SVKM’s NMIMS’ Mukesh Patel School of Technology

Management and Engineering, Mumbai

Business Statistics Project

Group No. 8
Division C

J005: Ameyen Bamane

J007: Nishita Bose
J012: Atharva Mahadeshwar
J014: Sushant More
J022: Shruti Singh
J038: Priyal Mehta
 Question 1
Take a business data of your choice of not less than 50 data points, either from an existing
database/ real time or create one (if required). Use Excel to make frequency distribution;
hence histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve, bar chart and pie chart. Interpret the
results
Inde Product Name Brand Sale MRP Number Number Star
x Price Of Of Rating
Ratings Reviews
1 APPLE iPhone 8 Plus (Gold, 64 GB) Apple 49900 49900 3431 356 4.6
2 APPLE iPhone 8 Plus (Space Grey, 256 Apple 84900 84900 3431 356 4.6
GB)
3 APPLE iPhone 8 Plus (Silver, 256 GB) Apple 84900 84900 3431 356 4.6
4 APPLE iPhone 8 (Silver, 256 GB) Apple 77000 77000 11202 794 4.5
5 APPLE iPhone 8 (Gold, 256 GB) Apple 77000 77000 11202 794 4.5
6 APPLE iPhone 8 Plus (Silver, 64 GB) Apple 49900 49900 3431 356 4.6
7 APPLE iPhone 8 Plus (Space Grey, 64 Apple 49900 49900 3431 356 4.6
GB)
8 APPLE iPhone 8 (Space Grey, 256 GB) Apple 77000 77000 11202 794 4.5
9 APPLE iPhone XS Max (Silver, 64 GB) Apple 89900 89900 1454 149 4.6
10 Apple iPhone XR ((PRODUCT)RED, 128 Apple 41999 52900 79512 6796 4.6
GB) (Includes EarPods, Power Adapter)
11 Apple iPhone XR (Black, 64 GB) Apple 39999 47900 79512 6796 4.6
(Includes EarPods, Power Adapter)
12 Apple iPhone XR (Coral, 128 GB) Apple 41999 52900 79582 6804 4.6
(Includes EarPods, Power Adapter)
13 Apple iPhone XR (Black, 128 GB) Apple 41999 52900 79512 6796 4.6
(Includes EarPods, Power Adapter)
14 Apple iPhone XR (White, 128 GB) Apple 41999 52900 79512 6796 4.6
(Includes EarPods, Power Adapter)
15 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro Max (Gold, 256 Apple 13190 131900 1078 101 4.7
GB) 0
16 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro Max (Gold, 64 GB) Apple 117100 117100 1078 101 4.7
17 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro Max (Midnight Apple 13190 131900 1078 101 4.7
Green, 256 GB) 0
18 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro Max (Space Grey, Apple 117100 117100 1078 101 4.7
64 GB)
19 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro (Midnight Green, Apple 74999 106600 7088 523 4.6
64 GB)
20 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro (Space Grey, 512 Apple 117900 140300 7088 523 4.6
GB)
21 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro Max (Midnight Apple 117100 117100 1078 101 4.7
Green, 64 GB)
22 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro (Midnight Green, Apple 117900 140300 7088 523 4.6
512 GB)
23 APPLE iPhone 11 Pro (Space Grey, 256 Apple 99900 121300 7081 522 4.6
GB)
24 Apple iPhone SE (White, 256 GB) Apple 44999 54900 95909 8161 4.5
 (Includes EarPods, Power Adapter)
25 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro (Silver, 512 GB) Apple 14090 149900 542 42 4.5
