MODULE-4

NUMERICAL METHODS -1
Numerical method provides various technique to find approximate solution
to different problem using simple operation.
Numerical Solution of Polynomial and Transcendental Equations
Given an equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 it is generally not possible to find roots ′𝑥′
such that 𝑓(𝑥) becomes zero exactly. We discuss two numerical methods for the
solution of algebraic and transcendental equation.
Equation involving algebraic quantity like 𝑥,𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 ,… are called algebraic
equation.
Eg: 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 , 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 = 80
Equation involving non algebraic quantity like 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, … are
called transcendental equation.
Eg: 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2 = 0 , 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1.2 = 0, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑥
Numerical methods are often a repetitive nature. This consist repeated
execution of the same process where at each step to result of the previous step is
used. This is known as iterative process.
We discuss two numerical methods
1. Regula-Falsi method
2. Newton-Raphson method
Regula-Falsi method (or) Method of False position
Formula:
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

Problems
1. Using the method of false position find the real root correct to 3 decimal
places of the equation 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 11 = 0.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 11
𝑓(0) = −11

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 1

 𝑓(1) = −5 < 0
𝑓(2) = 7 > 0
The root lies between (1,2).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

Step-1: a=1 b=2

𝑓(𝑎) = −5 𝑓(𝑏) = 7
1.(7)−2.(−5)
𝑥1 = (7)−(−5)
7+10
𝑥1 =
7+5

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟕
𝑓(1.417) = −1.070 < 0
𝑓(2) = 7 > 0
The root lies between (1.417,2).
Step-2: a = 1.417 b=2
𝑓(𝑎) = −1.070 𝑓(𝑏) = 7
(1.417).(7)−2.(−1.070)
𝑥2 = (7)−(−1.070)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟒
𝑓(1.494) = −0.195 < 0
𝑓(2) = 7 > 0
The root lies between (1.417,2).
Step-3: a = 1.494 b=2
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.195 𝑓(𝑏) = 7
(1.494)(7)−2(−0.195)
𝑥3 = (7)−(−0.195)

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟖
𝑓(1.508) = −0.031 < 0

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 2

 𝑓(2) = 7 > 0
The root lies between (1.508,2).
Step-4: a = 1.508 b=2
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.031 𝑓(𝑏) = 7
(1.508)(7)−2(−0.031)
𝑥4 = (7)−(−0.031)

𝒙𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝟎
𝑓(1.510) = −0.007 < 0
𝑓(2) = 7 > 0
The root lies between (1.510,2).
Step-5: a = 1.510 b=2
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.007 𝑓(𝑏) = 7
(1.510)(7)−2(−0.007)
𝑥5 = (7)−(−0.007)

𝒙𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝟎
∴ The real root is 1.510
2. Using the method of false position find the real root correct to 3 decimal
places of the equation 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 7 = 0.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 − 7
𝑓(0) = −7
𝑓(1) = −1
𝑓(2) = −9 < 0
𝑓(3) = 5 > 0
The root lies between (2,3).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

Step-1: a=2 b=3

𝑓(𝑎) = −9 𝑓(𝑏) = 5

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 3

 2.(5)−3.(−9)
𝑥1 = (5)−(−9)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟑
𝑓(2.643) = −1.752 < 0
𝑓(3) = 5 > 0
The root lies between (2.643,3).
Step-2: a = 2.643 b =3
𝑓(𝑎) = −1.752 𝑓(𝑏) = 5
(2.643)(5)−3.(−1.752)
𝑥2 = (5)−(−1.752)

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑𝟔
𝑓(2.736) = −0.199 < 0
𝑓(3) = 5 > 0
The root lies between (2.736,3).
Step-3: a = 2.736 b=3
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.199 𝑓(𝑏) = 5
(2.736)(5)−3.(−0.199)
𝑥3 = (5)−(−0.199)

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟔
𝑓(2.746) = −0.024 < 0
𝑓(3) = 5 > 0
The root lies between (2.746,3).
Step-4: a = 2.746 b=3
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.024 𝑓(𝑏) = 5
(2.746)(5)−3.(−0.024)
𝑥4 = (5)−(−0.024)

𝒙𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟕
𝑓(2.747) = −0.006 < 0
𝑓(3) = 5 > 0
The root lies between (2.747,3).

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 4

 Step-5: a = 2.747 b=3
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.006 𝑓(𝑏) = 5
(2.747)(5)−3.(−0.006)
𝑥5 = (5)−(−0.006)

𝒙𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟕
∴ The real root is 2.747.
3. Find the real root of the equation 𝑥 log10 𝑥 = 1.2 by Regula falsi method.
Carry out 3 iterations.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 log10 𝑥 − 1.2
𝑓(1) = −1.2 < 0
𝑓(2) = −0.5979 < 0
𝑓(3) = 0.2314 > 0
The root lies between (2,3).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

Step-1: 𝑎=2 𝑏=3

𝑓(𝑎) = −0.5979 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.2314
2(0.2314)−3(−0.5979)
𝑥1 = (0.2314)−(−0.5979)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟎
𝑓(2.7210) = −0.0171 < 0
𝑓(3) = 0.2314 > 0
The root lies between (2.7210,3).
Step-2: a = 2.7210 b=3
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0171 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.2314
(2.7210)(0.2314 )−3(−0.0171)
𝑥2 = (0.2314)−(−0.0171)

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟐

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 5

 𝑓(2.7402) = −0.0004 < 0
𝑓(3) = 0.2314 > 0
The root lies between (2.7402,3).
Step-3: a = 2.7402 b=3
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0004 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.2314
(2.7402)(0.2314 )−3(−0.0004)
𝑥3 = (0.2314)−(−0.0004)

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟎6
∴ The real root is 2.7406.
4. Find the real root of the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 upto 3 decimal places using
RF method.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑓(0) = 2 > 0
𝑓(1) = −1.460 < 0
The root lies between (0,1).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

Step-1: 𝑎=0 𝑏=1

𝑓(𝑎) = 2 𝑓(𝑏) = −1.460
0(−1.460)−1(2)
𝑥1 = (−1.460)−(2)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟖
𝑓(0.578) = 0.104 > 0
𝑓(1) = −1.460 < 0
The root lies between (0.578,1).
Step-2: 𝑎 = 0.578 b=1
𝑓(𝑎) = 0.104 𝑓(𝑏) = −1.460

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 6

 (0.578)(−1.460 )−1(0.104)
𝑥2 = (−1.460)−(0.104)

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟔
𝑓(0.606) = 0. 004 > 0
𝑓(1) = −1.460 < 0
The root lies between (0.606,1).
Step-3: 𝑎 = 0.606 b=1
𝑓(𝑎) = 0.004 𝑓(𝑏) = −1.460
(0.606)(−1.460 )−1(0.004)
𝑥3 = (−1.460)−(0.004)

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟕
𝑓(0.607) = 0
∴ The real root is 0.607.
5. Find the real root of the equation 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 2 upto three decimal places using RF
method. Carryout 4 iterations.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑓(0) = −2 < 0
𝑓(1) = 0.718 > 0
The root lies between (0,1).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Step-1: 𝑎=0 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −2 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.718
0(0.718)−1(−2)
𝑥1 = (0.718)−(−2)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟔
𝑓(0.736) = −0.464 < 0
𝑓(1) = 0.718 > 0
The root lies between (0.736,1).
Step-2: 𝑎 = 0.736 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.464 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.718
(0.736)(0.718)−1(−0.464)
𝑥2 = (0.718)−(−0.464)

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 7

 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟎
𝑓(0.840) = −0.054 < 0
𝑓(1) = 0.718 > 0
The root lies between (0.840,1).
Step-3: 𝑎 = 0.840 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.054 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.718
(0.840)(0.718)−1(−0.054)
𝑥3 = (0.718)−(−0.054)
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟏
𝑓(0.851) = −0.007 < 0
𝑓(1) = 0.718 > 0
The root lies between (0.851,1).
Step-4: 𝑎 = 0.851 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.007 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.718
(0.851)(0.718)−1(−0.007)
𝑥4 = (0.718)−(−0.007)
𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟐
∴ The real root is 0.852.

