Module III

Syllabus
Beams and Shafts: Boundary conditions, Load vector, Hermite shape functions, Beam stiffness matrix
based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Examples on cantilever beams, propped cantilever beams, Numerical
problems on simply supported, fixed straight and stepped beams using direct stiffness method with
concentrated and uniformly distributed load.
Torsion of Shafts: Finite element formulation of shafts, determination of stress and twists in circular shafts.
10 Hours

Introduction:

A beam is a structural element that supports lateral loads to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is
primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points.
The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within
the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.
Beam is a structural member which is acted upon by a system of external loads perpendicular to axis which
causes bending that is deformation of bar produced by perpendicular load as well as force couples acting in a
plane. Beams are the most common type of structural component, particularly in Civil and Mechanical
Engineering. A beam is a bar-like structural member whose primary function is to support transverse loading
and carry it to the supports Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-
section), length, and their material. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear
forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of
the beam.

None of the civil structures can be built without the conception of beams. Structures such as automotive
automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical contain beam structures that
are designed to carry lateral loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.
Basically beams can be of any shape. But each of the cross-section of the beam has its own advantages and
limitations. The orientation of the beam has great effect on the strength of the beam.

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Beams are classified on the type of end supports as below

1. Simply supported - a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance.

2. Fixed - a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.

3. Over hanging - a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.

4. Double overhanging - a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on both ends.

5. Continuous - a beam extending over more than two supports.

6. Cantilever - a projecting beam fixed only at one end.

7. Trussed - a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss.

A truss and a bar undergoes only axial deformation and it is assumed that the entire cross section undergoes
the same displacement, but beam on other hand undergoes transverse deflection denoted by v. Fig shows a
beam subjected to system of forces and the deformation of the neutral axis.

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Derivation of Hermite Shape function of Beam Element:

1-D Beam Element

Figure shows a beam element having two nodes and at each node there are two degrees of freedom.

Boundary Conditions:

H is the Hermite shape function for displacement

𝐝𝐇
is for the slope (rotation about Z direction)
𝐝𝛏

𝐇𝟏 𝒅𝐇𝟏 𝐇𝟐 𝒅𝐇𝟐 𝐇𝟑 𝒅𝐇𝟑 𝐇𝟒 𝒅𝐇𝟒

𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃
𝜉 = -1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
𝜉 = +1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

The field variable v(x) in terms of shape function is given by

V= [H]{Q}

𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒
[𝐻] = [𝐻1 𝐻2 , 𝐻2 𝐻]
2 2 4

{Q}= { 𝑣1 , 𝜃1 , 𝑣2 , 𝜃2 }

To find shape function H1

since there are four degrees of freedom, assume a polynomial displacement model as

𝐻1 = a0 + a1𝜉 + a2𝜉 + a3𝜉 ….(A)

𝜕 𝐻1
= a1 + 2a2𝜉 + 3a3𝜉 ……..(B)
𝜕𝜉

where , a0, a1, a2, a3 are the generalised coordinates to be determined from the nodal conditions

At node 1; 𝐻1 = 1, 𝜉 = −1 therefore eqn (A) becomes 1 = a0 - a1 + a2 – a3 …(1)

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𝜕 𝐻1
= 0 , 𝜉 = −1 , therefore eqn (B) becomes 0 = a1 + 2a2𝜉 + 3a3𝜉 …. (2)
𝜕𝜉

At node 2; 𝐻1 = 0, 𝜉 = 1 0 = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 ……(3)
𝜕 𝐻1
= 0 , 𝜉 = 1 But 0 = a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 …. (4)
𝜕𝜉

On simplification,
1
adding (1) and (3), we get 1= 2a0 + 2a2 or a0 + a1 = 2 ……(5)

adding (2) and (4), we get 0= 2a1 + 6a3 or a1 = - 3a3 …..(6)

𝟏
substituting (5) and (6) in (3), 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟒

−𝟑
from (6) 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒

from (4) 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟏
from (5) 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟐

On substituting the values of a0, a1, a2, a3 in (A)

