SQL Server Replication - Full Overview and Step-By-Step Configuration
SQL Server Replication - Full Overview and Step-By-Step Configuration
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NAKIVO Blog > Data Protection > How to Configure MS SQL Server Replication: Complete Walkthrough
Microsoft SQL Server (MS SQL Server) is a database management software that can
be installed on Windows Server operating systems. Databases are important for all
types of companies and many software solutions use databases that can be
centralized and distributed. Availability of databases and data relevance are critical
for businesses, making backup and replication of databases a necessity. With MS
SQL Server replication, it is possible to create an identical copy of your primary
database or synchronize changes between multiple databases, and maintain data
consistency and integrity. This blog post lists SQL Server replication types, explains
how replication in SQL Server works, and describes how to perform SQL Server
replication.
The blog post covers:
Terminology
MS SQL server replication types
Requirements
Basic recommendations
Configuring the environment
Preparing for replication
Configuring database replication
Configuring distribution
Configuring the publisher Privacy - Terms
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There are three main roles in MS SQL database replication: distributor, publisher
and subscriber.
A distributor is an MS SQL database instance configured for collecting transactions
from publications and for distributing them to subscribers. A distributor acts as a
database for storing replicated transactions. A distributor database can be
considered as the Publisher and the Distributor at once. In the local distributor
model, a single MS SQL Server instance runs both the Publisher and the Distributor.
A remote distributor model can be used when you want subscribers to be
configured to use a single MS SQL Server instance to get different publications
(centralized distribution). In this model, the Publisher and the Distributor run on
different servers.
A publisher is the main database copy on which publication is configured, making
data available to other MS SQL servers that are configured to be used in the
replication process. The Publisher can have more than one publication.
A subscriber is a database that receives the replicated data from a publication. One
Subscriber can receive data from more than one publisher and publication. A single-
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Snapshot replication
Snapshot replication is used to replicate data precisely as it appears at the moment
when the database snapshot was created. This replication type can be used when
data is changed infrequently; when it is not critical to have a database replica that is
older than a master database; or a large volume of changes is made within a short
period of time. No change tracking is performed for snapshot replication. For Privacy - Terms
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example, snapshot replication can be used when exchange rates or price lists are
updated once per day and must be distributed from a main server to servers in
branch offices.
Transactional replication
Transactional replication is the periodic automated replication when the data is
distributed from a master database to a database replica in real-time (or near-real-
time). Transactional replication is more complex than snapshot replication. Not only
is the final state of a database replicated, all made transactions are also replicated,
which makes it possible to monitor the entire transaction history on the database
replica. In the beginning of the transactional replication process, a snapshot is
applied to the Subscriber and then data is continuously transferred from a master
database to a database replica after being changed. Transactional replication is
widely used as one-way replication.
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Peer-to-peer replication
Peer-to-peer replication is used to replicate database data to multiple subscribers at
the same time. This MS SQL Server replication type can be used when your database
servers are distributed across the globe. Changes can be made on any of the
database servers. Changes are propagated to all database servers. Peer-to-peer
replication can help scale out an application that uses a database. The main working
principle is based on transactional replication.
Below you can see how MS SQL Server peer-to-peer replication can be used
between database servers that are distributed across the globe.
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Merge replication
Merge replication is a type of bidirectional replication that is usually used in server-
to-client environments for synchronizing data across database servers when they
cannot be connected continuously. When the network connection is established
between both database servers, merge replication agents detect changes made on
both databases and modify databases to synchronize and update their state. Merge
replication is similar to transactional replication, but data is replicated from the
Publisher to the Subscriber and inversely.
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This type of database replication is the most complex of all MS SQL Server
replication types and is rarely used. For example, merge replication can be used by
multiple peer stores that work with a shared warehouse. Each store is permitted to
change the information in the warehouse database and at the same time all stores
must have the updated state of their databases after the shipment of goods or
delivery of supplies to the warehouse. Merge replication can be used in cases where
the updated information must be available for the main (or central) database and
branch databases simultaneously.