0
26 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Pacific Blue, Apple 13090 139900 580 45 4.6
256 GB) 0
27 APPLE iPhone 12 Mini (White, 128 GB) Apple 64900 74900 740 64 4.5
28 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro (Graphite, 256 GB) Apple 12090 129900 545 42 4.5
0
29 APPLE iPhone 12 Mini (White, 64 GB) Apple 59900 69900 740 64 4.5
30 APPLE iPhone 12 (White, 128 GB) Apple 75900 84900 2101 180 4.6
31 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro (Graphite, 128 GB) Apple 110900 119900 545 42 4.5
32 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Graphite, 256 Apple 13090 139900 580 45 4.6
GB) 0
33 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Graphite, 128 Apple 12090 129900 580 45 4.6
GB) 0
34 APPLE iPhone 12 Mini (Black, 128 GB) Apple 64900 74900 730 63 4.5
35 APPLE iPhone 12 Mini (Blue, 128 GB) Apple 64900 74900 730 63 4.5
36 APPLE iPhone 12 (Black, 128 GB) Apple 75900 84900 2101 180 4.6
37 APPLE iPhone 12 (Blue, 128 GB) Apple 75900 84900 2101 180 4.6
38 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Silver, 128 Apple 12090 129900 580 45 4.6
GB) 0
39 APPLE iPhone 12 Mini (Red, 64 GB) Apple 59900 69900 740 64 4.5
40 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Gold, 128 Apple 12090 129900 580 45 4.6
GB) 0
41 APPLE iPhone 12 (Green, 128 GB) Apple 75900 84900 2092 178 4.6
42 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro (Pacific Blue, 512 Apple 14090 149900 545 42 4.5
GB) 0
43 APPLE iPhone 12 (White, 64 GB) Apple 70900 79900 2101 180 4.6
44 APPLE iPhone 12 (Black, 64 GB) Apple 70900 79900 2092 178 4.6
45 APPLE iPhone 12 (Red, 128 GB) Apple 75900 84900 2101 180 4.6
46 APPLE iPhone 12 Mini (Black, 64 GB) Apple 59900 69900 740 64 4.5
47 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro (Pacific Blue, 128 Apple 110900 119900 545 42 4.5
GB)
48 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Pacific Blue, Apple 12090 129900 580 45 4.6
128 GB) 0
49 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Silver, 256 Apple 13090 139900 580 45 4.6
GB) 0
50 APPLE iPhone 12 Pro Max (Gold, 256 Apple 13090 139900 580 45 4.6
GB) 0
51 APPLE iPhone 11 (White, 128 GB) Apple 54999 59900 43707 3357 4.6
52 APPLE iPhone 11 (Red, 128 GB) Apple 54999 59900 43707 3357 4.6
53 APPLE iPhone SE (White, 64 GB) Apple 29999 39900 95807 8154 4.5
54 APPLE iPhone SE (Black, 128 GB) Apple 34999 44900 95909 8161 4.5
55 APPLE iPhone SE (White, 128 GB) Apple 34999 44900 95807 8154 4.5
56 APPLE iPhone SE (Red, 128 GB) Apple 34999 44900 95909 8161 4.5
57 APPLE iPhone 11 (Black, 128 GB) Apple 54999 59900 43470 3331 4.6
58 APPLE iPhone SE (Black, 64 GB) Apple 29999 39900 95909 8161 4.5
59 APPLE iPhone 11 (Purple, 64 GB) Apple 46999 54900 43470 3331 4.6
60 APPLE iPhone 11 (White, 64 GB) Apple 46999 54900 43470 3331 4.6
61 APPLE iPhone 11 (Black, 64 GB) Apple 46999 54900 43470 3331 4.6
62 APPLE iPhone 11 (Red, 64 GB) Apple 46999 54900 43470 3331 4.6