6. Find the real root of the equation 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 using RF method.

Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓(0) = −1 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0,1).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Step-1: 𝑎=0 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −1 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
0(2.1780)−1(−1)
𝑥1 = (2.1780)−(−1)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟕
𝑓(0.3147) = −0.5198 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.3147,1).
Step-2: 𝑎 = 0.3147 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.5198 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 8

 (0.3147)(2.1780)−1(−0.5198)
𝑥2 = (2.1780)−(−0.5198)

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟕
𝑓(0.4467) = −0.2036 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.4467,1).
Step-3: 𝑎 = 0.4467 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.2036 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.4467)(2.1780)−1(−0.2036)
𝑥3 = (2.1780)−(−0.2036)

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟎
𝑓(0.4940) = −0.0708 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.4940,1).
Step-4: 𝑎 = 0.4940 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0708 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.4940)(2.1780)−1(−0.0708)
𝑥4 = (2.1780)−(−0.0708)

𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟗
𝑓(0.5099) = −0.0237 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.5099,1).
Step-5: 𝑎 = 0.5099 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0237 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.5099)(2.1780)−1(−0.0237)
𝑥5 = (2.1780)−(−0.0237)

𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟐
𝑓(0.5152) = −0.0078 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.5152,1).
Step-6: 𝑎 = 0.5152 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0078 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.5152)(2.1780)−1(−0.0078)
𝑥6 = (2.1780)−(−0.0078)

𝒙𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟗

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 9

 𝑓(0.5169) = −0.0026 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.5169,1).
Step-7: 𝑎 = 0.5169 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0026 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.5169)(2.1780)−1(−0.0026)
𝑥7 = (2.1780)−(−0.0026)

𝒙𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟓
𝑓(0.5175) = −0.0008 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.5175,1).
Step-8: 𝑎 = 0.5175 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0008 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.5175)(2.1780)−1(−0.0008)
𝑥8 = (2.1780)−(−0.0008)

𝒙𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟕
𝑓(0.5177) = −0.0002 < 0
𝑓(1) = 2.1780 > 0
The root lies between (0.5177,1).
Step-9: 𝑎 = 0.5177 𝑏=1
𝑓(𝑎) = −0.0002 𝑓(𝑏) = 2.1780
(0.5177)(2.1780)−1(−0.0002)
𝑥9 = (2.1780)−(−0.0002)

𝒙𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟕
∴ The real root is 0.5177.

7. Use RF method to find the real root of the equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 0, the
root
lies between 2 & 3. Carryout 3 iteration.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥
𝑓(2) = −1.2210 < 0
𝑓(3) = 0.8525 > 0
The root lies between (2,3).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 10

 Step-1: 𝑎=2 𝑏=3
𝑓(𝑎) = −1.2210 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.8525
2(0.8525)−3(−1.2210)
𝑥1 = (0.8525)−(−1.2210)

𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟗
𝑓(2.5889) = 0.3720 > 0
𝑓(2) = −1.2210 < 0
The root lies between (2,2.5889).
Step-2: 𝑎=2 𝑏 = 2.5889
𝑓(𝑎) = −1.2210 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.3720
2(0.3720)−(2.5889)(−1.2210)
𝑥2 = (0.3720)−(−1.2210)

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟒
𝑓(2.4514) = 0.1596 > 0
𝑓(2) = −1.2210 < 0
The root lies between (2,2.4514).
Step-3: 𝑎=2 𝑏 = 2.4514
𝑓(𝑎) = −1.2210 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.1596
2(0.1596)−(2.4514)(−1.2210)
𝑥3 = (0.1596)−(−1.2210)

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐
∴ The real root is 2.3992.
8. Find the real root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 using RF method .Carry
out 3
iterations.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4
𝑓(0) = 4
𝑓(1) = 2
𝑓(2) = 6
𝑓(3) = 22
𝑓(−1) = 6 𝑓(−2) = 2 > 0 𝑓(−3) = −14 < 0
The root lies between (−3, −2).
Wkt,
𝑎𝑓(𝑏)−𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥𝑛 =
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Step-1: 𝑎 = −3 𝑏 = −2
𝑓(𝑎) = −14 𝑓(𝑏) = 2

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 11

 (−3)(2)−(−2)(−14)
𝑥1 = (2)−(−14)

𝒙𝟏 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑓(−2.1250) = 0.7793 > 0
𝑓(−3) = −14 < 0
The root lies between (−3, −2.1250).
Step-2: 𝑎 = −3 𝑏 = −2.1250
𝑓(𝑎) = −14 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.7793
(−3)(0.7793)−(−2.1250)(−14)
𝑥2 = (0.7793)−(−14)

𝒙𝟐 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟏
𝑓(−2.1250) = 0.2794 > 0
𝑓(−3) = −14 < 0
The root lies between (−3, −2.1711).
Step-3: 𝑎 = −3 𝑏 = −2.1711
𝑓(𝑎) = −14 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.2794
(−3)(0.2794)−(−2.1711)(−14)
𝑥3 = (0.2794)−(−14)

𝒙𝟑 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟑
∴ The real root is −2.1873.

Newton-Raphson Method
Formula:
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 − ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑛 ) ≠ 0 , 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, …
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑛 = 0 , 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) ≠ 0
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(𝑥1 )
𝑛 = 1 , 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥1 ) ≠ 0 and so on.
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )

Problems
1. Use NR method to find the real root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 ,
correct to 3
decimal places.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 5
𝑓(0) = −5
𝑓(1) = −7
𝑓(2) = −3

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 12

 𝑓(3) = 13
The root lies between (2,3).
Since 𝑓(2) lies nearer to 0.
Let 𝑥0 = 2
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
3
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑓(𝑥0 )
Step 1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(2)
𝑥1 = 2 −
𝑓′ (2)
(−3)
𝑥1 = 2 − (9)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑓(𝑥1 )
Step 2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )
𝑓(2.333)
𝑥2 = 2.333 −
𝑓′ (2.333)
(0.699)
𝑥2 = 2.333 − (13.329)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟏
𝑓(𝑥2 )
Step 3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
𝑓(2.281)
𝑥3 = 2.281 −
𝑓′ (2.281)
(0.025)
𝑥3 = 2.281 − (12.609)
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟗
𝑓(𝑥3 )
Step 4: 𝑥4 = 𝑥3 −
𝑓′ (𝑥3 )
𝑓(2.279)
𝑥4 = 2.279 −
𝑓′ (2.279)
(0)
𝑥4 = 2.279 − (12.582)
𝒙𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟗
∴ The real root is 2.279.

2. Find the real root of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 applying NR

method.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
𝑓(0) = 4
𝑓(1) = 11
𝑓(−1) = 1 > 0

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 13

 𝑓(−2) = −6 < 0
The root lies between (−2, −1).
Since 𝑓(−1) lies nearer to 0.
Let 𝑥0 = −1
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
3 2
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑓(𝑥0 )
Step 1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(−1)
𝑥1 = (−1) −
𝑓′ (−1)
(1)
𝑥1 = (−1) − (4)
𝒙𝟏 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑓(𝑥1 )
Step 2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )
𝑓(−1.25)
𝑥2 = −1.25 −
𝑓′ (−1.25)
(−0.1406)
𝑥2 = −1.25 −
(5.1875)
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗
𝑓(𝑥2 )
Step 3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
𝑓(−1.2229)
𝑥3 = −1.2229 −
𝑓′ (−1.2229)
(−0.0020)
𝑥3 = −1.2229 − (5.0407)
𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝑓(𝑥3 )
Step 4: 𝑥4 = 𝑥3 −
𝑓′ (𝑥3 )
𝑓(−1.2225)
𝑥4 = −1.2225 −
𝑓′ (−1.2225)
(0)
𝑥4 = −1.2225 − (5.0385)
𝒙𝟒 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟓
∴ The real root is −1.2225.

