Identity relation:
Relation on set 𝐴 is identity relation, if each and every element of 𝐴 is
related to itself only.

Example: 𝐴 = {set of integers}

Relation 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 : 𝑎 = 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴

𝑌
𝐴 𝐴
𝑦 =𝑥
1 1

2 2
𝑋
3 3

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 Key Takeaways

Reflexive relation:

A relation 𝑅 defined on a set 𝐴 is said to be reflexive if every element

of 𝐴 is related to itself.

• Relation 𝑅 is reflexive if 𝑎, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 or 𝐼 ⊆ 𝑅, where 𝐼 is

identity relation on 𝐴.

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 A relation 𝑅 defined on set of natural numbers,
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑎 divides 𝑏}, then 𝑅 is a _______

Solution: 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 divides 𝑏

For being reflexive following

condition must satisfy:

𝑎, 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 divides 𝑎, which is always true.

∴ 𝑅 is a reflexive relation.

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 Key Takeaways

Symmetric relation:

A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is said to be a symmetric relation,

iff 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑏, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.

𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 𝑅 𝑎, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅

Example: Consider a set 𝐴 = {1,2,3}, which one is symmetric relation

𝑅1 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 , (1, 3), (3, 1)} Symmetric

𝑅2 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2,1), (1, 3)} Not symmetric

𝑅3 = 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 = 𝐼𝐴 Symmetric

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 Important Note

• Number of Reflexive relation = 2𝑛 𝑛−1

𝑛 𝑛+1
• Number of symmetric relation = 2 2

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 Key Takeaways

Transitive relation

A relation 𝑅 on set 𝐴 is said to be a transitive relation,

iff 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴 .

𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 and 𝑏 𝑅 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑅 𝑐, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴

Example: Consider a set 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3

𝐴 𝐴
𝑅1 = { 1, 2 , 2, 3 , 1, 3 } Transitive
1 1 1𝑅2 2𝑅3 1𝑅3

2 2 𝑅2 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3,2)} Not transitive

3 3
𝑅3 = 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3, 3 = 𝐼𝐴 Transitive

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 Let 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 be two relations defined as follows:
𝑅1 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∈ 𝑄 and
𝑅2 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∉ 𝑄 ,
where 𝑄 is the set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE MAIN SEPT 2020

A 𝑅1 is transitive but 𝑅2 is not transitive

B 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are both transitive

C 𝑅2 is transitive but 𝑅1 is not transitive

D Neither 𝑅1 nor 𝑅2 is transitive

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 Let 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 be two relations defined as follows:
𝑅1 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∈ 𝑄 and
𝑅2 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∉ 𝑄 ,
where 𝑄 is the set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE MAIN SEPT 2020
Solution:

For 𝑅1 For 𝑅2
1
Let 𝑎 = 1 + 2, 𝑏 = 1 − 2, 𝑐 = 84 Let 𝑎 = 1 + 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1 − 2

𝑎𝑅1 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 6 ∈ ℚ 𝑎𝑅2 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 5 + 2 2 ∉ ℚ

𝑏𝑅1 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 3 ∈ ℚ 𝑏𝑅2 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 5 − 2 2 ∉ ℚ

𝑎𝑅1 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 3 + 4 2 ∉ ℚ 𝑎𝑅2 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 6 ∈ ℚ

∴ 𝑅1 is not transitive. ∴ 𝑅2 is not transitive.

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 Let 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 be two relations defined as follows:
𝑅1 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∈ 𝑄 and
𝑅2 = 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ∉ 𝑄 ,
where 𝑄 is the set of all rational numbers. Then :
JEE MAIN SEPT 2020

A 𝑅1 is transitive but 𝑅2 is not transitive

B 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are both transitive

C 𝑅2 is transitive but 𝑅1 is not transitive

D Neither 𝑅1 nor 𝑅2 is transitive

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 Let ℕ be the set of natural numbers and a relation 𝑅 on ℕ be defined by
𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ × ℕ: 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 = 0 . Then the relation 𝑅 is:
JEE MAIN JULY 2021

A an equivalence relation

B reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive

C reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive

D symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive

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 Let ℕ be the set of natural numbers and a relation 𝑅 on ℕ be defined by
𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ × ℕ: 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 = 0 . Then the relation 𝑅 is:
JEE MAIN JULY 2021
Solution:
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 ⋯ 1
∵ 1 holds for all 𝑥, 𝑥
∴ 𝑅 is reflexive
If 𝑥, 𝑦 holds, then 𝑦, 𝑥 may or may not hold factor 𝑥 − 3𝑦
For example, 3, 1
∴ 𝑅 is not symmetric
Similarly factor 𝑥 − 3𝑦 doesn’t hold for transitive
For example, 9, 3 ∈ 𝑅 and 3, 1 ∈ 𝑅 but 9, 1 ∉ 𝑅
Hence, relation 𝑅 is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
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 Let ℕ be the set of natural numbers and a relation 𝑅 on ℕ be defined by
𝑅 = 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℕ × ℕ: 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 = 0 . Then the relation 𝑅 is:
JEE MAIN JULY 2021

A an equivalence relation

B reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive

C reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive

D symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive

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 Equivalence Relation

● A relation 𝑅 on a set 𝐴 is said to be equivalence relation on 𝐴 iff,

• If it is reflexive, i.e., 𝑎, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
• If it is symmetric, i.e., 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑏, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴
• If it is transitive, i.e., 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴
● Identity Relation is an Equivalence Relation.

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 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

A correct explanation of statement 1.

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

B not correct explanation of statement 1.

C Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false

D Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true

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 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011
Solution: 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ X ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer}

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴 is reflexive
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴

⇒ 𝐴 is symmetric

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴

⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer and 𝑦 − 𝑧 is an integer

⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑧 is an integer ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 is transitive

Return To Top ∴ 𝐴 is an equivalence relation.

 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011
Solution:
𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ X ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼}

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥 for 𝛼 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 is reflexive

𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵

Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 Thus 𝛼 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 and 𝑦 = 𝛽𝑧

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝛽𝑧
But 𝑦 ≠ 𝛽𝑥 for any rational 𝛽
⇒ 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵
⇒ 𝑦, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵
⇒ 𝐵 is transitive
⇒ 𝐵 is asymmetric
∴ 𝐵 is not an equivalence relation.
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 Let ℝ be the set of real numbers.
Statement 1 ∶ 𝐴 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑦 − 𝑥 is an integer} is an equivalence relation on ℝ.
Statement 2 ∶ 𝐵 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ × ℝ ∶ 𝑥 = 𝛼𝑦 for some rational number 𝛼} is an
equivalence relation.
JEE Main 2011

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

A correct explanation of statement 1.

Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is

B not correct explanation of statement 1.

C Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false

D Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true

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 Equivalence Class:

Let 𝑅 be an equivalence relation on a set 𝐴. Then for each 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, its equivalence

class is the set of elements of 𝐴; where the element is related to 𝑎.
It is denoted by: 𝑎 𝑅 = 𝑥∈𝐴 𝑎, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

Example: Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} with

𝑅 = { 1,1 , 2,2 , 3,3 , 4,4 , 5,5 , 1,2 , 1,3 , 2,1 , 2,3 , 3,1 , 3,2 , 4,5 , (5,4)}

1 𝑅 = 1,2,3 ; 2 𝑅 = 2,1,3 ; 3 𝑅 = 3,1,2

4 𝑅 = 4,5 ; 5 𝑅 = 5,4

Here, 1 𝑅 = 2 𝑅 = 3 𝑅 and 4 𝑅 = 5 𝑅 → Equivalence class

Note that, 1 𝑅 ∪ 4 𝑅 = 𝐴 and 1 𝑅 ∩ 4 𝑅 =𝜙

i.e., an equivalence class is the subset of a set 𝐴 which includes all elements
that are equivalent (there’s an equivalence relation between any two
elements) to each other.
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 Let 𝑅 = {(𝑃, 𝑄)|𝑃 and 𝑄 are at the same distance from the origin} be
a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, −1) is the set
JEE Main 2021

A 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1} B 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4}

C 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2} D 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2}

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 Let 𝑅 = {(𝑃, 𝑄)|𝑃 and 𝑄 are at the same distance from the origin} be
a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, −1) is the set
JEE Main 2021

Let 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) and 𝑄(𝑐, 𝑑) be two points.

𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄

⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2

𝑅 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑆(1, −1)

⇒ 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑂𝑆 (∵ Equivalence class)

⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2

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 Let 𝑅 = {(𝑃, 𝑄)|𝑃 and 𝑄 are at the same distance from the origin} be
a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, −1) is the set
JEE Main 2021

A 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1} B 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4}

C 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2} D 𝑆= 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2}

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 Session 2
Introduction to Function and
Types of Functions

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 Let 𝐴 = 2, 3, 4, 5, … , 30 and ′ ≅ ′ be an equivalence relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴, defined by
𝑎, 𝑏 ≅ 𝑐, 𝑑 , if and only if 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐. Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy
this equivalence relation with ordered pair 4, 3 is equal to :
JEE MAIN MAR 2021

A 7

B 5

C 6

D 8

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 Let 𝐴 = 2, 3, 4, 5, … , 30 and ′ ≅ ′ be an equivalence relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴, defined by
𝑎, 𝑏 ≅ 𝑐, 𝑑 , if and only if 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐. Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy
this equivalence relation with ordered pair 4, 3 is equal to :
JEE MAIN MAR 2021
Solution:
𝑎, 𝑏 𝑅 𝑐, 𝑑 iff 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐
𝑎, 𝑏 𝑅 4, 3 ⇒ 3𝑎 = 4𝑏
4
⇒𝑎=
3

𝑏 must be multiple of 3.
𝑏 can be 3, 6, 9, … , 30
Also, 𝑎 must be less than or equal to 30.
So 𝑎, 𝑏 can be
4, 3 , 8, 6 , 12, 9 , 16, 12 , 20, 15 , 24, 18 , 28, 21
⇒ 7 ordered pairs

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 Let 𝐴 = 2, 3, 4, 5, … , 30 and ′ ≅ ′ be an equivalence relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴, defined by
𝑎, 𝑏 ≅ 𝑐, 𝑑 , if and only if 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐. Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy
this equivalence relation with ordered pair 4, 3 is equal to :
JEE MAIN MAR 2021

A 7

B 5

C 6

D 8

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 Composition of a Relation

The composition of two relation𝑠 𝑅 & 𝑆 𝑆𝑜𝑅 is a binary relation from 𝐴 to 𝐶, if and
only if there is 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 such that 𝑎𝑅𝑏 & 𝑏𝑆𝑐 where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 & 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶
Mathematically,
𝑆𝑜𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑐 | ∃ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ∶ 𝑎𝑅𝑏 ∧ 𝑏𝑆𝑐

𝑅 𝑆
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑆𝑜𝑅
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 Key Takeaways
Function
A function is a relation defined from set 𝐴 to set 𝐵 such that each and
every element of set 𝐴 is uniquely related to an element of set 𝐵.