Frequency Distribution

Price Class Frequency

29999-34998 2
34999-39998 3
39999-44998 5
44999-49998 8
54999-59998 6
59999-64998 3
69999-74998 2
74999-79998 9
79999-84998 2
84999-89998 1
94999-99998 1
109999-114998 2
114999-119998 5
 119999-124998 5
129999-134998 6
139999-144998 2
Grand Total 62

Interpretation:
 Price Range Concentration: The majority of the prices fall within the range of 44,999-
49,998 & 74,999-79,998, as evidenced by the fact that these price classes have the highest
frequencies. This suggests that most customers are purchasing the product within this
price range.
 Most Popular Price Class: The price class "74,999-79,998" has the highest frequency (9),
indicating that this is the most popular price point among the customers.
 There are more prices in the lower and middle price ranges than in the higher price
ranges. This suggests that the majority of buyers are looking for affordable products.
 The most frequent price class is relatively wide, suggesting that buyers are not too picky
about the exact price, as long as it is in the affordable range.
 The least frequent price classes are very narrow, suggesting that buyers are more selective
about products in these price ranges.

Histogram

Histogram
10
9
8
7
6
5
Frequency

4
3
2
1
0
98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98
349 399 449 499 599 649 749 799 849 899 999 149 199 249 349 449
9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
999 499 999 499 499 999 999 499 999 499 499 999 999 999 999 999
2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 4 9 9 9
10 11 11 12 13

Price Class
Interpretation:
Interpretation: Apple has majority of its sales in the price range of $74999-$79998. The price
interval of $84999-$99998 have the lowest number of sales.

Frequency Polygon

Frequency Polygon
10
9
8
7
6
Frequency

5
4
3
2
1
0
98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98
349 399 449 499 599 649 749 799 849 899 999 149 199 249 349 449
9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
999 4 99 9 99 4 99 4 99 9 99 9 99 4 99 9 99 4 99 4 99 9 99 9 99 9 99 9 99 9 99
2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 4 9 9 9
10 11 11 12 13
Price Class

Interpretation:
 The frequency distribution for the sale of Apple products shows that the most popular
price range is 74999-79998, with 9 products sold. The second most popular price range is
44999-49998, with 8 products sold. The third most popular price range is 119999-124998,
with 5 products sold.
 In general, there are more products sold in the lower and middle price ranges than in the
higher price ranges. This suggests that the majority of Apple customers are looking for
affordable products.
 The least frequent price range is for products priced over $134999. This suggests that
there is a relatively small market for these products.
 The frequency polygon also shows that there is a gradual decline in sales as the price of
products increases. This suggests that consumers are more price-sensitive at higher price
ranges.

Frequency Curve
 Frequency Curve

8 8 8 8 9 98 9 98
4 99 9 99 4 99 9 99 19 44
-3 -4 -7 -8 9 -1 9 -1
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 99
9 9 9 9 4 9
29 44 69 84 11 13
10 10
Frequency

8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
4 99 999 499 999 999 499 499 999 499 999 999 499 999 499 499 499
3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 11 11 12 13 14
9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- - - - - -
999 499 999 499 499 999 999 499 999 499 499 999 999 999 999 999
2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 4 9 9 9
10 11 11 12 13
Price Class

Interpretation:
 Apple products are popular at a wide range of price points, from 29999 to 144999. This
suggests that Apple has a broad appeal to customers of all income levels.
 The most popular price range is 74999-79998. This suggests that customers are looking
for good value for money.
 There are more products sold in the lower and middle price ranges than in the higher price
ranges. This suggests that the majority of customers are looking for affordable products.
 Apple products are still popular at the higher price ranges, with 6 products sold in the
129999-134998 price range. This suggests that some customers are willing to pay a
premium for Apple products.

Bar Graph
 Bar Graph
10
9
8
7
6
Frequency

5
4
3
2
1
0
98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98
349 399 449 499 599 649 749 799 849 899 999 149 199 249 349 449
9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- 9- -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
999 499 999 499 499 999 999 499 999 499 499 999 999 999 999 999
2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 4 9 9 9
10 11 11 12 13
Price class

Interpretation: The bar graph shown above gives as an idea about the sale of apple products in
different price ranges and in which price intervals the products are selling the most. We can
see that amongst these Apple iPhone 12 is one popularly selling product.

Pie chart

Pie Chart

29999-34998 34999-39998 39999-44998

44999-49998 54999-59998 59999-64998
69999-74998 74999-79998 79999-84998
84999-89998 94999-99998 109999-114998
114999-119998 119999-124998 129999-134998
139999-144998

Interpretation:
A pie chart constructed using the frequency distribution for the sale of Apple products would
show that the largest slice of the pie would represent the 74999-79998 price range, followed
by the 44999-49998 and 119999-124998 price ranges. The other price ranges would represent
smaller slices of the pie.

Question 2
Use the same data for calculating descriptive statistics (Mean, Median, Mode, Standard
Deviation, Sample Variance, Kurtosis, Skewness, Quartiles and Range). Interpret the results