3. Use NR method to find the real root of 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 near 𝑥 = 𝜋.

Carryout the
iteration upto 4 decimal places of accuracy.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Let 𝑥0 = 𝜋

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 14

 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓(𝑥0 )
Step 1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(𝜋)
𝑥1 = (𝜋) −
𝑓′ (𝜋)
(−1)
𝑥1 = (𝜋) − (−𝜋)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑
𝑓(𝑥1 )
Step 2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )
𝑓(2.8233)
𝑥2 = 2.8233 −
𝑓′ (2.8233)
(−0.0662)
𝑥2 = 2.8233 −
(−2.6815)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟔
𝑓(𝑥2 )
Step 3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
𝑓(2.7986)
𝑥3 = 2.7986 −
𝑓′ (2.7986)
(−0.0006)
𝑥3 = 2.7986 − (−2.6356)
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟒
𝑓(𝑥3 )
Step 4: 𝑥4 = 𝑥3 −
𝑓′ (𝑥3 )
𝑓(2.7984)
𝑥4 = 2.7984 −
𝑓′ (2.7984)
(0)
𝑥4 = 2.7984 − (−2.6352)
𝒙𝟒 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟒
∴ The real root is 2.7984.

4. Use NR method to find the real root of the equation 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 2, correct to 3

decimal places.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑓(0) = −2 < 0
𝑓(1) = 0.718 > 0
The root lies between (0,1).
Since 𝑓(1) lies nearer to 0.
Let 𝑥0 = 1

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 15

 𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥0 )
Step 1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(1)
𝑥1 = 1 −
𝑓′ (1)
(0.718)
𝑥1 = 1 − (5.437)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖
𝑓(𝑥1 )
Step 2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )
𝑓(0.868)
𝑥2 = 0.868 −
𝑓′ (0.868)
(0.068)
𝑥2 = 0.868 − (4.450)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟑
𝑓(𝑥2 )
Step 3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
𝑓(0.853)
𝑥3 = 0.853 −
𝑓′ (0.853)
(0.002)
𝑥3 = 0.853 − (4.348)
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟑
∴ The real root is 0.853.

5. Use NR method to find the real root of the equation 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 = 2 .

Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 − 2
𝑓(1) = −1 < 0
𝑓(2) = 0.3010 > 0
The root lies between (1,2).
Since 𝑓(2) lies nearer to 0.
Let 𝑥0 = 2
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 − 2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 + log10 𝑒 − 0
𝑥
′ (𝑥) 0.4343
𝑓 =1+
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥0 )
Step 1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(2)
𝑥1 = (2) −
𝑓′ (2)

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 16

 (0.3010)
𝑥1 = (2) −
1.2172
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟕
𝑓(𝑥1 )
Step 2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )
𝑓(1.7527)
𝑥2 = 1.7527 −
𝑓′ (1.7527)
(−0.0036)
𝑥2 = 1.7527 −
(1.2478)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟓𝟔
𝑓(𝑥2 )
Step 3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
𝑓(1.7556)
𝑥3 = 1.7556 −
𝑓′ (1.7556)
(0)
𝑥3 = 1.7556 − (1.2474)
𝒙𝟑 = 1.7556
∴ The real root of the equation is 1.7556.

6. Find the approximate root of the equation 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0 using NR

method.
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1
𝑓(0) = −1 < 0
𝑓(1) = 1.2874 > 0
The root lies between (0,1).
Since 𝑓(0) lies nearer to 0.
Let 𝑥0 = 0
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥0 )
Step 1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′ (𝑥0 )
𝑓(0)
𝑥1 = 0 −
𝑓′ (0)
(−1)
𝑥1 = 0 − (1)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏
𝑓(𝑥1 )
Step 2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′ (𝑥1 )
𝑓(1)
𝑥2 = 1 −
𝑓′ (1)
(1.2874)
𝑥2 = 1 − (3.7560)

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 17

 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟐
𝑓(𝑥2 )
Step 3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′ (𝑥2 )
𝑓(0.6572)
𝑥3 = 0.6572 −
𝑓′ (0.6572)
(0.1787)
𝑥3 = 0.6572 − (2.7062)
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟐
𝑓(𝑥3 )
Step 4: 𝑥4 = 𝑥3 −
𝑓′ (𝑥3 )
𝑓(0.5912)
𝑥4 = 0.5912 −
𝑓′ (0.5912)
(0.0067)
𝑥4 = 0.5912 − (2.5063)
𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓
𝑓(𝑥4 )
Step 5: 𝑥5 = 𝑥4 −
𝑓′ (𝑥4 )
𝑓(0.5885)
𝑥5 = 0.5885 −
𝑓′ (0.5885)
(−0.0001)
𝑥5 = 0.5885 − (2.4982)
𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓
∴ The real root of the equation is 0.5885.

7. Derive an iterative formula to find √𝑁 and hence find √12 .

Sol: Let 𝑥 = √𝑁
Square on both sides
𝑥2 = 𝑁
𝑥2 − 𝑁 = 0
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑁
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
(𝑥𝑛 2 −𝑁)
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − (2𝑥𝑛 )
2
(2𝑥𝑛 2 −𝑥𝑛 +𝑁)
𝑥𝑛+1 =
2𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛 2 +𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 =
2𝑥𝑛
1 𝑥𝑛 2 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = [ + ]
2 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝟏 𝑵
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = [𝒙𝒏 + ] ,is an iterative formula.
𝟐 𝒙𝒏

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 18

 To find √𝟏𝟐:
Here N = 𝟏𝟐
Wkt, √9 = 3 , √16 = 4
Let 𝑥0 = 3
1 𝑁
Step-1: 𝑥1 = [𝑥0 + ]
2 𝑥0
1 12
𝑥1 = [3 + ]
2 3
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟓
1 𝑁
Step-2: 𝑥2 = [𝑥1 + ]
2 𝑥1
1 12
𝑥2 = [3.5 + ]
2 3.5
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟑
1 𝑁
Step-3: 𝑥3 = [𝑥2 + ]
2 𝑥2
1 12
𝑥3 = [3.4643 + ]
2 3.4643
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟏
1 𝑁
Step-4: 𝑥4 = [𝑥3 + ]
2 𝑥3
1 12
𝑥4 = [3.4641 + ]
2 3.4641
𝒙𝟒 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟏
Thus, √𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟏.

8. Use NR method to derive an iterative formula to find cube root of a positive

integer N and hence find cube root of 29.
3
Sol: Let 𝑥 = √𝑁
Cube on both sides
𝑥3 = 𝑁
𝑥3 − 𝑁 = 0
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑁
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
(𝑥𝑛 3 −𝑁)
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − (3𝑥𝑛 2 )
3
(3𝑥𝑛 3 −𝑥𝑛 +𝑁)
𝑥𝑛+1 = 2
3𝑥𝑛
2𝑥𝑛 3 +𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 =
3𝑥𝑛 2

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 19

 1 2𝑥𝑛 3 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = [ 2
+ ]
3 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 2
𝟏 𝑵
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = [𝟐𝒙𝒏 + ] ,is an iterative formula.
𝟑 𝒙𝒏 𝟐
𝟑
To find √𝟐𝟗:
Here N = 𝟐𝟗
Wkt, √27 = 3 , √64 = 4
Let 𝑥0 = 3
1 𝑁
Step-1: 𝑥1 = [2𝑥0 + ]
3 𝒙𝟎 𝟐
1 29
𝑥1 = [2(3) + (3)2]
3
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟏
1 𝑁
Step-2: 𝑥2 = [2𝑥1 + ]
3 𝒙𝟏 𝟐
1 29
𝑥2 = [2(3.0741) + (3.0741)2]
3
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑
1 𝑁
Step-3: 𝑥3 = [2𝑥2 + ]
3 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
1 29
𝑥3 = [2(3.0723) + (3.0723)2]
3
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑
𝟑
Thus, √𝟐𝟗 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟑.