• It is denoted by 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵

Example:

1 1
𝑎 𝑎
2 2
𝑏 𝑏
3 3
𝑐 𝑐
4 4

Function Not a function

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 Domain, Range and Co-domain of function:

Domain : Values of set 𝐴 for which function is defined.

(Set of permissible inputs )

Range : All values that 𝑓 takes (Range ⊆ Co – domain).

(Set of output generated domain )

Co-domain : Set of all elements in set 𝐵.

Example: 𝐴 𝐵

1 1 Domain = 1, 2,3,4
4
2 Range = 1, 4,9, 16
9
3
16 Co-domain = 1, 4,9, 16,25
4 25

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 Key Takeaways

Vertical line test:

If any vertical line parallel to 𝑌 −axis intersect the curve on only one
point, then it is a function. If it is intersecting more than one points,
then it is not a function.

𝑌
𝑌

𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦1
𝑦2
𝑦1
𝑋 𝑥1 𝑋
𝑥2 𝑂 𝑥1 𝑂
𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 9
𝑦1′

A function Not a function

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 Key Takeaways

Vertical line test:

• 𝑦2 = 𝑥 • 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑌 𝑌

𝑦1
𝑦1
𝑥2
𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑂 𝑥1
𝑦2

𝑦2

Not a function A function

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 Key Takeaways

Real valued function:

A function which has either ℝ or one of its subsets as its range, is

called a real valued function. Further, if its domain is also either ℝ or a
subset of ℝ, is called a real function.

𝑅𝑓 ⊆ ℝ ⇒ 𝑓 is real valued function.

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 2 +𝑥
Check whether 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 is function or not.

Solution:
For 𝑥 = 1

𝑦 2 = 𝑒 1+1 = 𝑒 2

𝑦 = ±𝑒

We get two values of 𝑦 for single value of 𝑥.

Hence, this is not a function.

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 Classification of functions
ILATE

Algebraic Non-Algebraic/Transcendental

Logarithmic

Poly Rational irrational Piecewise Inverse

𝑓𝑛 𝑓𝑛 𝑓𝑛 𝑓𝑛
Trigonometric

Exponential
Modulus [] {} sgn Defined
𝑓𝑛 GIF FPF 𝑓𝑛 𝑓𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
● If 𝑛 = 0, we get 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎0 (Constant Polynomial)

𝑦 = 𝑎0
0, 𝑎𝑜 Domain : ℝ
𝑋
Range : {𝑎0 }

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 Key Takeaways

Polynomial function:

● Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0

● If 𝑛 = 1, we get 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎

(Linear Polynomial)

Domain : ℝ
𝑦 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
Range : ℝ

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 Key Takeaways

Identity function:

● 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎0 = 0 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0
𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 ∈ 𝕎
𝑝 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑦 =𝑥
Domain : ℝ

Range :ℝ

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 Odd and even degree Polynomial:

• Odd degree polynomial function → Highest degree is odd.

Range of odd degree polynomial function is ℝ

Example:

Range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 ?

𝑅𝑓 = ℝ (∵ it is odd degree polynomial function)

• Even degree polynomial function → Highest degree is even.

Even polynomial function range ⊂ ℝ
Example:
Range of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ?

Range = 0, ∞
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 Note:
• The graph for 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 can be as follows:

𝑎>0
𝑎<0

Same rule for all even polynomials.

• The graph for 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 can be as follows:

𝑎>0 𝑎<0

Return To Top Same rule for all odd polynomials.

 Note:

• If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 has roots 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , … , 𝛼𝑛 , then

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑥 − 𝛼1 𝑥 − 𝛼2 … 𝑥 − 𝛼𝑛 .
Note: Repeated Roots Examples

• 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑎 𝑥−4 2
• 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑎 𝑥−6 4

4 6

•𝑓𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 2 2 (𝑥 − 4)

2 4
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 Polynomial Function, domain: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

𝑌
𝑌 𝑎2 < 0
𝑎2 > 0 −𝐷
4𝑎2

𝑋
−𝐷
4𝑎2
−𝐷
Range ∈ ,∞ 𝐷
4𝑎2 Range ∈ −∞, −
4𝑎2

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 Find range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

A −𝟏, ∞

B (𝟎, ∞)

C 𝟎, ∞

D 𝟑, ∞

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 Find range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

Solution: Given function: 𝑓 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

𝐷𝑓 : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑥
𝑂
𝐷 0, −1
𝑅𝑓 : 𝑦 ∈ − ,∞
4𝑎

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 3

𝐷 4 2 −4 1 3 4
− =− = − = −1
4𝑎 4×1 4

Hence, range of the function would be −1, ∞

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 Find range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

A −𝟏, ∞

B (𝟎, ∞)

C 𝟎, ∞

D 𝟑, ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Rational Function:
𝑓 𝑥
● For ℎ 𝑥 = , where 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are functions of 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥

● Domain: Check domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥), & 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0

● If 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 is both are polynomials, then ℎ 𝑥 is rational

polynomial function.

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 𝑥+1
Find domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = .
3𝑥−5

Solution: Given: 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥+1
3𝑥−5
5 5
Domain: 3𝑥 − 5 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 3
𝑥+1
Range: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = → Convert and make ′ 𝑥 ′ as a subject
3𝑥−5

⇒ 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

⇒ 𝑥 3𝑦 − 1 = 5𝑦 + 1
5𝑦+1
⇒𝑥=
3𝑦−1

Since, 𝑥 must be real.

1
⇒ 3𝑦 − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑦 ≠
3
1
Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ −
3

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 𝑥
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Then
𝑥 2 +1
the range of 𝑓 is:
JEE MAIN JAN 2019

1 1
A ℝ– − ,
2 2

B ℝ − −1, 1

C −1 , 1 − 0

1 1
D −
2
,
2

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 𝑥
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Then
𝑥 2 +1
the range of 𝑓 is:
JEE MAIN JAN 2019
Solution:
Domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is ℝ
𝑥
Let 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 +1

⇒ 𝑦𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ( ∵ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ)

𝐷≥0 1 1
−
2 2 2
⇒ 1 − 4𝑦 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 4𝑦 − 1 ≤ 0
1 1
⇒𝑦∈ − ,
2 2
1 1
∴ Range of 𝑓 is − ,
2 2

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 𝑥
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Then
𝑥 2 +1
the range of 𝑓 is:
JEE MAIN JAN 2019

1 1
A ℝ– − ,
2 2

B ℝ − −1, 1

C −1 , 1 − 0

1 1
D −
2
,
2

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 Exponential function:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

• Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ • Range : 𝑦 ∈ (0, ∞)

Increasing function 𝑎 > 1 Decreasing function 0 < 𝑎 < 1

𝑌 𝑌

0, 1 0, 1
𝑋 𝑋

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 Logarithmic function:
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0 & 𝑎 ≠ 1

• Domain : 𝑥 ∈ 0, ∞ or ℝ+ • Range : 𝑦 ∈ −∞, ∞ or ℝ

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
1, 0 1, 0

Increasing function 𝑎 > 1 Decreasing function 0 < 𝑎 < 1

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 The domain of the definition of the function
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is :
4 − 𝑥2
JEE MAIN APR 2019

A 1, 2 ∪ (2, ∞)

B – 2, – 1 ∪ – 1, 0 ∪ (2, ∞)

C – 1,0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 2, ∞

D – 1, 0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 3, ∞

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 The domain of the definition of the function
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is :
4 − 𝑥2
JEE MAIN APR 2019
Solution:

1
𝑓(𝑥) = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
4 − 𝑥2

4 − 𝑥 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ ±2 ⋯ (𝑖)
−1 0 1 2
and 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 > 0

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1,0 ∪ 1, ∞ ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

From equation (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖)

𝑥 ∈ (– 1,0) ∪ (1,2) ∪ (2, ∞)

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 The domain of the definition of the function
1
𝑓 𝑥 = + log10 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 is :
4 − 𝑥2
JEE MAIN APR 2019

A 1, 2 ∪ (2, ∞)

B – 2, – 1 ∪ – 1, 0 ∪ (2, ∞)

C – 1,0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 2, ∞

D – 1, 0 ∪ 1,2 ∪ 3, ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Note:

● For ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) , to be defined for 𝑓(𝑥) > 0, and normal condition for 𝑔(𝑥).