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Note that if you install MS SQL Server 2016 on the first machine where the source
database is located, the best solution is to install MS SQL Server 2016 on the second
machine for the database to function properly. Replication will not work if you install
MS SQL Server 2008 on the second machine. For example, if you want to configure
MS SQL transactional replication, you can use the second database server (where
the Subscriber is configured) of a version within two versions of the source database
server on which the Publisher is configured. More precisely, if the Publisher version
on MS SQL Server is 2016, the Distributor can be configured on the 2016, 2017 and
2019 versions, and the Subscriber can be configured on MS SQL Server 2012, 2014,
2016, 2017 and 2019.
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Host 2
IP address: 192.168.101.102
Hostname: MSSQL02
MS SQL Server Instance ID: MSSQLSERVER2
Both machines have disk C: and disk D: in their disk configuration.
You can temporarily disable Windows firewall when you install MS SQL Server to
practice configuring MS SQL Server replication.
This blog post does not go into how to install MS SQL Server because this tutorial
focuses on configuring MS SQL Server replication. In this example, both MS SQL
servers are installed without PolyBase.
Check that you have installed the features required for MS SQL Server replication
once the MS SQL Server installation is complete. Database engine services, such as
SQL Server replication and R-Services, must be selected during MS SQL Server
installation. The default installation path is used in this example (C:\Program
Files\Microsoft SQL Server).
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Other settings:
The mixed authentication mode (Windows authentication and MS SQL Server
authentication)
Data root directory: D:\MSSQL_Server\
System database directory:
D:\MSSQL_Server\MSSQL13.MSSQLSERVER1\MSSQL\Data
User database directory:
D:\MSSQL_Server\MSSQL13.MSSQLSERVER1\MSSQL\Data
User database log directory:
D:\MSSQL_Server\MSSQL13.MSSQLSERVER1\MSSQL\Data
Backup directory: D:\MSSQL_Server\MSSQL13.MSSQLSERVER1\MSSQL\Backup
Once MS SQL server 2016 and SQL Server Management Studio are installed on the
machines, you can prepare your MS SQL servers for database replication.
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You have to configure the servers before you can start database replication. In our
example, one Windows account will be used for MS SQL Server replication agents.
Create the mssql user on both servers and set the same password.
The mssql user is a member of the following groups in this example:
Administrators (local administrators on local machines, not domain
administrators)
SQLRUserGroupMSSQLSERVER1
SQLServer2005SQLBrowserUser$MSSQL01
You can edit users and groups by pressing Win+R, opening CMD and running the
lusrmgr.msc command.
Two Windows Server machines used in this example are not in Active Directory. If
you use Active Directory, you can create the mssql user on the domain controller.
Run SQL Server Management Studio.
Log in (see screenshot) as sa by using the SQL Server authentication.
MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1 is the hostname and the MS SQL instance name on the
first server.
MSSQL02\MSSQLSERVER2 is the hostname and the MS SQL instance name on the
second server.
Similarly, you can connect on the second server (MSSQL02) to the second MS SQL
server instance (MSSQLSERVER2). You can also connect to the second MS SQL Server
instance (MSSQLSERVER2) from the first MS SQL Server (MSSQL01) by entering the
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appropriate credentials in SQL Server Management Studio. You can connect to both
MS SQL Server instances (MSSQL01 and MSSQL02) in the single instance of SQL
Server Management Studio. To do this, in the object Explorer, click Connect >
Database engine. In this tutorial, we will connect to MSSQLSERVER1 from MSSQL01
and to MSSQLSERVER2 from MSSQL02 by using SQL Server Management Studio to
configure the MS SQL servers.
Once you log into the MS SQL Server instance, you will see that the Agent is not
running. By default, the SQL Server Agent doesn’t start automatically. You can start
this service manually, but it is better co configure this service to start automatically
after Windows boot.
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Now the MSSQL01\mssql Windows user is added to the list of users who can log into
the database (similarly, add the mssql user to logins on the second machine
MSSQL02 in the SQL Server Management Studio).
Add the mssql user to the sysadmins server roles in the Security configuration of the
database in the SQL Server Management Studio.
Go to MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1 > Server roles, right click sysadmin and open
Properties.
In the Members page click Add, enter the name of your user mssql and click Check
names.
Tick the checkbox of username MSSQL01\mssql and hit OK.
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Perform the same configuration on your second machine (MSSQL02 in this case).
Reboot both machines.
Now you can log in by using Windows authentication on both servers.
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You can import the database from a backup on the second machine, where the
database replica will be running. This approach allows you to reduce network traffic
because your replication will start with replicating the changes to the existing
database, but not copying the entire database data to an empty database.