9. Use NR method to find an iterative formula for the reciprocal of the square
root of a
1
positive number and hence find (17)− ⁄2 correct to 4 decimal places.
1
Sol: Let 𝑥 =
√𝑁
Square on both sides
1
𝑥2 =
𝑁
2 1
𝑥 − =0
𝑁
1
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −
𝑁
′ (𝑥)
𝑓 = 2𝑥
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
1
(𝑥𝑛 2 − )
𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − (2𝑥𝑛 )
2 1
(2𝑥𝑛 2 −𝑥𝑛 + )
𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 =
2𝑥𝑛

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 20

 1
𝑥𝑛 2 +
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑁
2𝑥𝑛
1
1 𝑥𝑛 2
𝑥𝑛+1 = [ + 𝑁
]
2 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = [𝒙𝒏 + ] ,is an iterative formula.
𝟐 𝑵 𝒙𝒏

𝟏⁄
To find (𝟏𝟕)− 𝟐:
Here 𝑁 = 17
1 1
Wkt, = 0.3333 , = 0.25
√9 √16
Let 𝑥0 = 0.25
1 1
Step-1: 𝑥1 = [𝑥0 + ]
2 𝑁.𝑥0
1 1
𝑥1 = [0.25 + ]
2 17(0.25)
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟔
1 1
Step-2: 𝑥2 = [𝑥1 + ]
2 𝑁.𝑥1
1 1
𝑥2 = [0.2426 + ]
2 17(0.2426)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟓
𝟏
Thus, = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟓
√𝟏𝟕

10. Use NR method to find an iterative formula for the reciprocal of positive
number and
1
hence find .
31
1
Sol: Let 𝑥 =
𝑁
Take reciprocal on b.s
1
=𝑁
𝑥
1
−𝑁 =0
𝑥
1
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑁
𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −
𝑥2
𝒇(𝒙𝒏 )
We know that 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 −
𝒇′ (𝒙𝒏 )
1
( −𝑁)
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 1
(− )
𝑥𝑛 2

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 21

 1 𝑥𝑛 2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 + ( − 𝑁 ).
𝑥𝑛 1
𝑥𝑛 2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 + ( − 𝑁𝑥𝑛 2 )
𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑁𝑥𝑛 2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 2𝑥𝑛 − 𝑁𝑥𝑛 2
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒙𝒏 [𝟐 − 𝑵𝒙𝒏 ] , is an iterative formula.

𝟏
To find :
𝟑𝟏
Here 𝑁 = 31
1
Let 𝑥0 = = 0.04
25
Step-1: 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 [2 − 𝑁𝑥0 ]
𝑥1 = (0.04)[2 − 31(0.04)]
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒
Step-2: 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 [2 − 𝑁𝑥1 ]
𝑥2 = (0.0304)[2 − 31(0.0304)]
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟐
Step-3: 𝑥3 = 𝑥2 [2 − 𝑁𝑥2 ]
𝑥3 = (0.0322)[2 − 31(0.0322)]
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟑
𝟏
Thus, = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟑.
𝟑𝟏

FINITE DIFFERENCES

Newton’s Forward interpolation formula (NFIF)

The value of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑟ℎ is approximately given by
𝑟(𝑟 − 1) 2 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 − 2) 3
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆ 𝑦0 + ∆ 𝑦0 + ⋯
2! 3!
𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 − 2) … [𝑟 − (𝑛 − 1)] 𝑛
+ ∆ 𝑦0
𝑛!
𝑥−𝑥0
Where, ′𝑟′ is any real number , 𝑟 = ; ℎ is step length.
ℎ

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 22

 Newton’s Backward interpolation formula (NBIF)
The value of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑟ℎ is approximately given by
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 2 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) 3
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑟𝛻𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 𝑦𝑛 + ⋯
2! 3!
𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) … [𝑟 + (𝑛 − 1)] 𝑛
+ 𝛻 𝑦𝑛
𝑛!
𝑥−𝑥𝑛
Where, ′𝑟′ is any real number , 𝑟 = ; ℎ is step length.
ℎ

Problems
1. Given 𝑓(0) = 1, 𝑓(1) = 3, 𝑓(2) = 7, 𝑓(3) = 13, find 𝑓(0.1) using
Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
Sol:
𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫

𝑥0 = 0 𝑦0 = 1
∆𝑦0 = 3 − 1 = 2
1 3 ∆2 𝑦0 = 4 − 2 = 2
7−3=4 ∆3 𝑦0 = 2 − 2 = 0
2 7 6−4=2
13 − 7 = 6
3 13

Now ℎ = 1 , 𝑥0 = 0 To find 𝒇(𝟎. 𝟏) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0.1

𝑥−𝑥0
𝑟=
ℎ
0.1−0
𝑟=
1
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏
By NFIF,
𝑟(𝑟−1) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ⋯
2! 3!
(0.1)(0.1−1) (0.1)(0.1−1)(0.1−2)
𝑦 = 1 + (0.1)(2) + (2) + (0)
2 6
𝑦 = 1.11
Thus, 𝒇(𝟎. 𝟏) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏
2. A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by the following table
𝑥 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 0 0.128 0.544 1.296 2.432 4

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 23

 Find an approximate value of 𝑓(1.1).
Sol: Here ℎ = 0.2 , 𝑥0 = 1 To find 𝒇(𝟏. 𝟏) ⇒ 𝑥 = 1.1
𝑥−𝑥0
𝑟=
ℎ
1.1−1
𝑟=
0.2
0.1
𝑟=
0.2
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫 𝑽𝑫

𝑥0 = 1 𝑦0 = 0
∆𝑦0 = 0.128
1.2 0.128 ∆2 𝑦0 = 0.288
∆3 𝑦0 = 0.048
0.416 ∆4 𝑦0 = 0
1.4 0.544 0.336 ∆5 𝑦0 = 0
0.048
0.752 0
1.6 1.296 0.384
0.048
1.136
1.8 2.432 0.432
1.568
2 4

By NFIF,
𝑟(𝑟−1) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)(𝑟−3) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)(𝑟−3)(𝑟−4)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0 + ∆5 𝑦0
2! 3! 4! 5!

(0.5)(0.5−1) (0.5)(0.5−1)(0.5−2)
𝑦 = 0 + (0.5)(0.128) + (0.288) + (0.048) + 0 + 0
2 6
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏0
Thus, 𝒇(𝟏. 𝟏) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏0.

3. Find 𝑢0.5 from the data 𝑢0 = 225, 𝑢1 = 238, 𝑢2 = 320, 𝑢3 = 340.

Sol: ℎ = 1 , 𝑥0 = 0 To find 𝒖𝟎.𝟓 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0.5
𝑥−𝑥0
𝑟=
ℎ
0.5−0
𝑟= 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓
1

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 24

 𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫
𝑥0 = 0 𝑦0 = 225
∆𝑦0 = 13
1 238 ∆2 𝑦0 = 69
82 ∆3 𝑦0 = −131
2 320 −62
20
3 340

By NFIF,
𝑟(𝑟−1) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ⋯
2! 3!
(0.5)(0.5−1) (0.5)(0.5−1)(0.5−2)
𝑦 = 225 + (0.5)(13) + (69) + (−131)
2 6
𝒚 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓
Thus, 𝒖𝟎.𝟓 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓

4. Find the area of a circle corresponding to diameter (D) is given below

𝑫 80 85 90 95 100

𝐴 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854

Find the area corresponding to the diameter 105 using appropriate interpolation
formula.
Sol: Here ℎ = 5 , 𝑥𝑛 = 100 To find 𝒇(𝟏𝟎𝟓) ⇒ 𝑥 = 10.5
𝑥−𝑥𝑛
𝑟=
ℎ
105−100
𝑟=
5
𝒓=𝟏
𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫
80 5026
648
85 5674 40
688 −2
90 6362 38 𝛻 4 𝑦𝑛 = 4
726 𝛻 3 𝑦𝑛 = 2
95 7088 𝛻 2 𝑦𝑛 = 40
𝛻𝑦𝑛 = 766
𝑥𝑛 =100 𝑦𝑛 =7854

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 25

 By NBIF,
𝑟(𝑟+1) 𝑟(𝑟+1)(𝑟+2) 𝑟(𝑟+1)(𝑟+2)(𝑟+3)
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑟𝛻𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 2 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 3 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 4 𝑦𝑛
2! 3! 4!
(1)(1 + 1) (1)(1 + 1)(1 + 2) (1)(1 + 1)(1 + 2)(1 + 3)
𝑦 = 7854 + (1)(766) + (40) + (2) + (4)
2 6 24
𝑦 = 8666
Thus, 𝒇(𝟏𝟎𝟓) = 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟔.
The area corresponding to the diameter 105 is 8666.