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 1
3 𝑥−2
Find domain of function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 +
𝑥

Solution:
1
3 𝑥−2 + +
𝑓 𝑥 = 1+
𝑥
−3 − 0
3
1+ > 0 and 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0
𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞ , −3) ∪ (0, ∞) and 𝑥 ≠ 2

−∞ ∞
−3 0 2
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞ , −3) ∪ (0, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

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 If the function are defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥, then what is the
𝑓 𝑔
common domain of the following functions: 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, , , 𝑔 − 𝑓 where
𝑔 𝑓
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓±𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑥 =
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
JEE MAIN MAR 2021

A 0<𝑥≤1

B 0≤𝑥<1

C 0≤𝑥≤1

D 0<𝑥<1

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 If the function are defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥, then what is the
𝑓 𝑔
common domain of the following functions: 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, , , 𝑔 − 𝑓 where
𝑔 𝑓
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓±𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑥 =
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
JEE MAIN MAR 2021
Solution: 𝑓+𝑔 = 𝑥+ 1−𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 1 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1
𝑓−𝑔 = 𝑥− 1−𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 1 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1
𝑓 𝑥
=
𝑔 1−𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 1 − 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1
𝑔 1−𝑥
=
𝑓 𝑥

⇒ 1 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1
𝑔−𝑓 = 1−𝑥− 𝑥
⇒ 1 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 & 𝑥 ≥ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1

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⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 0,1
 If the function are defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥, then what is the
𝑓 𝑔
common domain of the following functions: 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, , , 𝑔 − 𝑓 where
𝑔 𝑓
𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓±𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑥 =
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
JEE MAIN MAR 2021

A 0<𝑥≤1

B 0≤𝑥<1

C 0≤𝑥≤1

D 0<𝑥<1

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 Session 3
Some more types of Functions

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 Modulus function

𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
● 𝑦 = |𝑥| =ቐ
𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑋
Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ [0, ∞)

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 Greatest integer function(Step function)
● 𝑦 = [𝑥] = Greatest Integer less than or equal to 𝑥

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ ℤ

𝑌
2

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

−2

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 If 𝑥 ≤ −2, then 𝑥 ∈

A −∞, −2

B −∞, 1

C −2, −1

D (−∞, −1)

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 If 𝑥 ≤ −2, then 𝑥 ∈

Solution:
𝑥 ≤ −2 𝑌
2
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1)
1

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

−2

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 If 𝑥 ≤ −2, then 𝑥 ∈

A −∞, −2

B −∞, 1

C −2, −1

D (−∞, −1)

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 Key Takeaways

Greatest integer function

● 𝑦 = [𝑥] = Greatest Integer less than or equal to 𝑥
𝑌
Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥−1

Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ ℤ 2

1
Properties:
𝑋
• 𝑥−1< 𝑥 ≤𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
• 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑚 ; for 𝑚 ∈ 𝕀.

0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝕀 −2
• 𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቐ
−1, 𝑥 ∉ 𝕀

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 Find the domain and range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 + 1, (where . denotes G.I.F)

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 +1 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 +2 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 𝑥 + 𝑚 ; for 𝑚 ∈ 𝕀.

𝑦= 𝑥

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1

−2

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 Find the domain and range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 + 1, (where . denotes G.I.F)

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 +1 ⇒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 +2 𝑦= 𝑥 +2

𝑌 Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
4 Range : ℤ

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1
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 Find the range of the function :
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑥
, 𝑥 ∈ 1, 3 (where 𝑥 denotes G.I.F.).

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑥
, 𝑥 ∈ 1, 3 (where 𝑥 denotes G.I.F.).
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 1, 3

Case 1: 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 Case 2: 𝑥 ∈ 2, 3 Case 3: 𝑥 = 3

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 =1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 ∵ 𝑥 = 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 ∵ 𝑥 = 3

𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 1,2 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 4,9 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 27 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑖 ∪ 𝑖𝑖 ∪ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2 ∪ 4, 9 ∪ 27

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 For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, let 𝑥 denote the greatest integer ≤ 𝑥, then the sum of the series
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
− + − − + − − + ⋯+ − − is:
3 3 100 3 100 3 100

A −135

B −153

C −131

D −133

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 For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, let 𝑥 denote the greatest integer ≤ 𝑥, then the sum of the series
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
− + − − + − − + ⋯+ − − is:
3 3 100 3 100 3 100

Solution:
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
− + − − + − − + ⋯+ − −
3 3 100 3 100 3 100

1 1 𝑥 100+3𝑥
Since − = −1 and − − =−
3 3 100 300

For case I: For case II:

300 ≤ 100 + 3𝑥 < 600

100 + 3𝑥 < 300
200 500
≤𝑥<
⇒ 𝑥 < 66.67 3 3

67 ≤ 𝑥 < 166
1 𝑥
∴ − − = −1
3 100 1 𝑥
∴ − − = −2
3 100
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 For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, let 𝑥 denote the greatest integer ≤ 𝑥, then the sum of the series
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
− + − − + − − + ⋯+ − − is:
3 3 100 3 100 3 100

Solution:
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
− + − − + − − + ⋯+ − −
3 3 100 3 100 3 100

For case I: For case II:

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
∴ − − = −1 ∴ − − = −2
3 100 3 100

So, the sum of the series equals

= −1 − 1 − 1 − ⋯ 67 times + −2 − 2 − 2 − ⋯ 33 times

= −67 − 2 33

= −133

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 For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, let 𝑥 denote the greatest integer ≤ 𝑥, then the sum of the series
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
− + − − + − − + ⋯+ − − is:
3 3 100 3 100 3 100

A −135

B −153

C −131

D −133

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 Properties of Greatest Integer Function:

•
1 2 𝑛−1
𝑥 + 𝑥+ + 𝑥+ +⋯+ 𝑥 + = 𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

•
𝑥 𝑥+1
+ = 𝑥
2 2

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 1 1 1 1 2 1 99
Find the value of + + + + +⋯+ + , where [. ] denotes G.I.F.
4 4 100 4 100 4 100

Solution:

1 1 1 1 2 1 99
+ + + + +⋯+ +
4 4 100 4 100 4 100

1 2 𝑛−1
This is of the form 𝑥 + 𝑥 + + 𝑥+ + ⋯+ 𝑥 + = 𝑛𝑥 .
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 1 1 1 2 1 99 1
⇒ + + + + + ⋯+ + = 100 × = 25 = 25
4 4 100 4 100 4 100 4

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 Fractional Part Function

● 𝑦= 𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 0,1

1 𝑦=1

𝑋
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

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 Fractional Part Function

𝑦= 𝑥 =𝑥− 𝑥

Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 0,1

Properties:
𝑥 + 𝑛 = 𝑥 ,𝑛 ∈ 𝕀
0, 𝑥 ∈ 𝕀
𝑥 + −𝑥 = ቐ
1, 𝑥 ∉ 𝕀
Examples:
1.25 = 1.25 − 1.25 −1.25 = −1.25 − −1.25

= −1.25 − 1 = −1.25 − −2

= 0.25 = −1.25 + 2 = 0.75

1.25 + −1.25 = 1

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 𝑥
Find the range of the function : 𝑓 𝑥 = , (where . denotes
1+ 𝑥
fractional part function).

Solution: 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 =
1+ 𝑥

On cross multiplying,

𝑦 1+ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒𝑦+𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 = ∵ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 ⇒0≤ <1
1−𝑦 1−𝑦

𝑦 𝑦
≥0 ⇒ ≤0
1−𝑦 𝑦−1 + +

0 − 1
𝑦 ∈ 0, 1 (𝐼)

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 𝑥
Find the range of the function : 𝑓 𝑥 = , (where . denotes
1+ 𝑥
fractional part function).

Solution: 𝑦
0≤ <1
1−𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ <1 ⇒ −1<0
1−𝑦 1−𝑦

2𝑦 − 1 2𝑦 − 1 + +
⇒ <0⇒ >0
1−𝑦 𝑦−1
1 − 1
2
1
𝑦 ∈ −∞, ∪ (1, ∞) (𝐼𝐼)
2

By 𝐼 ∩ (𝐼𝐼) we get:
1
𝑦 ∈ 0,
2

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 Signum Function

1, 𝑥 > 0
𝑥 1
,𝑥 ≠ 0
● 𝑦 = sgn 𝑥 = ൞ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 < 0
0, 𝑥 = 0
0, 𝑥 = 0
0 𝑋
● Domain ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range ∶ 𝑦 ∈ −1,0,1
−1
● sgn(sgn(sgn ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ sgn 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥

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 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
Find the domain and range of the function : 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn
𝑥+1

Solution: 𝑥3 + 𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 = sgn
𝑥+1

𝑥2 𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {−1}
𝑥+1

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2

Thus, 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 ∵ 𝑥2 ≥ 0

If 𝑥 2 > 0 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2 = 1

If 𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2 = 0

Range : 𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 0,1

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 One – one function (Injective function/ Injective mapping) :

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be a one-one function if different

elements of set 𝐴 have different 𝑓 images in set 𝐵.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

Both are example of one-one function

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 One input - one output

Name Kishor Name Arya Name Roohi Name Ayan Name Alia

Roll no. BYJUS01 Roll no. BYJUS02 Roll no. BYJUS03 Roll no. BYJUS04 Roll no. BYJUS05

Score 92% Score 93% Score 95% Score 92% Score 93%

Student Roll No.

BYJUS01

BYJUS02

BYJUS05

BYJUS03

BYJUS04

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 Many inputs - one output

Name Kishor Name Arya Name Roohi Name Ayan Name Alia

Roll no. BYJUS01 Roll no. BYJUS02 Roll no. BYJUS03 Roll no. BYJUS04 Roll no. BYJUS05

Score 92% Score 93% Score 95% Score 92% Score 93%

Student Score

92%

93%

95%

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or NOT:

For 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴 and𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐵
𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 ⇔ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 ⇔ 𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2

Example:
A function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ such that

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
⇒ 3𝑥1 + 5 = 3𝑥2 + 5 ⇒ 𝑥12 = 𝑥22
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 = 0

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one. ⇒ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 = −𝑥2
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is not one-one.
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 Key Takeaways

Many one function :

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be a many-one function if there exist at

least two or more elements of set 𝐴 that have same 𝑓 image in 𝐵.

𝐴 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵

Both are example of many one function

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is many one iff there exists atleast two elements

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐴 such that 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
(𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 ∈ 𝐵 but 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 )

𝐴 𝐵

Many one function

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 Check whether the given function 𝑓 𝑥 is one-one or
many one: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2

Solution: Suppose for some 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2

⇒ 𝑥12 + 𝑥1 + 2 = 𝑥22 + 𝑥2 + 2

⇒ 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 + 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0

⇒ (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0

⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 or 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −1

We get two conclusions here

Which indicates that many such 𝑥1 & 𝑥2 are possible

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is many-one function
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 Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

Horizontal line test : If we draw straight lines parallel to 𝑥 −axis, and

they cut the graph of the function at exactly one point, then the
function is ONE-ONE.

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑋 𝑋

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 Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :

Horizontal line test : If there exists a straight lines parallel to 𝑥 −axis,

which cuts the graph of the function at atleast two points, then the
function is MANY-ONE.

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋

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 Choose the correct option:

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥

A (a), (b) & (e) are one-one mapping B (a) & (e) are many-one mapping

C (a) & (c) are one-one mapping D None

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 Choose the correct option:

Solution:

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥
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 Choose the correct option:

Solution: Exponents and logarithmic functions are one-one.