Restore the database from a backup on the second server and rename the database
to AdventureWorks2016r, where “r” means “replica”. Finally, we have:
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On the User Mapping page, select users mapped to this login and tick the
AdventureWorks2016 database checkbox (select AdventureWorks2016r on the
second server accordingly).
In the database role membership section, tick the db_owner checkbox.
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Configuring Distribution
Distribution can be used for multiple publishers and subscribers. In this example,
Distribution is configured on the main server on which a source database is stored.
On the main server (MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1), right click Replication and, in the
context menu, select Configure Distribution.
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'
Configure Distribution Wizard opens.
Distributor. Select the current database instance running on the main server
(MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1) to act as the Distributor in this example. Hit Next for
each step in the Wizard to continue.
SQL Server Agent Start. If you have not configured MS SQL Server Agent to start
automatically as explained above, the following message will be displayed. Select
Yes, configure the SQL Server Agent service to start automatically.
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Snapshot Folder. You can leave the default path here. A snapshot is needed for
initializing replication. Make sure that there is enough free space on the disk where
your snapshot directory is located. The amount of free space must correspond to at
least the size of a replicated database.
Distribution Database. Enter the distribution database name. You can leave the
default name (distribution) and folders for the distribution database file and log file.
Publishers. Define MS SQL Server replication publishers that can access the
Distributor. Tick the checkbox near the distribution database name on the primary
MS SQL Server instance (that hosts a source database that will be replicated). In this
example, this is the MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1 instance and the distribution
database name is distribution.
Wizard Actions. Tick the Configure distribution checkbox to configure distribution
during the final step of the wizard. In this example, we will not generate a script file
to be executed later.
Complete the Wizard. Check the Distribution configuration summary and hit Finish
to create the Distributor. Privacy - Terms
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Success status should appear if the Distributor was created and configured
successfully.
If you see that an error occurred when configuring SQL Server Agent to start
automatically, go to services configuration and check the startup mode of SQL
Server Agent (see how to configure Agent Start above in this blog post).
You can also open the properties of SQL Server Agent in SQL Server Management
Studio and check the service state and restart options. Right click the SQL Server
Agent at the end of the list in Object Explorer and hit Properties to view or edit the
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Publication Type. For this step, you can select MS SQL Server replication types for a
database. Let’s select transactional publication, which is a widely used type of
replication.
Articles. Select the needed objects, such as tables, procedures, views, indexed views
and user defined functions to publish as articles. It is possible to select replication of
the custom fields in the tables and select article properties if needed. In the current
example, some tables are selected as you can see on the screenshot below.
Filter Table Rows. No filters are added in this example (this is the default
configuration of filters). You can add filters if needed.
Snapshot Agent. For this step, you should specify when to run the Snapshot Agent.
Let’s configure the Agent to run immediately. Tick the checkbox Create a snapshot
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Agent Security. Tick Use the security settings from the Snapshot Agent. Click the
Security Settings button to select the account under which the Agent will run.
In the opened Snapshot Agent Security window, enter the credentials of the mssql
Windows user you have created before. Select connect to the Publisher By
impersonating the process account. Hit OK to save settings and go back to the
wizard.
After defining the needed user, you can see this user in the Snapshot Agent and Log
Reader Agent sections.
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Wizard Actions. Tick the upper checkbox to create the publication during the final
step of the wizard.
Complete the Wizard. Check your publication configuration and hit Finish to create a
new publication.
In the Creating Publication window, you can monitor the progress of creating a new
publication. Wait for a while and you should see the success status if everything has
been done correctly.
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The publication is now created and you can see the publication in Object Explorer by
going to Replication > Local Publications.
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the machine on which the database replica will be created. Let’s configure push
replication and create a new subscription on the first MS SQL Server
(MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1) where the master database resides.
In Object Explorer go to Replication, right click Local Subscriptions and, in the
context menu, select New Subscriptions.
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Tick the checkbox of your second server on which your database replica will be
stored (MSSQL02\MSSQLSERVER2) and, in the Subscription Database drop-down
menu, select a new database or an existing database restored from a backup that
will be used as a database replica. In our example, the AdventureWorks2016r was
created on the second server by restoring the main (source) AdventureWorks2016
database from a backup to start replication. Replication is started by replicatingPrivacy
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new data but not by copying the entire database after starting the replication
process. Thus, AdventureWorks2016r is selected as a subscription database in the
current example.