5. The following table give the values of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 for 0.1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.3 , find 𝑡𝑎𝑛(0.26).
𝒙 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093

Sol:
Here ℎ = 0.05 , 𝑥𝑛 = 0.3 To find 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟎. 𝟐𝟔) ⇒ 𝑥 = 0.26
𝑥−𝑥𝑛
𝑟=
ℎ
0.26−0.3
𝑟=
0.05
𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟖
𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫
0.1 0.1003
0.0508
0.15 0.1511 0.0008
0.0516 0.0002
𝛻 4 𝑦𝑛 = 0.0002
0.2 0.2027 0.0010
𝛻 3 𝑦𝑛 = 0.0004
0.0526
0.25 0.2553 𝛻 2 𝑦𝑛 = 0.0014

𝛻𝑦𝑛 = 0.0540

𝑥𝑛 =0.3 𝑦𝑛 =0.3093
By NBIF,
𝑟(𝑟+1) 𝑟(𝑟+1)(𝑟+2) 𝑟(𝑟+1)(𝑟+2)(𝑟+3)
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑟𝛻𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 2 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 3 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 4 𝑦𝑛
2! 3! 4!
(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1) (−0.8)(−0.8 + 1)(−0.8 + 2)
𝑦 = 0.3093 + (−0.8)(0.0540) + (0.0014) + (0.0004)
2 6
(−0.8)(−0.8+1)(−0.8+2)(−0.8+3)
+ (0.0002)
24

𝑦 = 0.2660
Thus, 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟎. 𝟐𝟔) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟎.

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 26

 6. From the following table find the number of students who have obtain
a) Less than 45 marks
b) Between 40 – 45 marks
c) More than 40 but less than 55
Marks 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of 31 42 51 35 31
students
Sol:
𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫

𝒙𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟑𝟏
∆𝒚𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐
50 73 (31+42) ∆𝟐 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟗
𝟓𝟏 ∆𝟑 𝒚𝟎 = −𝟐𝟓

60 124 (73+51) −𝟏𝟔 ∆𝟒 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟑𝟕

𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟐
70 159 (124+35) −𝟒
𝟑𝟏
80 190 (159+31)

a) To find 𝒇(𝟒𝟓) ⇒ 𝑥 = 45
Here ℎ = 10 , 𝑥0 = 40
𝑥−𝑥0
𝑟=
ℎ
45−40
𝑟=
10
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓
By NFIF,
𝑟(𝑟−1) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)(𝑟−3)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0
2! 3! 4!

(0.5)(0.5−1) (0.5)(0.5−1)(0.5−2) (0.5)(0.5−1)(0.5−2)(0.5−3)

𝑦 = 31 + (0.5)(42) + (9) + (−25) + (37)
2 6 24

𝑦 = 47.8672 ≅ 48
Thus, 𝒇(𝟒𝟓) = 𝟒𝟖.
No. of students who have obtained less than 45 marks is 48.

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 27

 b)The no. of students between 40 to 45 marks = 𝒇(𝟒𝟓) − 𝒇(𝟒𝟎)
= 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟑𝟏
= 17

c) To find 𝒇(𝟓𝟓) ⇒ 𝑥 = 55
Here ℎ = 10 , 𝑥0 = 40
𝑥−𝑥0
𝑟=
ℎ
55−40
𝑟=
10
𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟓
By NFIF,
𝑟(𝑟−1) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)(𝑟−3)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0
2! 3! 4!

(1.5)(1.5 − 1) (1.5)(1.5 − 1)(1.5 − 2) (1.5)(1.5 − 1)(1.5 − 2)(1.5 − 3)

𝑦 = 31 + (1.5)(42) + (9) + (−25) + (37)
2 6 24

𝑦 = 99.8047 ≅ 100
Thus, 𝒇(𝟓𝟓) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎.
No. of students who have obtained more than 40 but less than 55 = 𝒇(𝟓𝟓) − 𝒇(𝟒𝟎)
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟏
= 𝟔𝟗
7. The population of a town is given by the following data

Year 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population 19.96 39.65 58.81 77.18 94.58

( in thousand )
Using appropriate interpolation formula calculate the increase in the population from the year
1975 to 2005.
Sol:

𝒙 𝒚 𝑰𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫

𝒙𝟎 =1971 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟔
∆𝒚𝟎 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟗
1981 39.65 ∆𝟐 𝒚𝟎 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟑
𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟔 ∆𝟑 𝒚𝟎 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟔
1991 58.81 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 ∆𝟒 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖
𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝜵𝟑 𝒚𝒏 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 = 𝜵 𝟒 𝒚𝒏
2001 77.18 𝜵𝟐 𝒚𝒏 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟕
𝜵𝒚𝒏 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟎
𝒙𝒏 =2011 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟗𝟒.58

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 28

 a) To find 𝒇(𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) ⇒ 𝑥 = 1975
Here ℎ = 10 , 𝑥0 = 1971
𝑥−𝑥0
𝑟=
ℎ
1975−1971
𝑟=
10
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟒
By NFIF,
𝑟(𝑟−1) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2) 𝑟(𝑟−1)(𝑟−2)(𝑟−3)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑟∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0
2! 3! 4!
(0.4)(0.4 − 1) (0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2) (0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)(0.4 − 3)
𝑦 = 19.96 + (0.4)(19.69) + (−0.53) + (−0.26) + (0.08)
2 6 24
𝑦 = 27.8797
Thus, 𝒇(𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕

To find 𝐟(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓) ⇒ 𝑥 = 2005

Here ℎ = 0.05 , 𝑥𝑛 = 2011
𝑥−𝑥𝑛
𝑟=
ℎ
2005−2011
𝑟=
10
𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟔
By NBIF,
𝑟(𝑟+1) 𝑟(𝑟+1)(𝑟+2) 𝑟(𝑟+1)(𝑟+2)(𝑟+3)
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑟𝛻𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 2 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 3 𝑦𝑛 + 𝛻 4 𝑦𝑛
2! 3! 4!
(−0.6)(−0.6 + 1) (−0.6)(−0.6 + 1)(−0.6 + 2) (−0.6)(−0.6 + 1)(−0.6 + 2)(−0.6 + 3)
𝑦 = 94.58 + (−0.6)(17.40) + (−0.97) + (−0.18) + (0.08)
2 6 24

𝑦 = 84.2638
Thus, 𝒇(𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓) = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟖

The increase in population from the year 1975 to 2005= 𝒇(𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) − 𝒇(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓)
= 𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟖 − 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟕
= 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟏 ( in thousands )
8. Extrapolate for 25.4 given the data
𝒙 19 20 21 22 23

𝒚 91 100.25 110 120.25 131

9. In a table given below the values of 𝑦 are consecutive terms of a series of

which 23.6 is the 6𝑡ℎ term , find the 1𝑠𝑡 and 10𝑡ℎ term of series
𝒙 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

𝒚 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2 54.8 73.9

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 29

 10. Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛(45) = 0.7071, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(50) = 0.7660, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(55) = 0.8192,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(60) = 0.8660, find 𝑠𝑖𝑛(52) and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(57) using an appropriate
interpolation formula.