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
One-One Many-One One-One

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥
Return To Top Many-One Many-One
 Choose the correct option:

𝑎. 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 𝑏. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑐. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑥

A (a), (b) & (e) are one-one mapping B (a) & (e) are many-one mapping

C (a) & (c) are one-one mapping D None

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 Session 4
Number of One-One mappings,
Types of function

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 Methods to determine whether a function is ONE-ONE or MANY ONE :
Any function which is either increasing or decreasing in given
domain is one-one, otherwise many Many-one.

𝑓′ 𝑥 > 0 ′
𝑓′ 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 𝑥 <0
or
𝑓′ 𝑥 < 0

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥2

One-One One-One Many-One

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 Determine whether a function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
is ONE-ONE or MANY-ONE

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

𝐷 = 22 − 4 3 × 1 = −8 < 0

Hence 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 > 0 always

⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) is always increasing → one-one

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 Key Takeaways

Number of functions :

Let a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑛 𝐴 = 4, 𝑛 𝐵 = 5 𝑥2 𝑦2
⋅ ⋅
Thus, total number of function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 ⋅ ⋅
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛
⇒ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋯ 5 (4 times)= 54

If 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑚, 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑛 𝑚 < 𝑛
Thus, total number of functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵
= 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑛(𝑚 times)= 𝑛𝑚

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 Key Takeaways

Number of ONE-ONE Mappings :

𝐴 𝐵
Let a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵
𝑛 𝐴 = 4, 𝑛 𝐵 = 5 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
Thus total number of function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 ⋅ ⋅
⇒ 5 5 − 1 5 − 2 ⋯ (5 − 4 + 1) = 5 𝑃4 ⋅ ⋅
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛
Thus, number of mappings
⇒ 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 ⋯ (𝑛 − 𝑚 + 1) = 𝑛𝑚

𝑛
𝑃𝑚 , if 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 0, if 𝑛 < 𝑚

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 Number of MANY-ONE mappings :

Number of Many-ONE Function

= (Total Number of Functions) − (Number of One-One Functions)

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 If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , then the number of functions
on set 𝐴, which are not ONE-ONE is:

A 240 B 248

C 232 D 256

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 If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , then the number of functions
on set 𝐴, which are not ONE-ONE is:

Solution:
Number of many one functions
= Total number of functions−Number of ONE-ONE functions

= 44 − 4 P4 ⋅ 44

= 256 − 24

= 232

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 If 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3, 4 , then the number of functions
on set 𝐴, which are not ONE-ONE is:

A 240 B 248

C 232 D 256

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 Let 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4 . Then the number of elements
in the set 𝐶 = {𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵|2 ∈ 𝑓 𝐴 and 𝑓 is not one-one } is _________.
JEE Main Sept 2020
𝐴 𝐵
Solution:
Only one Image 𝑓
𝑎 1
2 1
𝑏
3
𝑐 4
When all element 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
related to only one image

𝐴 𝐵 3
𝐶1 23 − 2
Only two Image and 2 has to be there
𝑎 1
To select one more
2 image From 1, 3, 4
𝑏
3
𝑐 4

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 Let 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4 . Then the number of elements
in the set 𝐶 = {𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵|2 ∈ 𝑓 𝐴 and 𝑓 is not one-one } is _________.
JEE Main Sept 2020
Solution: Only one Image- 1

Only two Image and 2 has to be there- 3

𝐶1 23 − 2 = 18

The number of elements in set 𝐶 = 1 + 18 = 19

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 Let 𝑥 denote the total number of one-one functions from a set 𝐴 with 3 elements
to a set 𝐵 with 5 elements and 𝑦 denote the total number of one-one functions
from the set 𝐴 to the set 𝐴 × 𝐵. Then:
JEE Main Feb 2021

A 𝑦 = 273𝑥

B 2𝑦 = 91𝑥

C 𝑦 = 91𝑥

D 2𝑦 = 273𝑥

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 Let 𝑥 denote the total number of one-one functions from a set 𝐴 with 3 elements
to a set 𝐵 with 5 elements and 𝑦 denote the total number of one-one functions
from the set 𝐴 to the set 𝐴 × 𝐵. Then:
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution: 𝐴 𝐵
𝑛 𝐴 = 3, 𝑛 𝐵 = 5
⇒ 𝑛 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 15
3 5
Number of one-one function
from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 𝑥 = 5 × 4 × 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 60
Number of one-one function from 𝐴 𝐴×𝐵
𝐴 to 𝐴 × 𝐵 is 𝑦 = 15 × 14 × 13
14
⇒ 𝑦 = 15 × 4 × ×3
4 3 15
7
⇒ 𝑦 = 60 × × 13
2

⇒ 2𝑦 = 13 7𝑥
⇒ 2𝑦 = 91𝑥
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 Let 𝑥 denote the total number of one-one functions from a set 𝐴 with 3 elements
to a set 𝐵 with 5 elements and 𝑦 denote the total number of one-one functions
from the set 𝐴 to the set 𝐴 × 𝐵. Then:
JEE Main Feb 2021

A 𝑦 = 273𝑥

B 2𝑦 = 91𝑥

C 𝑦 = 91𝑥

D 2𝑦 = 273𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Onto function (surjective mapping)

If the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is such that each element in 𝐵 (co-domain) must

have at least one pre-image in 𝐴, then we say that 𝑓 is a function of 𝐴 ‘onto’ 𝐵.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

● Or, if range of 𝑓 = Co – domain of 𝑓.

● 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 is surjective iff ∀ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵, there

exists some 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 such that 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏.

● If not given, co-domain of function is taken as 𝑅

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 Key Takeaways

Onto function (surjective mapping)

If the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is such that each element in 𝐵 (co-domain) must

have at least one pre-image in 𝐴, then we say that 𝑓 is a function of 𝐴 ‘onto’ 𝐵.

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 : 𝑅 → [−1,1]

𝑌
Onto Function
(0,1) Range :[−1, 1]

(0, −1)

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 The function 𝑓: 0,3 → 1,29 , defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 1, is
JEE Advanced 2012

A One-one and onto

B Onto but not One-one

C One-one but not onto

D Neither One-one nor onto

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 The function 𝑓: 0,3 → 1,29 , defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 1, is
JEE Advanced 2012
Solution:
𝑓: 0,3 → 1,29
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 36
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 6 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3

In the given domain function has local maxima, so it is many one

Now at , 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 0 = 1
𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 2 = 16 − 60 + 72 + 1 = 29
𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑓 3 = 54 − 135 + 108 + 1 = 28

𝑓 has range = 1,29 hence , given function is onto

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 The function 𝑓: 0,3 → 1,29 , defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 1, is
JEE Advanced 2012

A One-one and onto

B Onto but not One-one

C One-one but not onto

D Neither One-one nor onto

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 Key Takeaways

Into function

● If the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is such that there exists at least one element in 𝐵

(co-domain) which is not the image of any element in domain (𝐴), then 𝑓 is ‘into’.

● For an into function range of 𝑓 ≠ Co – domain of 𝑓 and Range of 𝑓 ⊂ Co – domain of 𝑓.

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

● If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice – versa.

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 Key Takeaways

Into function

𝑌
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Solution:

9 1
Range of 𝑓 𝑥 = − , ∞ − ,0
4 2

Thus, range ≠ co-domain 9

0, −
4
∴ INTO Function

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 Bijection Function

If 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is both an injective and a surjective function, then 𝑓 is

said to be bijection or one to one and onto function from 𝐴 to 𝐵.

• If 𝐴, 𝐵 are finite sets and 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a bijective function, then 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐵

• If 𝐴, 𝐵 are finite sets and 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐵 then number of bijective functions

defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is 𝑛 𝐴 !

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 Note:

A function can be of one of these four types :

● One-one, onto (injective and surjective ) also called as Bijective functions.

● One – one, into (injective but not surjective)

● Many – one, onto (surjective but not injective)

● Many – one, into (neither surjective nor injective)

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 Let 𝐴 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 . Then the number of bijective functions 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐴 such that
𝑓 1 + 𝑓 2 = 3 − 𝑓 3 is equal to
JEE MAIN JULY 2021
Solution:

𝑓 1 +𝑓 2 =3−𝑓 3

⇒𝑓 1 +𝑓 2 +𝑓 3 =3

The only possibility is 0 + 1 + 2 = 3

⇒Elements 1, 2, 3 in the domain can be mapped with 0, 1, 2 only.

∴ Total number of bijective functions = 5! 3! = 720

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 Session 5
Even/Odd function and
Composite function

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 𝑥2
If the function 𝑓: ℝ − −1, 1 → 𝐴, defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , is surjective, then 𝐴 is
1−𝑥 2
equal to:
JEE MAIN APRIL 2016

A ℝ − −1, 0

B ℝ − −1, 0

C ℝ − −1

D 0, ∞

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 𝑥2
If the function 𝑓: ℝ − −1, 1 → 𝐴, defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , is surjective, then 𝐴 is
1−𝑥 2
equal to:
JEE MAIN APRIL 2016
Solution:
𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑦 =
1−𝑥 2

⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
𝑦
⇒ 𝑥2 = ∵ 𝑥2 ≥ 0
1+𝑦
𝑦
⇒ ≥0
1+𝑦

⇒ 𝑦 ∈ −∞, −1 ∪ 0, ∞
∴ 𝐴 = ℝ − −1, 0

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 𝑥2
If the function 𝑓: ℝ − −1, 1 → 𝐴, defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = , is surjective, then 𝐴 is
1−𝑥 2
equal to:
JEE MAIN APRIL 2016

A ℝ − −1, 0

B ℝ − −1, 0

C ℝ − −1

D 0, ∞

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 If the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 , then which of the
following statements is TRUE ?

A 𝑓 is one-one, but not onto

B 𝑓 is onto, but not one-one

C 𝑓 is both one-one and onto

D 𝑓 is neither one-one nor onto

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 If the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 , then which of the
following statements is TRUE ?

Solution:

Given: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝑓 −𝑥 = − 𝑥 𝑥 − si n 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is odd, non-periodic
and continuous function.
Now,
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ 2
−𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0

2
sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ∞ = lim 𝑥 1− =∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
2
sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −∞ = lim − 𝑥 1− = −∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
⇒ Range of 𝑓 𝑥 is ℝ
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is an onto function ⋯ 1
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 If the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 , then which of the
following statements is TRUE ?

Solution:
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is an onto function ⋯ 1

2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ቊ
−2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0

Now, 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑥 ≥ 0

− 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 >0∀𝑥 <0

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, ∞

𝑓 𝑥 is one-one function ⋯ 2

From equations 1 and 2

𝑓 𝑥 is both one-one and onto

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 If the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 , then which of the
following statements is TRUE ?