𝐻1 = a0 + a1𝜉 + a2𝜉 2 + a2𝜉 3

1 3 1
𝐻1 = − 𝜉 + 0 + 𝜉3
2 4 4
𝟏
𝑯𝟏 = (𝟐 − 𝟑𝝃 + 𝝃𝟑 )
𝟒
Similarly,
𝟏
𝑯𝟐 = (𝟏 − 𝝃 − 𝝃𝟐 + 𝝃𝟑 )
𝟒
𝟏
𝑯𝟑 = (𝟐 + 𝟑𝝃 − 𝝃𝟑 )
𝟒
𝟏
𝑯𝟒 = (−𝟏 − 𝝃 + 𝝃𝟐 + 𝝃𝟑 )
𝟒
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒
Shape Function [𝐻] = [𝐻1 𝐻2 , 𝐻2 𝐻4 ]
2 2

𝑻
𝟏
(𝟐 − 𝟑𝝃 + 𝝃𝟑 )
𝟒
𝑵𝟏 𝑻 𝒍𝒆
(𝟏 − 𝝃 − 𝝃𝟐 + 𝝃𝟑 )
𝑵 𝟖
[𝑯] = [ 𝟐 ] =
𝑵𝟑 𝟏
𝑵𝟒 (𝟐 + 𝟑𝝃 − 𝝃𝟑 )
𝟒
𝒍𝒆
(−𝟏 − 𝝃 + 𝝃𝟐 + 𝝃𝟑 )
[𝟖 ]

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The variations of shape functions is as shown in the below figure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Stiffness Matrix for beam element based on Euler-Bernoulli theory

The general beam subjected to transverse load p(x) per unit length is shown in the figure. Let “u” be the
displacement (field variable) due to movement of a plane beam member in the x-y plane.

Mathematically, Euler-Bernoulli model is represented by

𝑑 𝑣(𝑥)
u (x, y) = −𝑦 = −𝑦𝑣 ′ = −𝑦𝜃 …….(1)
𝑑𝑥

where y is the distance from the neutral axis.

𝑑 𝑣(𝑥)
𝒗′ is the slope = ……………………(2)
𝑑𝑥

The element stiffness matrix is obtained by using the strain energy stored in the beam.
1 𝑣
SE = 2 ∫0 𝜎 𝑇 𝜖 𝑑𝑣

𝑑𝑢 𝑑2 𝑣
𝜖 = 𝑑𝑥 =−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2

𝑇
𝑑2 𝑣
𝜎 = −𝐸 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
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 𝐸𝐼 𝑙 𝑑2 𝑣
Therefore, SE = 2
∫0 ( 𝑑𝑥 2 ) 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑣
Where = [𝐶]{𝑞}
𝑑𝑥 2

𝐸𝐼 𝑙
SE = 2
∫0 ([𝐶]{𝑞}) 2 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑙
SE = 2 ∫0 {𝑞}𝑇 [𝐸𝐼 [𝐶]𝑇 [𝐶]]{𝑞}𝑑𝑥

SE = {𝑞}𝑇 [𝐾 𝑒 ]{𝑞}
𝒍
Where [𝑲𝒆 ] = ∫𝟎 [𝑬𝑰 [𝑪]𝑻 [𝑪]]𝒅𝒙

𝑙𝑒
But 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜉
2

+𝟏 𝒍𝒆
[𝑲𝒆 ] = ∫−𝟏 [𝑬𝑰 [𝑪]𝑻 [𝑪]] 𝒅𝝃
𝟐

𝒍𝒆 is the length of the element.

𝟒 𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝟑 𝒅𝟐 𝑵𝟒
[𝑪] = [ ]
𝒍𝟐𝒆 𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃𝟐

1 𝑇
(2 − 3𝜉 + 𝜉 3 )
4
𝑁1 𝑇 𝑙𝑒
𝑁 (1 − 𝜉 − 𝜉 2 + 𝜉 3 )
8
Where [ 2 ] =
𝑁3 1
(2 + 3𝜉 − 𝜉 3 )
𝑁4 4
𝑙𝑒 2 3
[ 8 (−1 − 𝜉 + 𝜉 + 𝜉 )]

After substituting and differentiating.