Distribution Agent Security. Click the button with three dots (…) and select the user
and other security options for the Distribution Agent.
In the opened Distribution Agent Security window, set the Distribution Agent to run
on the MSSQL01 host under the mssql user account. Enter the password for the
mssql Windows user. Select Connect to the Distributor by impersonating the
process account and select Connect to the Subscriber by impersonating the process
account options. Hit OK to save settings.
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Synchronization Schedule. Select the Agent that is located on the Distributor to Run
continuously for the current Subscriber.
Initialize Subscriptions. Tick the Initialize checkbox and in the drop-down menu
select immediately for when to initialize subscription. You can also select the
Memory Optimized option if needed.
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Wizard Actions. Select the upper checkbox to create the subscription(s) at the end of
the wizard.
Complete the Wizard. You can check your subscriptions settings and hit Finish to
create the subscription.
Wait for a while until the subscription is created. If you see the Success status, it
means that the subscription was created successfully.
After configuring replication in SQL Server, three jobs are displayed in Object
Explorer and you can see them by going to SQL Server Agent > Jobs.
There is a Log Reader Agent error in our case. To see error details, select the source
database (the Publisher) in the left pane, select the Agents tab in the right pane and
double click the error name.
In the opened window, you can see the agent history and error messages. The error
messages are:
The process could not execute sp_replcmds on MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1. Source:
MSSQl_REPL. Error number: MSSQL_REPL20011).
Cannot execute as the database principal because the principal "dbo" does not exist,
this type of principal cannot be impersonated, or you do not have permission.
(Source: MSSQLServer, Error number: 15517).
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The second error message suggests that some kind of permission is missing. Let’s fix
this error.
Create a new query in MS SQL Management Studio and execute this query. In the
main window, click the New Query button.
In the SQL query section of the main window enter the following query:
USE AdventureWorks2016
GO
EXEC sp_changedbowner 'sa'
GO
Click the Execute button.
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Execute a similar query on the second server to display all data of the
Person.AddressType of the AdventureWorks2016r database stored on
MSSQL02\MSSQLSERVER2.
USE AdventureWorks2016r;
GO
SELECT *
FROM Person.AddressType
;
As you can see on the screenshots above and below, the contents of the
Person.AddressType is identical on both databases (a source database on the first
server and the target database that is a database replica on the second server).
Let’s delete one row in the PersonAddressType table from the AdventureWorks2016
database (source) on the first server (MSSQL01\MSSQLSERVER1). Run the query to
delete a row that contains ‘Billing’ in the name and to display the contents of the
table after that:
DELETE FROM Person.AddressType WHERE Name='Billing';
SELECT * FROM Person.AddressType;
As you can see, the first row with the AddressTypeID 1 and name ‘Billing’ was
deleted from the Person.AddressType table in the AdventureWorks2016 database
on the MSSQL01 machine.
Transactional replication is running. Let’s check the contents of the
Person.AddressType table in the AdventureWorks2016r database on the MSSQL02
machine. Execute a similar query as above once again to see the contents of the
table:
USE AdventureWorks2016r;
GO
SELECT *
FROM Person.AddressType
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As a result of replication, the first line was also deleted from the
Person.AddressType table in the secondary database that acts as the database
replica (AdventureWorks2016r). You can see the results on the screenshot below.
Conclusion
This blog post covered replication in SQL server and MS SQL server replication types.
MS SQL Server replication is a useful feature that allows you to create a copy of your
database that can be used for recovery after disaster, building distributed databases
and synchronizing data between database servers that can infrequently connect to
each other. There are four types of MS SQL Server replication — snapshot,
transactional, peer-to-peer and merge replication. As transactional replication is
widely used, we have configured this MS SQL Server replication type in this blog
post. The Distributor, the Publisher and the Subscriber must be configured to make
database replication work. The Subscriber can be configured on a source server
(push replication) and target server (pull replication). Now you know what replication
in SQL Server is and how to configure database replication. Database replication is a
useful feature; however, you should consider using both replication and backup of
MS SQL databases to increase chances of a successful database recovery.
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Jorge Larios
Excellent Documentation
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Michael Bose
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updatest news :) . Thank you.
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