Sale Price

Mean 80073.8871
Standard Error 4357.431016
Median 75900
Mode 120900
Standard Deviation 34310.44613
Sample Variance 1177206714
Kurtosis -1.317107299
Skewness 0.317135236
Quartile 1 49900
Quartile 2 75900
Quartile 3 117100
Quartile 4 140900
Range 110901
Minimum 29999
Maximum 140900
Sum 4964581
Count 62
 The mean sale price of Apple products is $80073.88. This means that the average Apple
product sell at this price.
 The standard deviation is 34310.44. The standard deviation is a measure of how spread
out the apple products sale prices are. A higher standard deviation means that the prices
are more spread out around the mean. This means that there is a lot of variation in the sale
price of Apple products. Some products sell for much more price while others sell for
much less.
 The minimum sale price is $29999.00 and the maximum sale price is $140900. This
means that the sale price of Apple products ranges from $29999.00 to $142499.53.
 Kurtosis is a measure of the shape of the distribution of the sale prices of Apple products.
A negative kurtosis means that the distribution has a lower peak and thinner tails than a
normal distribution.
 Skewness: Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the distribution of the sale prices.
A positive skewness means that the distribution is skewed to the right, with more values
concentrated on the left side of the distribution.
Question 3
Create a real time business problem on application of binomial distribution (n<20), solve it
using Binomial distribution table
A small business owner is launching a new product and wants to estimate how many of their
first 15 customers will purchase the product. They have conducted some market research and
believe that the probability of a customer purchasing the product is 60%. What is the
probability that at least 10 of the first 15 customers will purchase the product?

p 0.6
q 0.4

X P(X)
0 1.07E-06
1 2.42E-05
2 0.000253672
3 0.001648865
4 0.007419892
5 0.024485642
6 0.061214105
7 0.118055774
8 0.177083662
9 0.206597605
10 0.185937845
11 0.126775803
12 0.063387902
13 0.021941966
14 0.00470185
15 0.000470185

P(X ≥ 10) = P(X = 10) + P(X = 11) + P(X = 12) + P(X = 13) + P(X = 14) + P(X = 15)
P(X ≥ 10) = 0.403215551
The probability that at least 10 of the first 15 customers will purchase the product is 40.3%
Question 4
Create a real time business problem on Poisson distribution and Compute Poisson
Probabilities using Excel Function POISSON
A call center for a customer support team receives an average of 15 customer service calls per
hour. The company wants to understand the likelihood of receiving a specific number of calls
in the next hour. What is the probability that the call center will receive exactly 20 calls in the
next hour?
λ 15

X P(X)
0 3.06E-07
1 4.59E-06
2 3.44E-05
3 0.00017207
4 0.000645263
5 0.001935788
6 0.00483947
7 0.010370294
8 0.0194443
9 0.032407167
10 0.048610751
11 0.066287387
12 0.082859234
13 0.095606809
14 0.102435867
15 0.102435867
16 0.096033625
17 0.084735551
18 0.07061296
19 0.055747073
20 0.041810305
21 0.029864504
22 0.020362162
23 0.013279671
24 0.008299794
 25 0.004979876
26 0.002873006
27 0.001596114
28 0.000855061
29 0.000442273
30 0.000221137

P(X=20) = 0.041810305
The probability that the call center will receive exactly 20 calls in the next hour is 4.1%

Question 5
Create a real time business problem on normal distribution and Compute Normal
Probabilities using Excel Function NORMDIST
A company manufactures light bulbs, and they have observed that the lifespan of these bulbs
follows a normal distribution with a mean (average) lifespan of 1000 hours and a standard
deviation of 100 hours. What is the probability that a randomly selected light bulb will last
between 900 and 1100 hours?
Mean (μ)= 1000 hours 1000
Standard Deviation (σ) = 100 hours 100
Lower Bound (X): 900 hours 900
Upper Bound (Y): 1100 hours 1100

P(900<X<1100) = NORMDIST (Y, μ, σ, TRUE) - NORMDIST (X, μ, σ, TRUE)

P(900<X<1100) = 0.682689492
The probability that a randomly selected light bulb will last between 900 and 1100 hours is
68.2%.

Question 6
Conduct a z test of single population mean using excel function ZTEST
Suppose a retail company that sells Apple iPhones has collected data on the sale prices of
iPhones over the past year and is interested in knowing whether the average sale price has
significantly increased and is now at 80000. The company's management wants to test this
claim. It is taken from the following results x = 96916, n = 50, and σ = 34760
Sr. No. Avg Sale price (in $)
1 49900
2 84900
3 84900
4 77000
5 77000
6 49900
7 49900
8 77000
9 89900
10 52900
11 47900
12 52900
13 52900
14 52900
15 131900
16 117100
17 131900
18 117100
19 106600
20 140300
21 117100
22 140300
23 121300
24 54900
25 149900
26 139900
27 74900
28 129900
29 69900
30 84900
31 119900
32 139900
33 129900
34 74900
35 74900
36 84900
37 84900
38 129900
39 69900
40 129900
 41 84900
42 149900
43 79900
44 79900
45 84900
46 69900
47 119900
48 129900
49 139900
50 139900