4 6𝜉 −𝑙𝑒 (1 − 3𝜉) −6𝜉 𝑙𝑒 (1 + 3𝜉)

[𝐶] = [ ]
𝑙𝑒2 4 4 4 4

1
[𝐶] = [6𝜉 −𝑙𝑒 (1 − 3𝜉) −6𝜉 𝑙𝑒 (1 + 3𝜉)]
𝑙𝑒2

6𝜉
1 −𝑙 (1 − 3𝜉)
[𝐶]𝑇 [𝐶] = 4 [ 𝑒 ] [6𝜉 −𝑙𝑒 (1 − 3𝜉) −6𝜉 𝑙𝑒 (1 + 3𝜉)]
𝑙𝑒 −6𝜉
𝑙𝑒 (1 + 3𝜉)

36𝜉 2 −(1 − 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒 6𝜉 −36𝜉 2 6𝜉(1 + 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒

1 −(1 − 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒 6𝜉 𝑙𝑒2 (1 − 3𝜉)2 6𝜉(1 − 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒 −(1 + 3𝜉)(1 − 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒2
[𝐶]𝑇 [𝐶] = 4
𝑙𝑒 −36𝜉 2 6𝜉(1 − 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒 36𝜉 2 −6𝜉(1 + 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝜉(1 + 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒 −(1 + 3𝜉)(1 − 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒2 −6𝜉(1 + 3𝜉)𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒2 (1 + 3𝜉)2 ]
+1 +1 +1
Note that ∫−1 𝜉 𝑑𝜉 = 0, ∫−1 𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 = 0, ∫−1 𝜉 3 𝑑𝜉 = 0

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 12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
+1 2 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Therefore, ∫−1 [𝐶]𝑇 [𝐶] 𝑑𝜉 = 𝑙4
𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]
+1 𝑙
But [𝐾 𝑒 ] = ∫−1 [𝐸𝐼 [𝐶]𝑇 [𝐶]] 2𝑒 𝑑𝜉

12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒

𝐸𝐼𝑙𝑒 2 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
[𝐾 𝑒 ] =
2 𝑙𝑒4 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]
𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝒍𝒆 −𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝒍𝒆
𝑬𝑰 𝟔𝒍𝒆 𝟒𝒍𝟐𝒆 −𝟔𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝒍𝟐𝒆
[𝑲𝒆 ] = 𝟑
𝒍𝒆 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟔𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟐 −𝟔𝒍𝒆
[ 𝟔𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝒍𝟐𝒆 −𝟔𝒍𝒆 𝟒𝒍𝟐𝒆 ]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Torsion of Shafts
The finite element formulation of shaft is same as that of 1-D axial bar element. Area A and Young’s
Modulus E are replaced by Polar moment of inertia J and Rigidity modulus G. The axial displacement u is
replaced by angular rotation 𝜙. Solution procedure is same as that of bars.

Shape Function of a shaft element under pure torsion

Consider a 1-D linear shaft element as shown in the figure. Let 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 be the torque at node 1 and node 2
respectively. 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 be the respective angular rotations.

Angular rotation 𝜙 at any point is given by

𝜙 = 𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 …… (A)
where 𝒂𝟎 and 𝒂𝟏 are generalized co-ordinates
Applying Boundary condition,
At x = x1 , 𝜙 = ϕ1
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At x = x 2 , 𝜙 = ϕ2
Therefore,
𝜙1 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥1 ……… (1)
𝜙2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥2 ………. (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
𝜙2 − 𝜙1 = 𝑎1 (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
𝝓𝟐 − 𝝓𝟏
𝒂𝟏 = …… (3)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Substituting (3) in (1),
𝜙 − 𝜙1
𝜙1 = 𝑎0 + ( 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
) 𝑥1
2

𝜙 − 𝜙
𝑎0 = 𝜙1 − ( 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1) 𝑥1
2 1
𝝓𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝝓𝟐 𝒙𝟏
𝒂𝟎 = ……(4)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Substituting (4) and (5) in (A),
𝜙1 𝑥2 − 𝜙2 𝑥1 𝜙2 − 𝜙1
𝜙= + 𝑥
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