Interpolation formula for unequal intervals

Newton’s Divided Difference Formula or Newton’s general interpolation

formula
If 𝑓(𝑥0 ), 𝑓(𝑥1 ), 𝑓(𝑥2 ), …, 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) be a set of values of an unknown function
𝑓(𝑥) corresponding to the values 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,…, 𝑥𝑛 at unequal intervals, then

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + ⋯

+(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛−1 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 )

𝑓(𝑥1 )−𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑓(𝑥1 ,𝑥2 )−𝑓(𝑥0 ,𝑥1 )

Here 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) = (𝑥1 −𝑥0 )
; 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥2 −𝑥0 )
;
𝑓(𝑥 ,𝑥 ,𝑥 )−𝑓(𝑥0 ,𝑥1 ,𝑥2 )
𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 1 2 (𝑥3
−𝑥 ) 3 0

Problems
1. Use NDDF to find 𝑓(43) , given that
𝑥 40 42 44 45

𝑓(𝑥) 43833 46568 49431 50912

Sol:
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟖 − 𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟑
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟕. 𝟓
𝟒𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎
= 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟕. 𝟓 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 ) = = 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟐 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝟒𝟒 − 𝟒𝟎
𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟏 − 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = = 𝟎. 𝟏
)
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎
𝟒𝟒 − 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟏 − 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟓
= 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟓 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟏
𝒇(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) =
𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟒
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟏

By NDDF,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )

𝑦 = 43833 + (43 − 40)(1367.5) + (43 − 40)(43 − 42)(16) + (43 − 40)(43 − 42)(43 − 44)(0.1)

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 30

 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟐

Thus, 𝒇(𝟒𝟑) = 𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟑. 𝟐

2. Find 𝑓(0.05) using NDDF given that

𝒙 0 2 3 5 6

𝒇(𝒙) 0 6 21 105 186

Sol:
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫𝑫

𝑥0 = 0 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 0
𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) = 3
𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1, 𝑥2 ) = 4
𝑥1 = 2 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 6
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 15 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 1
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 9
𝑥2 = 3 𝑓(𝑥2 ) = 21 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 0
𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 42 𝑓(𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 1
𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 13
𝑥3 = 5 𝑓(𝑥3 ) = 105
𝑓(𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 81

𝑥4 = 6 𝑓(𝑥4 ) = 186

By NDDF,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )
+ (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 )

𝑦 = 0 + (0.5 − 0)(3) + (0.5 − 0)(0.5 − 2)(4) + (0.5 − 0)(0.5 − 2)(0.5 − 3)(1) + (0)
𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎

Thus, 𝒇(𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟎

3. Fit an interpolating polynomial for the data by NDDF

𝑥 0 1 2 5

𝑓(𝑥) 2 3 12 147

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 31

 Sol:
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫

𝒙𝟎 = 𝟐 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝟒
𝒇(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝟐𝟔
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝟓𝟔 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟓
𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝒇(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒙𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟕𝟏𝟏 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝟐𝟑
𝒇(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝟐𝟔𝟗
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝟗𝟖𝟎

By NDDF,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )
𝑦 = 4 + (𝑥 − 2)(26) + (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)(15) + (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 9)(1)
𝑦 = 4 + 26𝑥 − 52 + 15(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8) + (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 9)
𝑦 = 4 + 26𝑥 − 52 + 15(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8) + (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 9)
𝑦 = 4 + 26𝑥 − 52 + 15𝑥 2 − 90𝑥 + 120 + 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 9𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 − 72
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥, is the required polynomial.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑓(3) = 21
𝑥=5, 𝑓(5) = 115
𝑥=7, 𝑓(7) = 329
𝑥 = 11 , 𝑓(11) = 1309

Consider,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 3[(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2𝑥 − 1] − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 6𝑥 − 3 − 5𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 + 3(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑥 − 1 − 1
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 + 𝟑(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏
When
𝑥 = 1.1 , 𝑓(𝑥) = (1.1 − 1)3 + 3(1.1 − 1)2 + (1.1 − 1) − 1 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟗𝟎
𝑥 = 1.5 , 𝑓(𝑥) = (1.5 − 1)3 + 3(1.5 − 1)2 + (1.5 − 1) − 1 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 32

 5. Determine 𝑓(𝑥) as a polynomial in 𝑥 for the following data using NDDF
𝑥 -4 -1 0 2 5

𝑓(𝑥) 1245 33 5 9 1335

Sol:
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑫𝑫 𝑰𝑽 𝑫𝑫
𝑥0 = −4 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 1245
𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) = −404
𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1, 𝑥2 ) = 94
𝑥1 = −1 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 33 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = −14
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = −28 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 10 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 3
𝑥2 = 0 𝑓(𝑥2 ) = 5 𝑓(𝑥1, 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 13
𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 88
𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 2
𝑥3 = 2 𝑓(𝑥3 ) = 9
𝑓(𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) = 442
𝑥4 = 5 𝑓(𝑥4 ) = 1335

By NDDF,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )
+(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 )

𝑦 = 1245 + (𝑥 + 4)(−404) + (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)(94) + (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 0)(-14)+

(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 0)(𝑥 − 2)(3)

𝑦 = 1245 − 404𝑥 − 1616 + 94(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) − 14𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4) + 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4)

𝑦 = 1245 − 404𝑥 − 1616 + 94𝑥 2 + 470𝑥 + 376 − 14𝑥 2 − 70𝑥 2 − 56𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4)

𝑦 = 1245 − 404𝑥 − 1616 + 94𝑥 2 + 470𝑥 + 376 − 14𝑥 2 − 70𝑥 2 − 56𝑥 + 3𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 − 30𝑥 2 − 24𝑥

𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 , is the required polynomial.

6. Construct a polynomial for the data given below using NDDF and hence find
𝑓(8) and 𝑓(15).

𝑥 4 5 7 10 11 13

𝑓(𝑥) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028

7. Using NDDF find 𝑢8 if

𝑥 1 2 4 7 12

𝑓(𝑥) 576 168 -30 48 378

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 33

 Lagrange’s formula for interpolation
If 𝑓(𝑥0 ), 𝑓(𝑥1 ), 𝑓(𝑥2 ), …, 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) be a set of values of an unknown function
𝑓(𝑥) corresponding to the values 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ,…, 𝑥𝑛 not necessarily at equal
intervals, then
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦0 + 𝑦 +⋯
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑛 ) 1

(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛−1 )
+ 𝑦
(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛−1 ) 𝑛

Lagrange’s inverse interpolation formula for 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒚) is

(𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) … (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑛 ) (𝑦 − 𝑦0 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) … (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑛 )
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥0 + 𝑥 +⋯
(𝑦0 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦0 − 𝑦2 ) … (𝑦0 − 𝑦𝑛 ) (𝑦1 − 𝑦0 )(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) … (𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑛 ) 1

(𝑦 − 𝑦0 )(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) … (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑛−1 )
+ 𝑥
(𝑦𝑛 − 𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑛 − 𝑦2 ) … (𝑦𝑛 − 𝑦𝑛−1 ) 𝑛

Problems
1. Apply Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find 𝑦(11) from the following
data
𝑥 2 5 8 14

𝑦 94.8 87.9 81.3 68.7

Sol: Given 𝑥0 = 2 𝑥1 = 5 𝑥2 = 8 𝑥3 = 14
𝑦0 = 94.8 𝑦1 = 87.9 𝑦2 = 81.3 𝑦3 = 68.7
To find 𝒚(𝟏𝟏) ⇒ 𝑥 = 11
Wkt
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
𝑦= 𝑦0 + 𝑦
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥3 ) 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥3 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) 3

(11 − 5)(11 − 8)(11 − 14) (11 − 2)(11 − 8)(11 − 14)

𝑦= (94.8) + (87.9)
(2 − 5)(2 − 8)(2 − 14) (5 − 2)(5 − 8)(5 − 14)
(11 − 2)(11 − 5)(11 − 14) (11 − 2)(11 − 5)(11 − 8)
+ (81.3) + (68.7)
(8 − 2)(8 − 5)(8 − 14) (14 − 2)(14 − 5)(14 − 8)
𝑦 = 74.925
𝒚(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟓

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 34

 2. Fit an interpolating polynomial for the following data

𝑥 0 1 2 5

𝑦 2 3 12 147

Sol: Given 𝑥0 = 0 𝑥1 = 1 𝑥2 = 2 𝑥3 = 5
𝑦0 = 2 𝑦1 = 3 𝑦2 = 12 𝑦3 = 147
Wkt
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
𝑦= 𝑦0 + 𝑦
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥3 ) 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥3 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) 3

(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−0)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−0)(𝑥−1)(𝑥−5) (𝑥−0)(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)

𝑦= (2) + (1−0)(1−2)(1−5) (3) + (2−0)(2−1)(2−5) (12) + (5−0)(5−1)(5−2) (147)
(0−1)(0−2)(0−5)

Wkt (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) = 𝑥 3 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 2 + (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐

(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 10) (𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 10𝑥) (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥) (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)

𝑦= (2) + (3) + (12) + (147)
(−10) (4) (−6) (60)

−(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 10) (3𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 30𝑥) (2𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 10𝑥) (147𝑥 3 − 441𝑥 2 + 294𝑥)
𝑦= + − +
5 4 1 60

−12(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 10) + 15(3𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 30𝑥) − 60(2𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 10𝑥) + (147𝑥 3 − 441𝑥 2 + 294𝑥)
𝑦=
60

−12𝑥 3 + 96𝑥 2 − 204𝑥 + 120 + 45𝑥 3 − 315𝑥 2 + 450𝑥 − 120𝑥 3 + 720𝑥 2 − 600𝑥 + 147𝑥 3 − 441𝑥 2 + 294𝑥
𝑦=
60

60𝑥 3 +60𝑥 2 −60𝑥+120

𝑦= 60

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐 , is the required polynomial.

3. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial for the data and
hence find 𝑦 at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥 0 1 3 4

𝑦 -12 0 6 12

Sol: Given 𝑥0 = 0 𝑥1 = 1 𝑥2 = 3 𝑥3 = 4
𝑦0 = −12 𝑦1 = 0 𝑦2 = 6 𝑦3 = 12

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 35

 Wkt
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
𝑦= 𝑦0 + 𝑦
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥3 ) 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥3 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) 3

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 0)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 0)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)

𝑦= (−12) + (0) + (6)
(0 − 1)(0 − 3)(0 − 4) (1 − 0)(1 − 3)(1 − 4) (3 − 0)(3 − 1)(3 − 4)
(𝑥 − 0)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
+ (12)
(4 − 0)(4 − 1)(4 − 3)

(𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 +19𝑥−12) (𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 +4𝑥) (𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +3𝑥)

𝑦= (−12)
(−12) + (−6)
(6) + (12)
(12)

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 12 − 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐, is the required polynomial.

Put 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 23 − 7(2)2 + 18(2) − 12
𝒚=𝟒

4. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial for the data 𝑦(1) = 3,
𝑦(3) = 9, 𝑦(4) = 30, 𝑦(6) = 132.
Sol: Given 𝑥0 = 1 𝑥1 = 3 𝑥2 = 4 𝑥3 = 6
𝑦0 = 3 𝑦1 = 9 𝑦2 = 30 𝑦3 = 132
Wkt
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
𝑦= 𝑦0 + 𝑦
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥3 ) 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥3 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) 3

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 6)

𝑦= (3) + (9) + (30)
(1 − 3)(1 − 4)(1 − 6) (3 − 1)(3 − 4)(3 − 6) (4 − 1)(4 − 3)(4 − 6)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)
+ (6−1)(6−3)(6−4) (132)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) 5(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 6) 22(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑦= + + +
(−10) (2) (−1) (5)

−(𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 − 72) + 15(𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 34𝑥 − 24) − 50(𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 − 18) + 44(𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 12)
𝑦=
10

−𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 − 54𝑥 + 72 + 15𝑥 3 − 165𝑥 2 + 510𝑥 − 360 − 50𝑥 3 + 500𝑥 2 − 1350𝑥 + 900 + 44𝑥 3 − 352𝑥 2 + 836𝑥 − 528
𝑦=
10

8𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 −58𝑥+84
𝑦=
10

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 36

 2(4𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 −29𝑥+42)
𝑦= 10

(𝟒𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟗𝒙+𝟒𝟐)

𝒚= , is the required polynomial.
𝟓

5. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find 𝑦 at 𝑥 = 5 for the data 𝑦(1) = 3,

𝑦(3) = 18, 𝑦(4) = 30, 𝑦(6) = 132.

Numerical Integration
𝑏
The process of obtaining approximate value of the definite integration 𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
without actually integrating function but only using the value of ′𝑦′ at some point of 𝑥 is
equally placed over [𝑎, 𝑏].
𝟏𝒓𝒅
Simpson’s rule
𝟑
Formula:
𝑏
ℎ
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦6 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−2 )]
3 0
𝑎
𝑏−𝑎
Where, ℎ = 𝑛
1𝑟𝑑
Note: To apply 3 rule 𝑛 must be multiple of 2.

Problems
6
1. Evaluate ∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 dividing the interval [0,6] in 6 equal parts (7 ordinate) by
applying
1𝑟𝑑
Simpson’s rule.
3
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 6 , y = 3𝑥 2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
6−0
ℎ= 6
𝒉=𝟏,𝑛=6

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

y = 3𝑥 2 0 3 12 27 48 75 108

Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

6 1
∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(0 + 108) + 4(3 + 27 + 75) + 2(12 + 48)]

𝟔
∫𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔.

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 37

 1 𝑑𝑥 1𝑟𝑑
2. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2 using Simpson’s 3 rule by taking 5 ordinates (4 equal parts) and
hence deduce an approximate value of 𝜋.
1
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 1 , y = 1+𝑥 2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
1−0
ℎ= 4
𝟏
𝒉= , 𝑛=4
𝟒

𝑥 0 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 1
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
1 1 0.9412 0.8 0.64 0.5
y=
1 + 𝑥2

Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦4 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 ) + 2(𝑦2 )]

1
1 1
∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4
[(1 + 0.5) + 4(0.9412 + 0.64) + 2(0.8)]
3

𝟏 𝟏
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

By integration,

1 1
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥]10
1+𝑥 2
0.7854 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0
𝜋
0.7854 = 4
𝝅 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔

𝜋⁄ 1𝑟𝑑 𝜋
2
3. Find the approximate value of ∫0 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 by Simpson’s 3
rule by dividing [0, 2 ]
into 6 equal parts.
𝜋
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 2 , y = √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
𝜋
−0
ℎ= 2
;
6
𝜋
𝒉 = 12 = 15° ,
𝑛=6

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 38

 𝒛 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

y 1 0.9828 0.9306 0.8409 0.7071 0.5087 0

= √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

𝜋 𝜋

∫0 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 =
2 12
[(1 + 0) + 4(0.9828 + 0.8409 + 0.5087) + 2(0.9306 + 0.7071)]
3

𝝅
∫𝟎𝟐 √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒅𝜽 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟑

0.6 2 1𝑟𝑑
4. Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s rule by dividing [0,0.6] in 6 subintervals.
3
−𝑥 2
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 0.6 , y = 𝑒
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
0.6−0
ℎ= 6
𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝑛 = 6
𝒙 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
2
y = 𝑒 −𝑥 1 0.99 0.9608 0.9139 0.8521 0.7788 0.6977

Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

0.6 2 0.1
∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3
[(1 + 0.6977) + 4(0.99 + 0.9139 + 0.7788) + 2(0.9608 + 0.8521)]

𝟎.𝟔 𝟐
∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟓𝟏

1 𝑑𝑥 1𝑟𝑑
5. Evaluate ∫0 (1+𝑥)2
using Simpson’s rule by taking 7 ordinates.
3
1
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 1 , y = (1+𝑥)2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
1−0
ℎ= 6
𝟏
𝒉=𝟔 , 𝑛=6

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 39

 𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6
1 1 0.7347 0.5625 0.4444 0.3600 0.2975 0.2500
𝑦=
(1 + 𝑥)2
Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

1
1 1
∫0 (1+𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 6
[(1 + 0.25) + 4(0.7347 + 0.4444 + 0.2975) + 2(0.5625 + 0.36)]
3

𝟏 𝟏
∫𝟎 (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟏

1 𝑥 1𝑟𝑑
6. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s rule by taking 6 equal parts and hence find
3
log2.
𝑥
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 1 , y = 1+𝑥 2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
1−0
ℎ= 6
𝟏
𝒉=𝟔 , 𝑛=6

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6
𝑦 0 0.1622 0.3000 0.4000 0.4615 0.4918 0.5000
𝑥
=
1 + 𝑥2
Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