A 𝑓 is one-one, but not onto

B 𝑓 is onto, but not one-one

C 𝑓 is both one-one and onto

D 𝑓 is neither one-one nor onto

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 Key Takeaways

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

𝐴 𝐵
𝑛 𝐴𝑖 = Total functions when 𝑦𝑖 excluded 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 )
𝑥3 𝑦3
= Total functions where atleast one of element excluded ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
= ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 − ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 + ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 − ⋯ 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛

𝑛
⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝐴𝑛
𝑛 𝑚
= 𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+ 𝑛𝐶3 𝑛 − 3 𝑚
−⋯

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 Key Takeaways

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

𝑛 𝐴𝑖 = Total functions when 𝑦𝑖 excluded

𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 ) = Total functions where atleast one of element excluded

= ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 − ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 + ෍ 𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 − ⋯

𝑛
⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ ⋯ ∩ 𝐴𝑛
𝑛 𝑚
= 𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+ 𝑛𝐶3 𝑛 − 3 𝑚
−⋯

Number of = Total functions − 𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 )

onto functions
= 𝑛𝑚 − 𝑛
𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 𝑚
− 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+⋯

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 Principle of inclusion and exclusion
𝐴 𝐵
Number of = Total functions − 𝑛(𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 ) 𝑥1 𝑦1
onto functions
= 𝑛𝑚 − 𝑛
𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 𝑚
− 𝑛𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 𝑚
+⋯ 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑛 − 𝐶1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝐶2 𝑛 − 2 + ⋯ , (𝑚 > 𝑛) ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅
Number of ⋅ ⋅
𝑛! , (𝑚 = 𝑛) 𝑥𝑚
onto = 𝑦𝑛
functions
0 , (𝑚 < 𝑛)

(Total number of functions)

Number of
into functions = −
(Number of onto functions)

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 Number of Into functions that can be defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵
if 𝑛 𝐴 = 5 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 3 is

A 35

B 150

C 53

D 93

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 Number of Into functions that can be defined from 𝐴 to 𝐵
if 𝑛 𝐴 = 5 and 𝑛 𝐵 = 3 is

Solution:
𝑛 𝐴 ,𝑛 𝐵 A 35
Number of functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 35 = 243
Number of onto functions from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 35 = 243
B 150
= 35 − 5𝐶1 25 + 5𝐶2 15 = 150

∴ Total number of into functions C 53

= 243 − 150 = 93
D 93

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 Even Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓’, then 𝑓 is said to be an even function.

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥|

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 = −1 × 𝑥 = −1 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3

𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)2 +3 = 𝑥 2 + 3 = 𝑓(𝑥)

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 Even Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓’, then 𝑓 is said to be an even function.

• The graph of every even function is symmetric about the 𝑦– axis.

Example: Example:

𝑌 𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

𝜋
− ,0
2
𝑋 𝑋
−3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 0,0
,0 ,0 ,0
2 2 2

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 Odd Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓′, then 𝑓 is said to be an odd function.

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

𝑓 −𝑥 = tan −𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

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 Odd Function

• If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 in domain of ‘𝑓′, then 𝑓 is said to be an odd function.

• The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.

Example: Example:
𝑌 𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 3

𝑋 𝑋

• If an odd function is defined at 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑓 0 = 0.

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function 𝑌

● Some functions may neither be even nor odd.

𝑋
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑂 𝑦=0
● The only function which is defined on the entire
number line and is even as well as odd is 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Even/Odd Function

● All functions (whose domain is symmetric about

origin) can be expressed as sum of an even and
an odd function

𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓(−𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(−𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = +
2 2

even odd

Example: Let a function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 , express it as sum of an

even and an odd function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥

𝑥+𝑒 𝑥 + −𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥+𝑒 𝑥 − −𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥

∴𝑓 𝑥 = +
2 2

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) be written as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥 , where 𝑓1 𝑥 is an even
function and 𝑓2 𝑥 is an odd function. Then 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 equals :
JEE MAIN 2019

A 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦

B 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦

C 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦

D 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓2 𝑥 − 𝑦

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) be written as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥 , where 𝑓1 𝑥 is an even
function and 𝑓2 𝑥 is an odd function. Then 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 equals :
JEE MAIN 2019
Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥

𝑥+𝑦 +𝑎−(𝑥+𝑦) 𝑎𝑥−𝑦 +𝑎−(𝑥−𝑦)

𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 +
2 2

𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝑦 +𝑎−𝑦 ) +𝑎−𝑥 𝑎𝑦 +𝑎−𝑦

=
2

𝑎𝑦 +𝑎−𝑦 𝑎𝑥 +𝑎−𝑥
=
2

2𝑓1 𝑦 .2𝑓1 𝑥
=
2

= 2𝑓1 𝑥 . 𝑓1 𝑦

∴ 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 0) be written as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑥 , where 𝑓1 𝑥 is an even
function and 𝑓2 𝑥 is an odd function. Then 𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦 equals :
JEE MAIN 2019

A 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓1 𝑥 − 𝑦

B 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓1 𝑦

C 2𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦

D 2𝑓1 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑓2 𝑥 − 𝑦

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 Properties of Even/Odd Function

𝑓 𝑔 𝑓±𝑔 𝑓. 𝑔 𝑓/𝑔(𝑔 ≠ 0)
Even Even Even Even Even
Odd Odd Odd Even Even
Even Odd NENO Odd Odd

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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → 𝑌1 𝑔: 𝑌2 → 𝑍

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

• Here 𝑔 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 = 𝑔(1) = not defined

𝑔 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝛿 𝑔 𝑓 𝑑 = 𝑔(5) = not defined

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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → 𝑌1 𝑔: 𝑌2 → 𝑍 𝑅𝑓 ⊆ 𝐷𝑔

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

So, 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 ) is defined for only those values of 𝑥 for which range of 𝑓 is a subset
of domain of 𝑔.

∴ 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌1 and 𝑔: 𝑌2 → 𝑍 be two functions and 𝐷 is set of 𝑥 such that if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋,

then 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑌2
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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

If 𝐷 ≠ ∅ , then the function ℎ defined by ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 ) is called composite function

of 𝑔 and 𝑓 and is denoted by 𝑔o𝑓. It is also called as function of a function.

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 Key Takeaways

Composite Functions 𝐷𝑔𝑜𝑓 ∶ 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑅𝑔𝑜𝑓 ∶ 𝛽 , 𝛿

𝑋 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑔 𝑍 𝐷 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑍
𝑓

𝑎 0 𝛼 𝛼
1 𝑎
𝑏 3 𝛽 𝛽
3
𝑐 9 𝛾 𝛾
5
𝑏
𝑑 13 𝛿
9 𝛿

Note : Domain of 𝑔 o𝑓 is 𝐷 which is subset of 𝑋 (the domain of 𝑓).

Range of 𝑔 o𝑓 is a subset of range of 𝑔. If 𝐷= 𝑋 , then 𝑓 𝑥 ⊆ Y2

Pictorially , 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑥) can be viewed as -

𝑋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑔
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 Composite Functions

Note :

The composition of functions are not commutative in general i.e.,

two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are such that if 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 are both
defined, then in general 𝑓𝑜𝑔 ≠ 𝑔𝑜𝑓.

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 1−𝑥 2𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 , 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑓 is equal to :
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2
JEE MAIN 2019

A 2𝑓(𝑥)

2
B 𝑓 𝑥

C 2𝑓(𝑥 2 )

D −2𝑓 𝑥

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 1−𝑥 2𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 , 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑓 is equal to :
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2
JEE MAIN 2019
Solution: 1−𝑥 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 Let 𝑔 𝑥 =
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

1 − 𝑔(𝑥)
Then 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑒
1 + 𝑔(𝑥)

2𝑥
1− 1−𝑥 2
= log𝑒 1 + 𝑥2 = log 𝑒
2𝑥 1+𝑥 2
1+
1 + 𝑥2

1−𝑥
∴ 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 2log 𝑒 = 2𝑓 𝑥
1+𝑥

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 1−𝑥 2𝑥
If 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 , 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑓 is equal to :
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 2
JEE MAIN 2019

A 2𝑓(𝑥)

2
B 𝑓 𝑥

C 2𝑓(𝑥 2 )

D −2𝑓 𝑥

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 Session 6
Periodic Function and Inverse
Function

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 Composite Functions

The composition of functions are associative i.e. if three functions 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ are

such that 𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ and 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ are defined , then 𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ = 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ

Example: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 , domain of 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ is ℝ

𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜 𝑔 e𝑥 = 𝑓(sin 𝑒 𝑥 ) = sin 𝑒 𝑥

𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ(𝑥) = ( sin ℎ 𝑥 = sin 𝑒 𝑥

∴ 𝑓𝑜 𝑔𝑜ℎ = 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑜ℎ

Properties of Composite Function

• If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are one – one , then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 if defined will be one – one.

• If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are bijections and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined , then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 will

be a bijection iff range of 𝑓 is equal to domain of 𝑔.