(𝑥 −𝑥)𝜙 (𝑥−𝑥1 )𝜙2

𝜙 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 +
2 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

but 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 𝑙𝑒 (length of the element)

(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙)𝝓𝟏 (𝒙−𝒙𝟏 )𝝓𝟐
𝜙= +
𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒆

or 𝜙 = 𝐍𝟏 𝛟𝟏 + 𝐍𝟐 𝛟𝟐
Where 𝐍𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐍𝟐 are shape function at node 1 and 2 respectively
(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙)
𝐍𝟏 =
𝒍𝒆
(𝒙−𝒙𝟏 )
𝐍𝟐 =
𝒍𝒆
The variation of shape function are as follows

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 Variation of Shape Function of a shaft Element

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Stiffness Matrix for a 1-D Shaft Element

Consider a 1-D linear shaft element as shown in the figure. Let 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 be the torque at node 1 and node 2
respectively. 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 be the respective angular rotations. G is the Rigidity Modulus and J is the polar
moment of inertia. Consider a 1-D linear shaft element as shown in the figure. Let 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 be the torque at
node 1 and node 2 respectively. 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 be the respective angular rotations.

∏ = SE + WP

1
SE = ∫ 2 𝜏 𝑇 ϵ dv

1
, SE = 2 ∫ 𝐺 ϵ2 J dx

1 𝑙 𝑑𝑢 2
SE = 2 ∫0 𝐺 (𝑑𝑥 ) J dx

WP = − 𝐹1 𝜙1 − 𝐹2 𝜙2

1 𝑙 𝑑𝑢 2
∏ = 2 ∫0 𝐺 (𝑑𝑥 ) J dx − 𝐹1 𝜙1 − 𝐹2 𝜙2

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2. Assume trial displacement function

𝜙 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥

Apply boundary conditions

At x = 0, 𝜙 = 𝜙1 therefore, 𝑎0 = 𝜙1

𝜙2 −𝜙1
At x = L, 𝜙 = 𝜙2 therefore, 𝑎1 =
𝐿

Now,
𝜙2 − 𝜙1
𝜙 = 𝜙1 + 𝑥
𝐿
𝑑𝑢 𝜙 2 −𝜙 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝐿

𝑑𝜙 2 𝜙2 2 + 𝜙1 2 − 2 𝜙2 𝜙1
( ) =
𝑑𝑥 L2
3. Substitute in ∏

1 𝑙 𝜙2 2 + 𝜙1 2 −2 𝜙2 𝜙1
∏= ∫0 𝐺 J dx − 𝐹1 𝜙1 − 𝐹2 𝜙2
2 L2

2
𝐴𝐸 (𝜙2 + 𝜙1 2 −2 𝜙2 𝜙1) 𝐿
∏= − 𝐹1 𝜙1 − 𝐹2 𝜙2
2L2

4. Minimizing the potential Energy Functional

𝑑∏ AE( 𝜙1 − 𝜙2 )
𝑑 𝜙1
=
𝐿
= 𝐹1

𝑑∏ AE(− 𝜙1 + 𝜙2 )
𝑑 𝜙2
=
𝐿
= 𝐹2

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Writing the above two equations in matrix form,

𝐴𝐸 1 −1 𝜙1 𝐹
[ ] { } = { 1}
𝐿 −1 1 𝜙2 𝐹2
The above equation is the condition for equilibrium

As [K] {Q} = {F}

𝑮𝑱 𝟏 −𝟏
Where the stiffness is given by [K] = [ ]
𝑳 −𝟏 𝟏
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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 THEORY QUESTIONS:

1. Explain Hermite shape function

2. Derive Hermite shape function of beam element
3. Explain displacement equation.
4. Explain stress, strain and bending moment in a beam element
5. Derive potential energy function for beam element
6. Explain element stiffness matrix for beam element

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 Numerical

1. 1-D beam with one element subjected to UDL and point load.
A cantilever beam is loaded as shown in the figure. Determine the nodal deflection and slope. Take E=
7×109 N/m2, I = 4×10-4 m4

a. FE model

Data; E= 7×109 N/m2, I = 4×10-4 m4, 𝐸𝐼 = 2800𝑘𝑁𝑚2,

𝑘𝑁
𝑙1 = 4𝑚, 𝑃0 = −10 𝑚
, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2, 𝑃 = 100𝑘𝑁

b. Nodal displacement vector

i. Elemental stiffness matrix
12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Stiffness matrix of bar element is given by: [𝑘𝑒 ] = 𝑙𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]

