OSCILLATION

Tran Thi Ngoc Dung – Huynh Quang Linh – Physics A2 HCMUT 2016
 Contents
• Simple Harmonic Motion
• The Physical Pendulum
• Damped Oscillations
• Driven Oscillations and Resonance

• Using Complex Numbers to Solve the Oscillator Equations

1.1 Simple harmonic motion Spring pendulum O
Newton’s 2nd law:
   
ma  P  N  f spring (1)
 x

d2x
fs
(1)/x : m 2   kx
dt x
d2x x
2
 2
o x0 o  k / m
dt x : distance from
A: amplitude.
x  A cos(o t  ) equilibrium (ω t + ): phase of the motion
v  Ao sin( o t  ) Velocity  phase constant.
The phase constant depends on the
a  Ao2 cos(o t  ) Acceleration: choice at t = 0.

1 1
Kinetic Energy KE  mv 2  kA 2 sin 2 (o t  )
2 2
1 1
Potential Energy PE  kx 2  kA 2 cos2 (o t  )
2 2
The total energy in simple harmonic
1
motion is proportional to the square of W  KE  PE  kA 2  const
the amplitude. 2
Average Kinetic Energy =Average 1
Potential Energy  KE  PE  kA 2
4
The Physical Pendulum
O
A rigid object pivoted about a point other than its
center of mass will oscillate when displaced from D
equilibrium. Such a system is called a physical 
pendulum.
CM
I  
D sin 
2
d θ mg
IΔ 2   mg Dsinθ
dt
d 2θ mg D mg D mg D
2
 sinθ  0 ωo  ; sinθ  θ : small angle ωo 
dt IΔ IΔ IΔ
d 2θ 2
2
 ω o  0
2
Period of a Phys. T  2
I
dt pendulum o mg D
  o cos(o t  )

Simple pendulum Uniform disk

1 3
I  m 2 I  mR 2  mR 2  mR 2
G 2 2
 3
 mR 2
m T  2 I 3R
g T  2  2 2  2
mg D mg R 2g
Damped Oscillations O

Let to itself, a spring or a pendulum eventually stops

oscillating because the mechanical energy is dissipated by
x
frictional forces. The oscillation is damped fdrag
v
    
ma  P  N  f spr  f drag (1) x
fspring
d2x x
m 2  kx - bv
dt
d 2 x b dx k b
2
  x0 ωo  k/m ; 2 
dt m dt m m
d2x dx
2
 2  2
o x0
dt dt
x  Ae  t
cos(t  ) τ
1 m
 : decay time 2 2
T 
2β b  o2  2
2
   β  ωo :overdamped
  o2  2  o 1   
 o  β  ωo :critically damped T>To=2/o

When  is greater than or equal to o the system does not oscillate.

If  = o the system is said to be critically damped; it returns to equilibrium with
no oscillation in the shortest time possible.
When  >o the system is overdamped.
x x  Ae t cos(t  ) b
Damped ωo  k/m ; 2 
Oscillation 2 m
  
  o2  2  o 1   
 o  τ
1 m
 : decay time
2β b

β  ωo :overdamped
β  ωo :critically damped

β  0.7
ωo  10 rad/s
ω  ωo2  β 2  9.9755rad / s
x  e 0.7 t cos(9.9755 t )

T=0.63s
Driven Oscillations and Resonance O
To keep a damped system going, energy must be
put into the system. When this is done, the x
oscillator is said to be driven or forced. If you put fdrag
energy into the system faster than it is dissipated, v
the energy increases with time, and the amplitude x
increases. If you put energy in at the same rate it is fspringFdriven
x
being dissipated, the amplitude remains constant
over time. Fdrivent=Focost
      We will discuss the general solution of
ma  P  N  f spring  f drag  Fdriven (1) Equation * qualitatively.
It consists of two parts, the transient
d2x
m 2   kx - bv  Fo cost solution and the steady-state solution.
dt The transient part of the solution is
identical to that for a damped oscillator
d 2 x b dx k Fo
2
  x  cost Over time, this part of the solution
dt m dt m m becomes negligible because of the
b Fo exponential decrease of the amplitude. We
ωo  k/m ; 2  ; f o  are then left with the steady− state
m m solution.
d2x dx x trans  Ce t cos(t  )
2
 2  o
2
x  f o cost
dt dt
x steady  A cos(t  )

x  A cos(t   )
Using Complex Numbers to Solve the Oscillator Equations
x  A cos(t  )
fo
d2x dx A
2
 2   2
o x  f o cost (o2   2 ) 2  42 2
dt dt
x  Ae jt x  Re x 2
tan   2
( 2  j2   o2 ) x  f o cost   o2
f o e jt The steady-state solution does not
x 2 depend on the initial conditions
o   2  j2 
o2   2  j2   (o2   2 ) 2  4 2  2 e  j Find resonance frequency and res.
amplitude
2 
tan  
 2  o2
w  ( 2  o2 ) 2  42 2
f o e jt dw
x  2( 2  o2 )(2)  82  0
(o2   2 ) 2  4 2  2 e  j d
4( 2  o2  22 )  0
f o e j( t   )
  resonance  o2  22 Resonance
(o2   2 ) 2  4 2  2 frequency
fo
fo A resonance 
x cos(t   ) 2 o2  2 Resonance
(   )  4 
2
o
2 2 2 2
Amplitude
Resonance
curves x  A cos(t  )
fo
=0.05o A
(o2   2 ) 2  42 2
2
tan   2
  o2

0  resonance  o2  2 2

=0.25o
f fo
A  o2 A resonance 
o 2 o2   2


Example 14-10
A uniform stick of mass m and length L is pivoted at one end.

Find the period of oscillation for small angular displacements.

1 2 L,m
mL
I 3 2L
T  2  2  2
mgD mgL / 2 3g
L  1m, T  1,64s
L
T '  2  2s
g

1. Let U be the potential energy (with the zero at zero displacement) and
K be the kinetic energy of a simple harmonic oscillator. Uavg and Kavg are
the average values over a cycle. Then:
A. Kavg > Uavg
B. Kavg < Uavg
C. Kavg = Uavg
D. K = 0 when U = 0
E. K + U = 0
ANS C
2. A particle is in simple harmonic motion along the x axis. The amplitude of the
motion is xm. At one point in its motion its kinetic energy is K = 5 J and its
potential energy (measured with U = 0 at x = 0) is U = 3 J. When it is at x = xm,
the kinetic and potential energies are:
A. K = 5 J and U = 3J
B. K = 5 J and U = −3J
C. K = 8 J and U = 0 ans: D
D. K = 0 and U = 8J
E. K = 0 and U = −8J

3. Two uniform spheres are pivoted on horizontal axes that are tangent to
their surfaces. The one with the longer period of oscillation is the one with:
A. the larger mass
B. the smaller mass
C. the larger rotational inertia
D. the smaller rotational inertia
E. the larger radius

ans: E
3. Five hoops are each pivoted at a point on the rim and allowed to swing as
physical pendulums.

The masses and radii are

hoop 1: M = 150 g and R = 50cm
hoop 2: M = 200 g and R = 40cm
hoop 3: M = 250 g and R = 30cm
hoop 4: M = 300 g and R = 20cm
hoop 5: M = 350 g and R = 10cm

Order the hoops according to the periods of their motions, smallest to largest.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
C. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
D. 1, 2, 5, 4, 3
E. 5, 4, 1, 2, 3

ans: B