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 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = . If 𝑔 2 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 , then the domain of
2𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑥→2
the function 𝑓𝑜𝑔 is ;
JEE Main 2021

4
A −∞, −2 ∪ − , ∞
3

B −∞, −1 ∪ 2, ∞

C −∞, −2 ∪ −1, ∞

D −∞, −2 ∪ − , ∞
3
2

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 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = . If 𝑔 2 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 , then the domain of
2𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑥→2
the function 𝑓𝑜𝑔 is ;
JEE Main 2021
Solution:
𝑥−2 𝑥+1 3 4
𝑔 𝑥 = lim = A −∞, −2 ∪ − , ∞
𝑥→2 2𝑥+3 𝑥−2 7 3

For domain of 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 B −∞, −1 ∪ 2, ∞
≤1
2𝑥 2 −𝑥−6

(∵ domain of 𝑓 𝑥 is −1, 1 )
2 2
C −∞, −2 ∪ −1, ∞
⇒ 𝑥+1 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3

⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 8 ≥ 0
D 3
−∞, −2 ∪ − , ∞
2
⇒ 3𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0
4
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ − , ∞
3
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 1 1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0,1 , let 𝑓1 𝑥 = , 𝑓2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑓3 𝑥 = be three given functions.
𝑥 1−𝑥
If a function, 𝐽(𝑥) satisfies 𝑓2 𝑜𝐽𝑜𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑓3 𝑥 , then 𝐽(𝑥) is equal to :
JEE Main 2019

A 𝑓1 (𝑥)

B 𝑓2 (𝑥)

C 𝑓3 (𝑥)

D 1
⋅ 𝑓3 (𝑥)
𝑥

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 1 1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0,1 , let 𝑓1 𝑥 = , 𝑓2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑓3 𝑥 = be three given functions.
𝑥 1−𝑥
If a function, 𝐽(𝑥) satisfies 𝑓2 𝑜𝐽𝑜𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑓3 𝑥 , then 𝐽(𝑥) is equal to :
JEE Main 2019
Solution:
1
𝑓1 𝑥 =
𝑥
1
Substituting 𝐽 in function 𝑓2 (𝑥), we get,
𝑓2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑥

1 1 1
𝑓3 𝑥 = 1−𝐽 = ⇒
𝑡−1−𝑡
=𝐽 𝑡
1−𝑥 𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑡−1
1 1
𝑓2 𝑜𝐽𝑜𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑓3 𝑥 … (1) ⇒1− =𝐽 −1
1−𝑥 𝑥 ⇒ =𝐽 𝑡
𝑡−1

Substituting the values of 𝑓1 (𝑥) 1

𝑥 1 1
⇒1−1 =𝐽 ∴𝐽 𝑡 =
and 𝑓3 (𝑥) in equation 1 , we get, 𝑥
−1 𝑥 1−𝑡

𝑓2 𝑜𝐽
1
=
1
Putting = 𝑡,
1 Replacing, 𝑡 → 𝑥
𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑥

𝑡 1
1 1 ⇒1− =𝐽 𝑡 So, 𝐽 𝑥 = = 𝑓3 𝑥
1−𝑥
⇒ 𝑓2 𝐽 = 𝑡−1
𝑥 1−𝑥
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 1 1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0,1 , let 𝑓1 𝑥 = , 𝑓2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑓3 𝑥 = be three given functions.
𝑥 1−𝑥
If a function, 𝐽(𝑥) satisfies 𝑓2 𝑜𝐽𝑜𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑓3 𝑥 , then 𝐽(𝑥) is equal to :
JEE Main 2019

A 𝑓1 (𝑥)

B 𝑓2 (𝑥)

C 𝑓3 (𝑥)

D 1
⋅ 𝑓3 (𝑥)
𝑥

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 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥– 1 and 𝑔: ℝ– {1} → ℝ be defined
1
𝑥−
as 𝑔 𝑥 = 2
. Then the composition function 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is:
𝑥−1
JEE Main 2021

A Both one-one and onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one but not onto

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 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥– 1 and 𝑔: ℝ– {1} → ℝ be defined
1
𝑥−
as 𝑔 𝑥 = 2
. Then the composition function 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is:
𝑥−1
JEE Main 2021
Solution:
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑔 𝑥 − 1
1
𝑥−
2
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =2 −1
𝑥−1
2𝑥−1
2
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =2 −1
𝑥−1
2𝑥−1
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = −1
𝑥−1
2𝑥−1−𝑥+1
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
𝑥
∴𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is one-one, into.
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
𝑥−1+1
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
1
⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =1+
Return To Top 𝑥−1
 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥– 1 and 𝑔: ℝ– {1} → ℝ be defined
1
𝑥−
as 𝑔 𝑥 = 2
. Then the composition function 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is:
𝑥−1
JEE Main 2021

A Both one-one and onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one but not onto

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 Periodic Functions :

● Mathematically, a function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be periodic function

if ∃ a positive real number 𝑇, such that

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ domain of ′𝑓 ′ ; 𝑇 > 0

● Here 𝑇 is called period of function 𝑓 and smallest value of 𝑇 is

called fundamental period.

Note :

Domain of periodic function should not be restricted (bounded).

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

1 𝑛
● If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇, then , 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛∈ℕ , 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥
also has a period 𝑇 (𝑇 may or may not be fundamental period.)

Example : 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥

Fundamental period = 2𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Example : 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Key Takeaways

Example : 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥

Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Properties of Periodic Functions

● If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇,

𝑇
then 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has the period .
𝑎

● For y = sin 𝑥 , fundamental period = 2𝜋

● For y = sin 2𝑥 , fundamental period = 𝜋

● Every constant function defined for unbounded domain is

always periodic with no fundamental period.

Example :

● 𝑓 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 , domain is ℝ ⇒𝑓 𝑥 =1

Return To Top Periodic with no fundamental period.

 𝑥
Fundamental period of 𝑦 = , where ⋅ denotes fractional part function is
3

A 𝟐

𝟏
B 𝟐

C 𝟑

D 𝟏
𝟑

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 𝑥
Fundamental period of 𝑦 = , where ⋅ denotes fractional part function is
3

Solution:
If a function 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇,
𝑇
then 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has the period .
𝑎

For 𝑥 , fundamental period = 1

𝑥
For , fundamental period = 3
3

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 𝑥
Fundamental period of 𝑦 = , where ⋅ denotes fractional part function is
3

A 𝟐

𝟏
B 𝟐

C 𝟑

D 𝟏
𝟑

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If 𝑓 𝑥 has a period 𝑇1 and 𝑔 𝑥 has a period 𝑇2 , then

𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 or is L.C.M of 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 (provided L.C.M exists).
𝑔 𝑥

𝑎 𝑐 L.C.M 𝑎,𝑐
L.C.M of , =
𝑏 𝑑 H.C.F 𝑏,𝑑

However, L.C.M need not be fundamental period.

𝑓 𝑥
● If L.C.M does not exists, then 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 or
𝑔 𝑥

is non-periodic or aperiodic.

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 3𝑥 9𝑥
Find the period of function. 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin + cos 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
2 4

Solution:

𝑖) 𝑓 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 has the period

𝑇 𝑖𝑖) Period of 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 is L.C.M of 𝑇1 , 𝑇2
𝑎

sin
3𝑥
→ 𝑇1 =
2𝜋
3 =
4𝜋 L.C.M of 𝜋, 𝜋 = 𝜋
2 3
2
𝜋
9𝑥 2𝜋 8𝜋 may also be period.
cos → 𝑇2 = = 2
9
4 9
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥+ = sin 𝑥 + + cos 𝑥 +
4𝜋 8𝜋 4 8 2 2 2
L.C.M of , ⇒ L.C.M of , 𝜋
3 9 3 9
= cos 𝑥 + − sin 𝑥
L.C.M 4,8 8
𝜋= 𝜋 =𝑓 𝑥
H.C.F 3,9 3

𝜋
Period is .
2
 Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If 𝑔 is a function such that 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined on the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑓 is periodic

with 𝑇, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is also periodic with 𝑇 as one of its period.

Example:

● ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , where ⋅ is fractional part function

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 then ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 , period 2𝜋

● ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , where ⋅ is fractional part function.

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 then ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 , period 1

 Properties of Periodic Functions :

● If 𝑔 is a function such that 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined on the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑓 is periodic

with 𝑇, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is also periodic with 𝑇 as one of its period.
Note :

● If 𝑔 is a function such that 𝑔𝑜𝑓 is defined on the domain of 𝑓

and 𝑓 is aperiodic, then 𝑔𝑜𝑓 may or may not be periodic.

Example :

ℎ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

ℎ 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 + 2𝜋

⇒ period of ℎ 𝑥 is 2𝜋

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 Key Takeaways
Inverse Function

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 : 𝐴 → 𝐵 be a one – one and onto function , i.e. a bijection , then there will
always exist a bijective function 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 such that if 𝛼, 𝛽 is an element of 𝑓,
𝛽, 𝛼 will be an element of 𝑔 and the functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are said to be inverse of
each other.

• 𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 : 𝐵 → 𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 | 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 ∈𝑓

𝐴 𝑓 𝐵
𝛼 ,𝛽 ∈ 𝑓

Then
𝛼 𝛽
𝛽 , 𝛼 ∈ 𝑓 −1

𝑓 −1
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 Key Takeaways
Inverse Function

• Why function must be bijective for it to be invertible?

𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐴 𝑓 𝐵
Into
𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑎 1
1 2 Bijective
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 2
2 3
𝑐 𝑐 4 𝑐 3
3 𝑑 5
𝑑 𝑑 4
−1
𝐵 𝑓 𝐴 𝑓 −1
𝐵 𝑓 −1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴
1 𝑎
𝑎 1 𝑎
1 2
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏
2 3
𝑐 4 𝑐 3 𝑐
3
𝑑 5 𝑑 𝑑
4

Not a function Not a function

• Inverse of a bijection is unique and also a bijection.

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 Key Takeaways

Inverse Function

• To find inverse :

(𝑖) For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦

Example : 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

𝑥 = ln 𝑦

(𝑖𝑖) In 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), replace 𝑦 by 𝑥 in 𝑔 to get inverse.