12 24 −12 24 12 24 −12 24
2800 24 64 −24 32 24 64 −24 32
For element 1; [𝑘1 ] = 43
[ ] = 43.75 [ ]
−12 −24 12 −24 −12 −24 12 −24
24 32 −24 64 24 32 −24 64

ii. Global stiffness matrix

12 24 −12 24
[𝑘𝑒 ] = 43.75 [ 24 64 −24 32
]
−12 −24 12 −24
24 32 −24 64

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 iii. Global nodal displacement vector
𝜈1
𝜃1
{𝑄} = {𝜈 }
2
𝜃2

iv. Load vector

0
0
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒 𝑘𝑁
For cantilever beam due to UDL; {𝑇𝑒 } = , where 𝑃0 = −10 𝑚 𝑒
,𝑙 =4𝑚
2
−𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
{ 2 }

0
{𝑇𝑒 } = { 0 }
−20
−13.33

v. Global load vector

(Sum of UDF and point load)

0 𝜈1
0 𝜃1
{𝑇𝑒 } = { } = {𝜈 }
−20 − 100 2
−13.33 𝜃2

vi. Equilibrium condition

[𝑘]{𝑄} = {𝐹}

12 24 −12 24 𝜈1 𝜈1
24 64 −24 32 𝜃1 𝜃1
43.75 [ ]{ } = { }
−12 −24 12 −24 𝜈2 −120
24 32 −24 64 𝜃2 −13.33

vii. Applying boundary conditions

𝜈1 = 𝜃1 = 0

−12 −24 𝜈2 −120

43.75 [ ] {𝜃 } = { }
24 64 2 −13.33

𝜈2 = 0.8762 𝑚, 𝜃2 = −0.3238 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝟎
𝟎
The nodal displacement vector; {𝑸} = { }
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟐
−𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟖

1. 1-D beam with roller support under two element idealization.

A cantilever beam with roller support is loaded as shown. Determine the nodal deflection and slope by
considering two element idealization. E= 2×108 kN/m2, I = 4×10-6 m-4

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a. FE model

Data; E= 2×108 N/m2, I = 4×10-6 m4, 𝐸𝐼 = 800𝑘𝑁𝑚2,

𝑘𝑁
𝑙1 = 𝑙2 = 5 𝑚, 𝑃0 = −10 𝑚
, 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2, 𝑃 = 100𝑘𝑁

b. Nodal displacement vector

i. Elemental stiffness matrix
12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Stiffness matrix of bar element is given by: [𝑘𝑒 ] = 𝑙𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]

12 30 −12 30
30 100 −30 50
For element 1; [𝑘1 ] = 6.4 [ ]
−12 −30 12 −30
30 50 −30 100
12 30 −12 30
30 100 −30 50
For element 2; [𝑘2 ] = 6.4 [ ]
−12 −30 12 −30
30 50 −30 100

ii. Global stiffness matrix

[𝑘𝑒 ] = [𝑘1 ] + [𝑘𝑒 ]

12 30 −12 30 0 0
30 100 −30 50 0 0
[𝑘𝑒 ] = 6.4 −12 −30 24 0 −12 30
30 50 0 200 −30 50
0 0 −12 −30 12 −30
[ 0 0 30 50 −30 100 ]

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 iii. Global nodal displacement vector
𝜈1
𝜃1
𝜈2
{𝑄} = 𝜃
2
𝜈3
{𝜃3 }

iv. Global load vector

0
0
{𝐹} = −10
0
0
{ 0 }

v. Equilibrium condition
[𝑘]{𝑄} = {𝐹}

12 30 −12 30 0 0 𝜈1 0
30 100 −30 50 0 0 𝜃1 0
−12 −30 24 0 −12 30 𝜈2 −10
6.4 𝜃2 =
30 50 0 200 −30 50 0
0 0 −12 −30 12 −30 𝜈3 0
[ 0 0 30 50 −30 100 ] {𝜃3 } { 0 }

vi. Applying boundary conditions

𝜈1 = 𝜃1 = 𝜈3 = 0

24 0 30 𝜈2 −10
6.4 [ 0 200 50 ] {𝜃2 } = { 0 }
30 50 100 𝜃3 0
−𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟗
The nodal displacement vector; {𝑸} = {−𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 }
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟔

1. 1-D roller supported beam subjected to Moment.