1
1 𝑥
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 6
[(0 + 0.5) + 4(0.1622 + 0.4 + 0.4918) + 2(0.3 + 0.4615)]
1+𝑥 2 3

𝟏 𝒙
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟔
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

By integration,

1 𝑥 1 1 2𝑥
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

1
0.3466 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥 2 )]10
2

1
0.3466 = 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1]

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 40

 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 2 ∗ 0.3466

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟐

𝜋 𝑑𝑥
7. Evaluate ∫0 by taking 6 sub intervals.
2+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 𝜋 , y = 2+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
𝜋−0
ℎ= 6
𝜋
𝒉 = 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟎° , 𝑛 = 6
𝑥 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎° 𝟏𝟐𝟎° 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 18𝟎°
1 0.3333 0.3489 0.4000 0.5000 0.6667 0.8819 1
2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

𝜋
𝜋 1
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔
[(0.3333 + 1) + 4(0.3489 + 0.5 + 0.8819) + 2(0.4 + 0.6667)]
2+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 3

𝝅 𝟏
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟒
𝟐+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

8 1
8. Evaluate ∫2 𝑑𝑥 by taking 6 sub intervals.
log10 𝑥
1
Sol: Given a = 2 , b = 8 , y = log
10 𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = 𝑛
8−2
ℎ= 6
𝒉 = 𝟏, 𝑛 = 6
𝒙 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 3.3219 2.0959 1.6610 1.4307 1.2851 1.1833 1.1073
𝑦=
log10 𝑥

Wkt,
𝑏 ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )]

8 1 1
∫2 log10 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 3 [(3.3219 + 1.1073) + 4(2.0959 + 1.4307 + 1.1833) + 2(1.661 + 1.2851)]

𝟖 1
∫𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟑
log10 𝑥

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 41

 𝟑𝒕𝒉
Simpson’s rule
𝟖
Formula:
𝑏
3ℎ
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦3 + 𝑦6 + 𝑦9 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−3 )]
8
𝑎
𝑏−𝑎
Where, ℎ = 𝑛
3𝑡ℎ
Note: To apply 8 rule 𝑛 must be multiple of 3.

Problems
1 1 3𝑡ℎ
1. Evaluate ∫0 (1+𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 by taking 7 ordinate using Simpson’s rule. Hence deduce
8
the value of log2.
1
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 1 , y = (1+𝑥)
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=6
𝑛
1−0
ℎ= 6
𝟏
𝒉=𝟔

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6
1 1 0.8571 0.75 0.6667 0.6 0.5455 0.5
y=
(1 + 𝑥)
Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦3 )]
8

1
1 1 3∗
∫0 (1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔
[(1 + 0.5) + 3(0.8571 + 0.75 + 0.6 + 0.5455) + 2(0.6667)]
8

𝟏 𝟏
∫𝟎 (𝟏+𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟐

By integration,

1 1
∫0 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥)]10
0.6932 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1]
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟐

3𝑡ℎ 4 1⁄
2. Use Simpson’s 8 rule to evaluate ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by taking 3 equal parts.
1
Sol: Given a = 1 , b = 4 , y = 𝑒 ⁄𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=3
𝑛

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 42

 4−1
ℎ=
3
𝒉=𝟏
𝒙 1 2 3 4

1⁄ 2.7183 1.6487 1.3956 1.2840

y=𝑒 𝑥

Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦3 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )]
8

4 1⁄ 3∗1
∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [(2.7183 + 1.2840 ) + 3(1.6487 + 1.3956 )]
8

𝟒 𝟏⁄
∫𝟏 𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟕

5.2 3𝑡ℎ
3. Evaluate ∫4 log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 8 rule by taking 6 equal parts.
Sol: Given a = 4 , b = 5.2 , y = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=6
𝑛
5.2−4
ℎ= 6
𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟐
𝒙 4 4.2 4.4. 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2

y = log 𝑒 𝑥 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487

Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦3 )]
8

5.2 3∗(0.2)
∫4 log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [(1.3863 + 1.6487) + 3(1.4351 + 1.4816 + 1.5686 + 1.6094) + 2(1.5261)]
8

𝟓.𝟐
∫𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖

0.3 3⁄ 3𝑡ℎ
4. Evaluate ∫0 (1 − 8𝑥 2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 8 rule by taking 7 ordinates.
3
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 0.3 , y = (1 − 8𝑥 2 ) ⁄2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=6
𝑛
0.3−0
ℎ= 6
𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 43

 𝑥 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

y 1 0.9702 0.8824 0.7425 0.5607 0.3536 0.1482

2 )3⁄2
= (1 − 8𝑥
Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦3 )]
8

0.3 3⁄ 3∗(0.05)
∫0 (1 − 8𝑥 2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥 =
8
[(1 + 0.1482) + 3(0.9702 + 0.8824 + 0.5607 + 0.3536) + 2(0.7425)]

𝟎.𝟑 𝟑⁄
∫𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝟖𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟎

1 𝑥2 3𝑡ℎ
5. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 8 rule by taking 7 ordinates and hence find
1+𝑥 3
log2.
𝑥2
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 1 , y = 1+𝑥 3
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=6
𝑛
1−0
ℎ= 6
𝟏
𝒉=𝟔

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6
𝑥2 0 0.0276 0.1071 0.2222 0.3429 0.4399 0.5
y=
1 + 𝑥3
Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦3 )]
8

1 1
𝑥2 3∗𝟔
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [(0 + 0.5) + 3(0.0267 + 0.1071 + 0.3429 + 0.4399) + 2(0.2222)]
1 + 𝑥3 8
0

𝟏 𝒙𝟐
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝟑

By integration,

1 𝑥2 1 1 3𝑥 2
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3

1
0.2311 = 3 [𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥 3 )]10

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 44

 1
0.2311 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1]
3
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 3 ∗ 0.2311
⇒ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟑

6 𝑑𝑥 3𝑡ℎ
6. Evaluate ∫0 using Simpson’s rule by taking 7 ordinates.
1+𝑥 2 8
1
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 6 , y = 1+𝑥 2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=6
𝑛
6−0
ℎ= 6
𝒉=𝟏

𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0588 0.0385 0.0270

1
=
1 + 𝑥2

Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦3 )]
8

6 1 3∗1
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = [(1 + 0.5) + 3(0.5 + 0.2 + 0.0588 + 0.0385) + 2(0.1)]
1+𝑥 2 8

𝟔 𝟏
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

1 𝑥 3𝑡ℎ
7. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 8 rule by taking 3 equal parts and hence find
1+𝑥 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔√2.
𝑥
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 1 , y = 1+𝑥 2
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=3
𝑛
1−0
ℎ= 3
𝟏
𝒉=𝟑

𝑥 0 𝟏 𝟐 1
𝟑 𝟑
𝑥 0 0.3 0.4615 0.5
y=
1 + 𝑥2

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 45

 Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦3 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )]
8

1
1 𝑥 3∗
∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3
[(0 + 0.5) + 3(0.3 + 0.4615)]
8

𝟏 𝒙
∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

By integration,
1 𝑥 1 1 2𝑥
∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
0.3481 = 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥 2 )]10

1
0.3481 = 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1]

1
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 0.3481
2

𝒍𝒐𝒈√𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟏
𝜋
3𝑡ℎ
8. Evaluate ∫02 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 8 rule by taking 3 equal parts.
𝜋
Sol: Given a = 0 , b = 2 , y = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
Now, ℎ = ,𝑛=3
𝑛
𝜋
−0
ℎ= 2
3
𝜋
𝒉= = 30°
6

𝒙 0° 30° 60° 90°

y = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 1.6487 2.3774 2.7183

Wkt,
𝑏 3ℎ
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦3 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )]
8

𝜋 𝜋
3∗
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [(1 + 2.7183) + 3(1.6487 + 2.3774)]
∫0 𝑒2 𝑑𝑥 = 6
8

𝝅
∫𝟎𝟐 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏

ADVANCED CALCULUS AND NUMERICAL METHODS-21MAT21 46