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

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 2𝑥+3
𝑓 𝑥 = : ℝ → ℝ, then find it’s inverse.
4

2𝑥+3
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = To find inverse :
4

4𝑦−3 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦

⇒𝑥= =𝑔 𝑦
2
In 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), replace 𝑦 by 𝑥 in 𝑔 to get inverse.
−1 4𝑥−3
∴𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 = :ℝ→ℝ
2

𝑦=𝑥 Function and its inverse

are symmetric about 𝑦 = 𝑥
3 3 3
0, ,
3 4 2 2
− ,0
2
3
,0
4
𝑓 𝑥
3
0, −
2

𝑔 𝑥
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 Session 7
Functional Equations and
Transformation of Graphs

Return To Top
 Properties of Inverse Function

• The graphs of 𝑓and 𝑔 are the mirror images of each other about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

• If functions 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 intersect , then at least one point of intersection lie on the
line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

𝑦=𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 3
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 3
𝑥

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 1
If 𝑔 is the inverse of a function 𝑓 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = , then 𝑔′(𝑥) is equal to :
1+𝑥 5

JEE Main 2014

A 1 + 𝑥5

B 5𝑥 4

1
C 𝑔 𝑥 5

D 1+ 𝑔 𝑥 5

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 1
If 𝑔 is the inverse of a function 𝑓 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = , then 𝑔′(𝑥) is equal to :
1+𝑥 5

JEE Main 2014

Solution:
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥

⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥

⇒ 𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔′(𝑥) = 1

1
⇒ 𝑔′ 𝑥 = … (1)
𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥

1
As given, 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
1+𝑥 5

1
⇒ 𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥 =
1+{𝑔(𝑥)}5

From equation 1 ,

𝑔′(𝑥) = 1 + {𝑔(𝑥)}5
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 1
If 𝑔 is the inverse of a function 𝑓 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = , then 𝑔′(𝑥) is equal to :
1+𝑥 5

JEE Main 2014

A 1 + 𝑥5

B 5𝑥 4

1
C 𝑔 𝑥 5

D 1+ 𝑔 𝑥 5

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 𝑎 5𝑥+3
Let 𝑓: ℝ − → ℝ be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = . Then the value of 𝑎 for which
6 6𝑥−𝑎
𝑎
𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − , is :
6
JEE Main 2021

A 5

B 8

C No such 𝑎 exists

D 6

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 𝑎 5𝑥+3
Let 𝑓: ℝ − → ℝ be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = . Then the value of 𝑎 for which
6 6𝑥−𝑎
𝑎
𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − , is :
6
JEE Main 2021
Solution:

For 𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥

Finding 𝑓 −1 𝑥
5𝑥+3
𝑦=
6𝑥−𝑎

3+𝑎𝑦
⇒𝑥=
6𝑦−5

3+𝑎𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
6𝑥−5

5𝑥+3 3+𝑎𝑥
⇒ = ∵ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
6𝑥−𝑎 6𝑥−5

⇒ 30 − 6𝑎 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 25 𝑥 + 3𝑎 − 15 = 0

⇒𝑎=5
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 𝑎 5𝑥+3
Let 𝑓: ℝ − → ℝ be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = . Then the value of 𝑎 for which
6 6𝑥−𝑎
𝑎
𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − , is :
6
JEE Main 2021

A 5

B 8

C No such 𝑎 exists

D 6

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 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 1002 −1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = &𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥, then find 𝑔
2 2𝑒 501

Solution: 𝑒 1002 −1 𝑒 501 −𝑒 −501

𝑔 =𝑔 = 𝑔 𝑓 501
2𝑒 501 2

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥

⇒ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔−1 𝑥

⇒𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

⇒ 𝑔 𝑓 501 = 501

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 𝑥−2
Let 𝑓: ℝ − 3 → ℝ − 1 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = . Let g: ℝ → ℝ be given by
𝑥−3
13
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3. Then, the sum of all values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 −1 𝑥 + 𝑔−1 𝑥 =
2
is equal to :
JEE Main 2021

A 7

B 5

C 2

D 3

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 𝑥−2
Let 𝑓: ℝ − 3 → ℝ − 1 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = . Let g: ℝ → ℝ be given by
𝑥−3
13
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3. Then, the sum of all values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 −1 𝑥 + 𝑔−1 𝑥 =
2
is equal to :
JEE Main 2021
Solution: 𝑥+3
Similarly, 𝑔−1 𝑥 =
𝑥−2 2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
Now,
𝑥−2
⇒𝑦= 13
𝑥−3
𝑓 −1 𝑥 + 𝑔−1 𝑥 =
2
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 3𝑥−2 𝑥+3 13
⇒ + =
𝑥−1 2 2
⇒ 𝑥 𝑦 − 1 = 3𝑦 − 2
⇒ 2 3𝑥 − 2 + (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 13 𝑥 − 1
3𝑦−2
⇒𝑥=
𝑦−1
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
3𝑥−2
∴ 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3
𝑥−1

Hence, the required sum 2 + 3 = 5.

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 𝑥−2
Let 𝑓: ℝ − 3 → ℝ − 1 be defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = . Let g: ℝ → ℝ be given by
𝑥−3
13
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3. Then, the sum of all values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 −1 𝑥 + 𝑔−1 𝑥 =
2
is equal to :
JEE Main 2021

A 7

B 5

C 2

D 3

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse Function

• If 𝑓and 𝑔 are inverse of each other , then 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑥.

𝐴 𝑓 𝐵 𝐵 𝑔 𝐴

1 𝑎 𝑎 1
𝑓 𝑔 𝑎 =𝑓 3 =𝑎
2 𝑏 𝑏 2
3 𝑐 𝑐 3

However, 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 can be equal even if 𝑓and 𝑔 are not
inverse of each other , but in that case 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 ≠ 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Properties of Inverse Function

However, 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 can be equal even if 𝑓and 𝑔 are not inverse of
each other , but in that case 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 ≠ 𝑥

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1

Then , 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 + 2 = 𝑥 + 3

And , 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 + 1 = 𝑥 + 3, ⇒ 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 ≠ 𝑥

but 𝑓and 𝑔 are non inverse of each other.

• If 𝑓and 𝑔 are two bijections, 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵, 𝑔: 𝐵 → 𝐶 , then inverse

of 𝑔𝑜𝑓 exists and

−1
𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑓 −1 𝑜𝑔−1

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 3− 9+4𝑥
Find the solution of equation 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ −∞ , 1 .
2

Solution: 𝑦=𝑥
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

⇒ 𝑥 2 −3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑓(𝑥)
3− 9+4𝑦 3− 9+4𝑥
⇒𝑥= Then , 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
2 2

Since , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥
(1 , 0)

So, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

⇒ 𝑥 = 0 ,4

But , acc. to given domain

𝑥=0

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 Key Takeaways

Functional Equations

If 𝑥, 𝑦 are independent real variable, then

• 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

• 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

• 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 l𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥, 𝑘 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1.

• 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℝ.

• If 𝑓 𝑥 is a polynomial of degree ‘𝑛’ , such that

1 1
𝑓 𝑥 .𝑓
𝑥
=𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓
𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 ± 𝑥𝑛

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 Suppose that function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ satisfies 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ and 𝑓 1 = 3.
𝑛

If ෍ 𝑓 𝑖 = 363, then 𝑛 is equal to :

𝑖=1
JEE Main 2020
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥+𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ⇒
3 3𝑛 −1
= 363
2
𝑓 1 =3
363×2
⇒ 3𝑛 − 1 =
3
⇒ 𝑎1 = 3
⇒ 3𝑛 − 1 = 242
⇒𝑎=3

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 ⇒ 3𝑛 = 242 + 1

𝑛 ⇒ 3𝑛 = 243
෍ 𝑓 𝑖 = 363
𝑖=1 ⇒ 3𝑛 = 35

⇒ 3 + 32 + 33 + ⋯ 3𝑛 = 363 ⇒𝑛=5
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 Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be a function such that 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 for
natural numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦. If 𝑓 1 = 2, then the value of 𝛼 for
10
512 20
Which ෍ 𝑓 𝛼+𝑘 =
3
2 −1 holds is:
𝑘=1
JEE Main June 2022

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 6

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 Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be a function such that 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 for
natural numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦. If 𝑓 1 = 2, then the value of 𝛼 for
10
512 20
Which ෍ 𝑓 𝛼+𝑘 =
3
2 −1 holds is:
𝑘=1
JEE Main June 2022
Solution:
512 20
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 and 𝑓 1 = 2 ⇒ 2𝑓 𝛼 𝑓 1 + 𝑓 2 + ⋯ + 𝑓 10 = 2 −1
3

𝑥=𝑦=1 512 20
⇒ 2𝑓 𝛼 2 + 23 + 25 + ⋯ upto 10 terms = 2 −1
3
⇒ 𝑓 2 = 23
220 − 1 512 20
⇒ 2𝑓 𝛼 2 = 2 −1
𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 22𝑥−1 4−1 3

⇒ 𝑓 2 = 25 220 − 1 512 20
⇒ 2𝑓 𝛼 2 = 2 −1
10 4−1 3
512 20
෍𝑓 𝛼+𝑘 = 2 −1
𝑘=1
3 ⇒ 𝑓 𝛼 = 128 = 22𝛼−1
10
512 20
⇒ 2𝛼 − 1 = 7
2 ෍ 𝑓(𝛼)𝑓 𝑘 = 2 −1
3 ⇒𝛼=4
𝑘=1
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 Let 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ be a function such that 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑦 for
natural numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦. If 𝑓 1 = 2, then the value of 𝛼 for
10
512 20
Which ෍ 𝑓 𝛼+𝑘 =
3
2 −1 holds is:
𝑘=1
JEE Main June 2022

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 6

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 1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0 , the function 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑓 1 − 𝑥 = . Find the value of 𝑓 2 .
𝑥

5
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑓 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑥
1 A −
6

1
Put 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 −1 = ⋯ 𝑖 1
2 B 2

Put 𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 + 2𝑓 2 = −1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
C −2
By 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖
3
2𝑓 −1 + 4𝑓 2 = −2 D 4
1
𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 −1 =
2
− − −
5 5
3𝑓 2 = − ⇒𝑓 2 =−
2 6

5
𝑓 2 = −
6
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 2𝑒 2𝑥
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = .
𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒
1 2 3 99
Then 𝑓 +𝑓 +𝑓 +⋯+ 𝑓 is equal to:
100 100 100 100
JEE Main June 2022
Solution:

2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥

2𝑒 2−2𝑥
𝑓 1−𝑥 =
𝑒 2−2𝑥 +𝑒 1−𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 1−𝑥
∴ =1
2

⇒𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 1−𝑥 =2
1 2 3 99
𝑓 +𝑓 +𝑓 +⋯+𝑓
100 100 100 100

49
𝑥 𝑥 1
= ෍𝑓 +𝑓 1− +𝑓
100 100 2
𝑥=1

= 49 × 2 + 1 = 99
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 1 𝛽
If 𝑎 + 𝛼 = 1, 𝑏 + 𝛽 = 2 and 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛼𝑓 = 𝑏𝑥 + , 𝑥 ≠ 0, then the
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓
value of the expression 1
𝑥
is :
𝑥+
𝑥
JEE Main 2020
Solution:
1 𝛽
𝑎𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛼𝑓 = 𝑏𝑥 + … (1)
𝑥 𝑥

1
Replace 𝑥 by
𝑥

1 𝑏
𝑎𝑓 + 𝛼𝑓 𝑥 = + 𝛽𝑥 … (2)
𝑥 𝑥

Adding (1) and 2 , we get,

1 1
𝑎+𝛼 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 = 𝑥+ 𝑏+𝛽
𝑥 𝑥

1
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 𝑏+𝛽 2
𝑥
⇒ 1 = = =2 (∵ 𝑎 + 𝛼 = 1, 𝑏 + 𝛽 = 2)
𝑥+ 𝑎+𝛼 1
𝑥
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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs (horizontal shifts):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 (graph goes to left by ′ 𝑘 ′ units)

𝑌 𝑌

𝛼 − 𝑘, 0
𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎

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 For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0 graph shift 𝑘 units towards right
horizontally from 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 graph.