A simply supported beam of span 6m and uniform flexural rigidity EI = 40000 kN/m2 is subjected to
clockwise couple of 300 kN-m at a distance of 4m from left end as shown in figure. Assuming beam as
a two element, find the nodal deflection. (Take E = 200GPa)

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a. FE model

Data; 𝐸𝐼 = 40,000𝑘𝑁𝑚2 ,
𝑘𝑁
𝑙1 = 4 𝑚, 𝑙2 = 2 𝑚, 𝑃0 = −10 , 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2, 𝑃 = 100𝑘𝑁
𝑚

b. Nodal displacement vector

i. Elemental stiffness matrix
12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Stiffness matrix of bar element is given by: [𝑘𝑒 ] = 𝑙𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]

12 24 −12 24 7.5 15 −7.5 15

24 64 −24 32 3 15 40 −15 20
For element 1; [𝑘1 ] = 625 [ ] = 10 [ ]
−12 −24 12 −24 −7.5 −15 7.5 −15
24 32 −24 64 15 20 −15 40
12 12 −12 12 60 60 −60 60
12 16 −12 8 60 80 −60 40
For element 2; [𝑘2 ] = 5000 [ ] = 103 [ ]
−12 −12 12 −12 −60 −60 60 −60
12 8 −12 16 60 40 −60 80

ii. Global stiffness matrix

[𝑘𝑒 ] = [𝑘1 ] + [𝑘𝑒 ]

7.5 15 −1.5 15 0 0
15 40 −15 20 0 0
[𝑘𝑒 ] = 10 3 −7.5 −15 67.5 45 −60 60
15 20 45 120 −60 60
0 0 −60 −60 60 −60
[ 0 0 60 40 −60 80 ]

iii. Global nodal displacement vector

𝜈1
𝜃1
𝜈2
{𝑄} = 𝜃
2
𝜈3
{𝜃3 }

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 iv. Global load vector
0
0
{𝐹} = 0
−300
0
{ 0 }

v. Equilibrium condition
[𝑘]{𝑄} = {𝐹}

7.5 15 −1.5 15 0 0 𝜈1 0
15 40 −15 20 0 0 𝜃1 0
3 −7.5 −15 67.5 45 −60 60 𝜈2 0
10 𝜃2 = −300
15 20 45 120 −60 60
0 0 −60 −60 60 −60 𝜈3 0
[ 0 0 60 40 −60 80 ] {𝜃3 } { 0 }

vi. Applying boundary conditions

𝜈1 = 𝜃1 = 𝜈3 = 0

67.5 45 60 𝜈2 0
3
10 [ 45 120 40] {𝜃2 } = {−300}
60 40 80 𝜃3 0

𝜈2 = 2.22 × 10−3 𝑚, 𝜃2 = −3.33 × 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝜃3 = 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
The nodal displacement vector; {𝑸} = {−𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 }
𝟎. 𝟎

1. 1-D beam subjected to different UDL.

A beam is loaded with two different UDL as shown in the figure. Determine the nodal deflection and
moment. Take E= 200GPa, I = 4×106 mm4.

Data; E= 2×108 kN/m2, I = 4×10-6 m4, 𝐸𝐼 = 800𝑘𝑁𝑚2 , 𝑙1 = 𝑙2 = 4 𝑚a.