Null Hypothesis (H0): The average sale price of Apple iPhones is equal to the target
population mean.
H0: μ = 80000

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The average sale price of Apple iPhones is not equal to the
target population mean.
H1: μ ≠ 80000 (indicating a two-tailed test)

Confidence Level (α) = 5% = 0.05 (z-value is +/- 1.96)

μ = 80000
σ = 34760
x = 96916
n = 50
Standard error of mean = 4915.806343

Z = 3.441144508

Zcal = 0.4997
Zcritical = +/-1.96
ZTEST function (returns p value) = 0.00028963
Since Zcal lies in the acceptance region (i.e., -1.96 and +1.96), we will not reject the null
hypothesis. We can say that the average sale price $80000 and in saying so, we are 95%
confident.

Question 7
Conduct a t test of single mean using excel function t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal
Variances
A quality control manager in a manufacturing company wants to test whether a new
manufacturing process has improved the mean strength of a certain material. The current
mean strength, based on historical data, is 60 units. Test at α = 0.05
Sr. No. Strength of items produced
1 61.5
2 62.2
3 59.8
4 61
5 61.7
6 60.9
7 60.5
8 62
9 61.3
10 61.8

Null Hypothesis (H0): The new manufacturing process has not improved the mean strength
of the material.
H0: μ = 60

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The new manufacturing process has improved the mean
strength of the material.
H1: μ > 60 (indicating a one-tailed test, specifically looking for a positive improvement).

Mean ( x ¿ = 61.27
Standard Deviation (s) = 0.736432844
n = 10
Standard error of mean = 0.232880513
Degree of freedom (d.f.) = 9
Hypothesized Mean (μ) = 60
tcal = 5.453440409
tcritical = 1.833 [(α) = 5% = 0.05 (t-value is +/- 1.833)]
T Test Function (returns p value) = 0.000201928

Since the calculated t value lies outside the acceptance region and the p value is less than the
significance level (0.000201928 < 0.05), we will reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the
new manufacturing process has improved the mean strength of the material.

Question 8
Conduct a z test for the difference in two means using excel function z-Test: Two Sample for
Means
A data analyst for a retail company that sells Apple iPhones is interested in determining if
there is a significant difference in the average sale prices of two different iPhone models,
Model X and Model Y. Use a z-test for the difference in means to assess whether one model
has a significantly higher or lower average sale price than the other. This information is
crucial for pricing strategies and inventory management.
Observation Model X Price ($) Model Y Price ($)
1 800 850
2 850 800
3 790 820
4 830 810
5 810 850
6 880 830
7 840 800
8 820 810
9 860 790
10 810 830
11 880 800
12 820 820
13 800 800
14 850 850
15 890 820
16 820 880
17 850 850
18 810 800
19 830 810
20 790 790
21 900 820
22 840 800
23 810 800
24 890 800
25 800 810
26 840 820
27 810 800
28 820 810
29 850 820
30 880 800

Variance 1025.402299 458.5057471

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant difference in the average sale prices
between Model X and Model Y.
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 (where μ1 is the population mean sale price of Model X, and μ2 is the
population mean sale price of Model Y).
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a statistically significant difference in the average sale
prices between Model X and Model Y.
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 (indicating a two-tailed test, looking for any difference in means).

z-Test: Two Sample for Means

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 835.6666667 816.3333333
Known Variance 1025.402299 458.50574
Observations 30 30
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
z 2.748931212
P(Z<=z) one-tail 0.002989497
z Critical one-tail 1.644853627
P(Z<=z) two-tail 0.005978993
z Critical two-tail 1.959963985

Since Zcal lies outside the acceptance region (i.e., -1.95996 and +1.95996), and p value
(0.00597) is also less than the significance level, therefore we will reject the null hypothesis.
Hence, we can say that there is a statistically significant difference in the average sale prices
between Model X and Model Y and in saying so, we are 95% confident.