Transformation of graphs (Vertical shifts):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0 (graph goes to up by ′𝑘′ units)

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
0, 𝑎 + 𝑘
0, 𝑎

For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0 graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 will shift 𝑘 units downwards.

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 Session 8
Transformation of graph

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs (horizontal stretch):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘 > 1(points on 𝑥-axis divided by ′𝑘′units)

Example:
𝑌
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑋 Two loops in 0 to 2𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1

1 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑋 Two loops in 0 to 𝜋
2
2𝜋
2
−1
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 Transformation of graphs (Vertical stretch):

• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑘 > 1 (Point on y−axis is multiplied by ′𝑘′ units)

𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
0, 𝑎
0, 𝑎

0, 𝑘𝑎

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 Transformation of graphs

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 , (mirrored about 𝑦 −axis)

𝑌 𝑌

1
1

𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑂

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 Transformation of graphs
𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 , (mirrored about 𝑥 −axis)
Values of 𝑦, multiplied by −1
● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑌 𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

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 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥 ) transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑌

𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥

𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0
0, 𝑎 0, 𝑎

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 𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥 ) transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥):

𝑦 = −𝑓 −𝑥 ,

𝑋
𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0
0, 𝑎

𝑦 = −𝑓 −𝑥 ,

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 Transformation of graphs

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 (image of 𝑓 for +ve 𝑥, about 𝑦 −axis)

At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑓 1
𝑌
𝑌
At 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑓 1
At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑓 2
At 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 𝑓 2

𝑋 𝑋
−𝛽, 0 𝛽, 0
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 is an even function

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs:

● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) (−ve 𝑦 −axis portion

𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥
flipped about 𝑥 −axis)
𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Transformation of graphs:
(+ve 𝑥 axis portion of 𝑓 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓 |𝑥|
● Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) flipped about y −axis)
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛼, 0
𝛽, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

|𝑦| = 𝑓(𝑥) transformation from 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 :

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥

𝑌 𝑌 𝑌

𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0 𝛼, 0 𝛽, 0
0, 𝑎

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

Solution:
𝑖 𝑦 = sin |𝑥|

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

1
Solution: 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

1
Shift 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 2

1
𝑦= 𝑥 3

1
𝑦= 𝑥−2 3

𝑋
𝑂 2

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 1
Plot graphs of the function 𝑖 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3

1
Solution: Now, draw graph for 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 3 at 𝑥 = 2

𝑌 1
𝑦 = | 𝑥 − 2 3|

𝑋
𝑂 2

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 Key Takeaways

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 Key Takeaways
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓(|𝑥|)

𝑦 = |𝑓 𝑥 |

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 Number of solutions of two curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 is number of
intersection points for 2 curves 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥

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 Find the number of solutions for ln 𝑥 = 2−𝑥

Solution:
𝑌
𝑦 = 2−𝑥 Number of point of intersections
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 =Number of solutions= 2

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 𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 −2
Let 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 and 𝑥 × 1 × 1 = 𝑥 × 1 × 1 . Then a value of 2 sin−1 is:
𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 +2

JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

𝜋
A 4

𝜋
B 3

𝜋
C 2

𝜋
D 6

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 𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 −2
Let 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 and 𝑥 × 1 × 1 = 𝑥 × 1 × 1 . Then a value of 2 sin−1 is:
𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 +2

Solution: JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

Given 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 and 𝜋
A 4
𝑥×1 ×1= 𝑥× 1×1
⇒ 𝑥2 + 1 × 1 = 𝑥 × 2
𝜋
B
⇒ 𝑥2 + 1 2
+ 1 = 𝑥2 + 8 3

⇒ 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝑥 2 + 8
𝜋
⇒ 𝑥2 2
+ 𝑥2 − 6 = 0 C 2

⇒ 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥2 − 2 = 0
𝜋
∴ 𝑥2 = 2 D 6
𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 −2 4
Now 2 sin−1 = 2 sin−1
𝑥 4 +𝑥 2 +2 8
𝜋 𝜋
=2⋅ =
6 3
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 𝑥−1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0, − 1, 1 . If 𝑓 𝑛+1 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑛 𝑥 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then 𝑓 6 6 + 𝑓 7 7
𝑥+1
is equal to:
JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

7
A 6

3
B −
2

7
C 12

11
D −
12

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 𝑥−1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0, − 1, 1 . If 𝑓 𝑛+1 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑛 𝑥 for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then 𝑓 6 6 + 𝑓 7 7
𝑥+1
is equal to:
Solution: JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 = 7
𝑥+1
A 6
𝑥−1
−1 1
𝑥+1
⇒𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−1 =−
+1 𝑥
𝑥+1 3
B −
2
3 𝑥+1
⇒𝑓 𝑥 =−
𝑥−1

7
4
𝑥−1
𝑥+1
−1 C 12
⇒𝑓 𝑥 =− 𝑥−1 =𝑥
+1
𝑥+1

So, 𝑓 6 6 + 𝑓 7 7 = 𝑓 2 6 + 𝑓 3 7 11
D −
12
1 7+1 9 3
⇒− − =− =−
6 7−1 6 2

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 be a quadratic polynomial with leading coefficient 1 such that
1
𝑓 0 = 𝑝, 𝑝 ≠ 0, and 𝑓 1 = . If the equations 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 0
3
have a common real root, then 𝑓 −3 is equal to
JEE MAIN JUNE 2022
Solution:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽
It is given that 𝑓 0 = 𝑝 ⇒ 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑝
1 1
And 𝑓 1 = ⇒ 1 − 𝛼 1 − 𝛽 = ⋯ 1
3 3
Now, let us assume that 𝛼 is the common
root of 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 add 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑓o𝑓o𝑓𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓 0 = 0
So, 𝑓 𝑝 is either 𝛼 or 𝛽.
𝑝−𝛼 𝑝−𝛽 =𝛼
𝛼𝛽 − 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 − 𝛽 = 𝛼 ⇒ 𝛽 − 1 𝛼 − 1 𝛽 = 1 ∵𝛼≠0
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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 be a quadratic polynomial with leading coefficient 1 such that
1
𝑓 0 = 𝑝, 𝑝 ≠ 0, and 𝑓 1 = . If the equations 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑓(𝑥) = 0
3
have a common real root, then 𝑓 −3 is equal to
JEE MAIN JUNE 2022
Solution:
𝛼𝛽 − 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 − 𝛽 = 𝛼 ⇒ 𝛽 − 1 𝛼 − 1 𝛽 = 1

So, 𝛽 = 3... from eq. 1

1
1−𝛼 1−3 =
3

7
𝛼=
6

7
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥− 𝑥 − 3 = 25
6

7
𝑓 −3 = −3 − −3 − 3 = 25
6

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 Let a set 𝐴 = 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐴𝑘 , where 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 = 𝜙 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑘. Define the
relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐴 by 𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 if and only if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑘}. Then, 𝑅 is :
JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

A Reflexive, symmetric but not transitive

B Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric

C Reflexive but not symmetric and transitive

D An equivalence relation

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 Let a set 𝐴 = 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐴𝑘 , where 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 = 𝜙 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑘. Define the
relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐴 by 𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 if and only if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑘}. Then, 𝑅 is :

Solution: JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

𝑅 = ൛ 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 , iff 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑘}
1 Reflexive
𝑎, 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 iff 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝑖
2 Symmetric
𝑎, 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 iff 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴𝑖
𝑏, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 as 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 iff 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝑖
3 Transitive
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 & 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅
⇒ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 iff 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 & 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 iff 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴𝑖
⇒ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 iff 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴𝑖
⇒ 𝑎, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅.
⇒Relation is equivalence
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 Let a set 𝐴 = 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ ⋯ ∪ 𝐴𝑘 , where 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 = 𝜙 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑘. Define the
relation 𝑅 from 𝐴 to 𝐴 by 𝑅 = { 𝑥, 𝑦 : 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 if and only if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑘}. Then, 𝑅 is :
JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

A Reflexive, symmetric but not transitive

B Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric

C Reflexive but not symmetric and transitive

D An equivalence relation

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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 be two real polynomials of degree 2 and 1 respectively. If
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1, then the value of 𝑓 2 + 𝑔 2 is:

Solution: JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
And 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
2
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑒 ≡ 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 + 𝑏 ≡ 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1

𝑎𝑐 = 4 𝑎𝑑 = 6 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏 = 1
𝑎𝑐 2 = 8 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 = −2 𝑐𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑒 = 0
By solving
𝑎=2 𝑏 = −1 𝑐=2 𝑑=3 𝑒=1
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 Let 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 be two real polynomials of degree 2 and 1 respectively. If
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1, then the value of 𝑓 2 + 𝑔 2 is:

Solution: JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1

𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1

2
∴𝑓 2 +𝑔 2 =2 2 +3 2 +1+2 2 −1

⇒ 𝑓 2 + 𝑔 2 = 18

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 The number of bijective functions 𝑓: 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯ , 99 → 2, 4, 6, 8, ⋯ , 100 such that
𝑓 3 ≥ 𝑓 9 ≥ 𝑓 15 ≥ 𝑓 21 ≥ ⋯ ≥ 99 , is _______.
JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

A
50
𝑃17

B
50
𝑃33

C 33! × 17!

50!
D 2

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 The number of bijective functions 𝑓: 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯ , 99 → 2, 4, 6, 8, ⋯ , 100 such that
𝑓 3 ≥ 𝑓 9 ≥ 𝑓 15 ≥ 𝑓 21 ≥ ⋯ ≥ 99 , is _______.

Solution: JEE MAIN JUNE 2022

As function is one-one and onto,

A
50
𝑃17
out of 50 elements of domain set 17

elements are following restriction B

50
𝑃33

𝑓 3 ≥ 𝑓 9 ≥ 𝑓 15 ⋯ ≥ 𝑓 99

So, number of ways = 50

𝐶17 33! C 33! × 17!

50
= 𝑃33
50!
D 2

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