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a. FEA model

b. Nodal displacement vector

i. Elemental stiffness matrix
12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Stiffness matrix of bar element is given by: [𝑘𝑒 ] = 𝑙𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]

12 24 −12 24
24 64 −24 32
For element 1; [𝑘1 ] = 12.5 [ ]
−12 −24 12 −24
24 32 −24 64
12 24 −12 24
24 64 −24 32
For element 2; [𝑘2 ] = 12.5 [ ]
−12 −24 12 −24
24 32 −24 64

ii. Global stiffness matrix

[𝑘𝑒 ] = [𝑘1 ] + [𝑘𝑒 ]

12 24 −12 24 0 0
24 64 −24 32 0 0
[𝑘𝑒 ] = 12.5 −12 −24 24 0 −12 24
24 32 0 128 −24 32
0 0 −12 −24 12 −24
[ 0 0 24 32 −24 64 ]

iii. Global nodal displacement vector

𝜈1
𝜃1
𝜈2
{𝑄} = 𝜃
2
𝜈3
{𝜃3 }

iv. Load vector for UDL

𝑃0 𝑙𝑒
2
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
{𝐹} = 12
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒
2
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
{− 12 }

For element 1; 𝑃0 = −12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑙𝑒 = 4 𝑚

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 −24
{𝐹1 } = {−16}
−24
16

For element 2; 𝑃0 = −24 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑙𝑒 = 4 𝑚

−48
{𝐹2 } = {−32}
−48
32

Global load vector; {𝐹} = {𝐹1 } + {𝐹2 }

−24
−16
{𝐹} = −72
−16
−48
{ 32 }

v. Equilibrium condition
[𝑘]{𝑄} = {𝐹}

12 24 −12 24 0 0 𝜈1 −24
24 64 −24 32 0 0 𝜃1 −16
−12 −24 24 0 −12 24 𝜈2 −72
12.5 𝜃2 = −16
24 32 0 128 −24 32
0 0 −12 −24 12 −24 𝜈3 −48
[ 0 0 24 32 −24 64 ] {𝜃3 } { 32 }

vi. Applying boundary conditions

𝜈1 = 𝜃1 = 𝜈3 = 0

128 32 𝜃2 −16
12.5 [ ]{ } = { }
32 64 𝜃3 32

𝜃2 = −0.0228 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝜃3 = 0.05142 𝑟𝑎𝑑

−𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟖
The nodal displacement vector; {𝑸} = { }
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟐

1. 1-D beam subjected to different UDL

Solve for vertical deflection and slops at point 2 and 3 using beam elements for structure as shown in
figure. Also determine the deflection at the centre of the portion of the beam carrying UDL (E =
200GPa, 𝑰 = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 .

Data; E= 2×108 kN/m2, I = 4×10-6 m4, 𝐸𝐼 = 800𝑘𝑁𝑚2 , 𝑙1 = 𝑙2 = 1 𝑚.

Availaible at VTU HUB (Android App)

a. FEA model

b. Nodal displacement vector

i. Elemental stiffness matrix
12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Stiffness matrix of bar element is given by: [𝑘𝑒 ] = 𝑙𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]

12 6 −12 6
6 4 −6 2
For element 1; [𝑘1 ] = 800 [ ]
−12 −6 12 −6
6 2 −6 4
12 6 −12 6
6 4 −6 2
For element 2; [𝑘2 ] = 800 [ ]
−12 −6 12 −6
6 2 −6 4

ii. Global stiffness matrix

[𝑘𝑒 ] = [𝑘1 ] + [𝑘𝑒 ]

12 6 −12 6 0 0
6 4 −6 2 0 0
[𝑘𝑒 ] = 800 −12 −6 24 0 −12 6
6 2 0 8 −6 2
0 0 −12 −6 12 −6
[ 0 0 6 2 −6 4]

iii. Global nodal displacement vector

𝜈1
𝜃1
𝜈2
{𝑄} = 𝜃
2
𝜈3
{𝜃3 }

iv. Load vector for UDL

𝑃0 𝑙𝑒
2
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
{𝐹} = 12
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒
2
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
{− 12 }

For element; 𝑃0 = 0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑙𝑒 = 1 𝑚

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 0
{𝐹1 } = {0}
0
0

For element 2; 𝑃0 = −12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑙𝑒 = 1 𝑚