Question 9
Conduct a t test for the difference in two means using excel function t-Test: Two-Sample
Assuming Equal Variances
A product manager at Apple Inc., wants to determine if there is a significant difference in the
mean battery life between two different models of Apple iPhones, Model A and Model B. He
plans to use a t-test to compare the means and assess whether one model has a significantly
longer battery life than the other. The results will help him make informed decisions
regarding product specifications and marketing strategies.
 Sr. No. Model A (in hours) Model B (in hours)
1 14.50 15.5
2 15.20 15.7
3 14.80 15.4
4 15.10 15.8
5 14.60 15.3
6 14.90 15.9
7 15.30 15.2
8 15.00 15.6
9 14.70 15.8
10 15.20 15.4

Variance 0.075666667 0.056

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant difference in the mean battery life
between Model A and Model B.
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 (where μ1 is the population mean battery life of Model A, and μ2 is the
population mean battery life of Model B).

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a statistically significant difference in the mean battery
life between Model A and Model B.
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 (indicating a two-tailed test, looking for any difference in means).

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 14.93 15.56
Variance 0.075666667 0.056
Observations 10 10
Pooled Variance 0.065833333
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 18
t Stat -5.490382846
P(T<=t) one-tail 1.62656E-05
t Critical one-tail 1.734063607
P(T<=t) two-tail 3.25311E-05
t Critical two-tail 2.10092204
Since tcal or t statistic lies inside the acceptance region, or in terms of p value, we can see
that it is greater than the significance level. Hence, we will not reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no statistically significant difference in the mean battery life between
Model A and Model B.

Question 10
Conduct a t test for the difference in two means using excel function t-Test: Two-Sample
Assuming Unequal Variances
A data analyst for a consumer electronics retailer, wants to determine if there is a significant
difference in the average customer ratings for two competing brands of smartphones, Brand A
and Brand B. He believes that the ratings from both brands might have different variances.
Use a t-test for the difference in means, assuming unequal variances, to assess whether one
brand has a significantly higher or lower average customer rating than the other. This
information will aid the purchasing decisions and marketing strategies.

Sr. No. Brand A (rating out of 5 star) Brand B (rating out of 5 star)
1 4.2 4
2 4.5 3.8
3 4.3 4.1
4 4.4 3.9
5 4.6 4.2
6 4.2 3.7
7 4.4 4
 8 4.3 4.3
9 4.5 4.1
10 4.4 3.8

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant difference in the average customer
ratings between Brand A and Brand B.
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 (where μ1 is the population mean customer rating for Brand A, and μ2 is the
population mean customer rating for Brand B).

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a statistically significant difference in the average

customer ratings between Brand A and Brand B.
H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 (indicating a two-tailed test, looking for any difference in means).

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 4.38 3.99
Variance 0.017333333 0.036555556
Observations 10 10
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 5.312696327
P(T<=t) one-tail 3.50262E-05
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 7.00523E-05
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299

Since tcal or t statistic lies outside the acceptance region, or in terms of p value, we can see
that it is less than the significance level. Therefore, we will reject the null hypothesis. Hence
there is a statistically significant difference in the average customer ratings between Brand A
and Brand B and in saying so we are 95% confident.
Question 11
Conduct a t test for related populations using excel function t-Test: Paired Two-Sample for
Means
A healthcare researcher studying the impact of a new medical treatment on blood pressure in
a group of patients wants to determine if the treatment has a significant effect on reducing
blood pressure. He is using a t-test for related populations to compare the blood pressure
measurements of the same group of patients before and after receiving the treatment.
Before Treatment (mmHg) After Treatment (mmHg)

130 120
140 128
135 122
150 135
125 118
142 130
138 127
131 119
129 122
133 124

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant difference in the mean blood
pressure before and after the treatment.
H0: μ_before - μ_after = 0 (where μ_before represents the population mean blood pressure
before treatment, and μ_after represents the population mean blood pressure after treatment).
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a statistically significant difference in the mean blood
pressure before and after the treatment.
H1: μ_before - μ_after ≠ 0 (indicating a two-tailed test, looking for any difference in means).

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 135.3 124.5
Variance 54.23333333 29.38888889
Observations 10 10
Pearson Correlation 0.964352914
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 9
t Stat 13.27155711
P(T<=t) one-tail 1.62545E-07
t Critical one-tail 1.833112933
P(T<=t) two-tail 3.2509E-07
t Critical two-tail 2.262157163

Since tcal or t statistic lies outside the acceptance region, or in terms of p value, we can see
that it is less than the significance level. Therefore, we will reject the null hypothesis. Hence
there is a statistically significant difference in the mean blood pressure before and after the
treatment.