−6
{𝐹1 } = {−1}
−6
1

Global load vector; {𝐹} = {𝐹1 } + {𝐹2 }

0
0
{𝐹} = −6
−1
−6
{1}

v. Equilibrium condition
[𝑘]{𝑄} = {𝐹}

12 6 −12 6 0 0 𝜈1 0
6 4 −6 2 0 0 𝜃1 0
−12 −6 24 0 −12 6 𝜈2 −6
800 𝜃2 = −1
6 2 0 8 −6 2
0 0 −12 −6 12 −6 𝜈3 −6
[ 0 0 6 2 −6 4 ] {𝜃3 } { 1 }

vi. Applying boundary conditions

𝜈1 = 𝜃1 = 𝜈2 = 𝜈3 = 0

8 2 𝜃2 −1
800 [ ]{ } = { }
2 4 𝜃3 1

𝜃2 = −0.2679 × 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝜃3 = 0.4464 × 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑

−𝟑
The nodal displacement vector; {𝑸} = {−𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 }
𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎

1. 1 – D beam subjected to UVL

Solve for vertical deflection and slops at point 2 and 3 using beam elements for structure as shown in
figure. Also determine the deflection at the centre of the portion of the beam carrying UVL (E =
200GPa, Assume rectangular cross section of 200mm x 300mm)

30kN/m

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 3m 3m
m

Data; E= 2×108 kN/m2, 𝑙1 = 3𝑚, 𝑙2 = 3 𝑚.

a. FEA model

b. Nodal displacement vector

i. Elemental stiffness matrix
12 6𝑙𝑒 −12 6𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑒 𝐸𝑒 6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2
Stiffness matrix of bar element is given by: [𝑘𝑒 ] = 𝑙𝑒 −12 −6𝑙𝑒 12 −6𝑙𝑒
[ 6𝑙𝑒 2𝑙𝑒2 −6𝑙𝑒 4𝑙𝑒2 ]

12 18 −12 18
18 36 −18 18
For element 1; [𝑘1 ] = 3333.33 [ ]
−12 −18 12 −18
18 18 −18 36
12 18 −12 18
18 36 −18 18
For element 2; [𝑘2 ] = 3333.33 [ ]
−12 −18 12 −18
18 18 −18 36

ii. Global stiffness matrix

[𝑘𝑒 ] = [𝑘1 ] + [𝑘𝑒 ]

12 18 −12 18 0 0
18 36 −18 18 0 0
[𝑘𝑒 ] = 3333.33 −12 −18 24 0 −12 18
18 18 0 72 −18 18
0 0 −12 −18 12 −18
[ 0 0 18 18 −18 36 ]

iii. Global nodal displacement vector

𝜈1
𝜃1
𝜈2
{𝑄} = 𝜃
2
𝜈3
{𝜃3 }

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 iv. Load vector for UVL
7𝑃0 𝑙𝑒
20
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
−
{𝐹} = 20
7𝑃0 𝑙𝑒
20
𝑃0 𝑙𝑒2
{ 20 }

For element; 𝑃0 = 0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑙𝑒 = 3 𝑚

0
{𝐹1 } = {0}
0
0

For element 2; 𝑃0 = −30 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑙𝑒 = 3 𝑚

−31.5
{𝐹1 } = { 13.5 }
−31.5
−13.5

Global load vector; {𝐹} = {𝐹1 } + {𝐹2 }

0
0
{𝐹} = −31.5
13.5
−31.5
{−13.5}

v. Equilibrium condition
[𝑘]{𝑄} = {𝐹}

12 18 −12 18 0 0 𝜈1 0
18 36 −18 18 0 0 𝜃1 0
−12 −18 24 0 −12 18 𝜈2 −31.5
3333.33 𝜃2 =
18 18 0 72 −18 18 13.5
0 0 −12 −18 12 −18 𝜈3 −31.5
[ 0 0 18 18 −18 36 ] {𝜃3 } {−13.5}

vi. Applying boundary conditions

𝜈1 = 𝜃1 = 𝜈3 = 0

24 0 18 𝜈2 −31.5
3333.33 [ 0 72 18] {𝜃2 } = { 13.5 }
18 18 36 𝜃3 −13.5

𝜈2 = −4.78 × 10−4 𝑚, 𝜃2 = 2.81 × 10−5 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝜃3 = 1.525 × 10−4

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