CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION (MAINS) 2024

PHYSICS PAPER - II: QUANTUM MECHANICS

TUTORIAL SHEET: 1
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

1. Derive Bohr’s angular momentum quantization condition in Bohr’s atomic model from the
concept of de Broglie waves. (2010)

2. Calculate the wavelength of De Broglie waves associated with electrons accelerated through a
P.D. of 200 Volts. (2011)

3. Estimate the size of the hydrogen atom and the ground state energy from the uncertainly
principle. (2011)

4. Use the uncertainly principle to estimate the ground state energy of a linear harmonic oscillator
(2012)
5. In a series of experiments on the determination of the mass of a certain elementary particle, the
results showed a variation of _+ (plus-minus) 20 m(e), where m(e) is the electron mass. Estimate
the lifetime of the particle. (2013)

6. Find the deBroglie wave length of (i) a neutron (ii) and electron moving with kinetic energy of
500 eV .( 1 eV = 1.602 x 10 ^-19 J ) (2014)

7. The mean life of Lambda particle is 2.6 x 10^-10 s. What will be the uncertainty in the
Determination of its mass in eV? (2014)

8. Find the energy, momentum and wavelength of photon emitted by a hydrogen atom making a
direct transition from an excited state with n=10 to the ground state. Also find the recoil speed of
the hydrogen atom in this process. (2016)

9. An electron is confined to move between two rigid walls separated by 10-9 m. Compute the de
Broglie wavelengths representing the first three allowed energy states of the electron and the
corresponding energies. (2016)

10. A typical atomic radius is about 5 x 10-15 m and the energy of β-particle emitted from a nucleus is
at most of the order of 1 MeV. Prove on the basis of uncertainty principle that the electrons are
not present in nuclei. (2016)
11. Using uncertainty principle, calculate the size and energy of the ground state hydrogen atom.
(2016)

12. A beam 4.0 keV electrons from a source is incident on a target 50.0 cm away. Find the radius of
the electron beam spot due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. (2017)

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 13. Estimate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the first excited state of the
hydrogen atom. (2017)

14. Show that the mass and linear momentum of a quantum mechanical particle can be given by
𝑚 = ℎ/(𝜆𝑣) and 𝑝 = ℎ/𝜆, respectively, where ℎ, 𝜆 and 𝑣 are Planck’s constant, wavelength and
velocity of the particle, respectively. Comment on the wave-particle duality from these relations.
(2019)

15. State and express mathematically the three uncertainty principles of Heisenberg. Highlight the
physical significance of these principles in the development of Quantum Mechanics. (2019)

16. for a free quantum mechanical particle under the influence of a one-dimensional potential,
show that the energy is quantized in discrete fashion. How do these energy values differ from
those of a linear harmonic oscillator? (2019)
ħ
17. using the uncertainty principle ∆x∆p ≥2, estimate the ground state energy of a harmonic
oscillator. (2020)

18. Find the minimum magnetic field needed for the Zeeman effect to be observed in a spectral
line of 400 nm wavelength when a spectrometer whose resolution is 0 ∙ 010 nm is used. Write the
answer in the nearest high integer. (2021)

19. Find the uncertainty in the momentum of a particle when its position is determined within
0 ∙ 02 cm. Find also the uncertainty in the velocity of an electron and 𝛼-particle respectively
when they are located within 15 × 10-18 cm. (2021)

20. A particle of rest mass 𝑚0 has a kinetic energy K, show that its de Broglie wavelength is
given by
ℎ𝑐
𝜆=
√[𝐾 (𝐾 + 2𝑚0 𝑐 2 )]
Hence calculate the wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy 2 MeV. What will be the value of
𝜆 if 𝐾 << 𝑚0 𝑐 2 ? (2021)

21. What is Broglie concept of matter wave? Evaluate de Broglie wavelength of Helium that is
accelerated through 300 V.
(Given mass of proton = Mass of neutron = 1 ∙ 67 × 10−27 𝐾𝑔) (2022)

22. TS-1 Calculate the zero point energy for a particle in an infinite potential well for the following
cases :
(i) A 100 g ball confined on a 5 m long line.
(ii) An oxygen atom confined to a 2 × 10−10 𝑚 lattice.

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 (iii) An electron confined to a 10−10 m atom.
Why zero point energy is not important for macroscopic objects ? Comment .
(2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 2
Schrodinger’s Wave equation and applications

1. Obtain an expression for the probability current for the plane wave ( x, t )  exp i(kx  t ) .
Interpret your result. (2010)

d2
2. A system is described by the Hamiltonian operator, H   2
 x 2 Show that the function A x
dx
 x2 
exp    is an eigen function of H. Determine the eigen values of H. (2011)
 2

3. Solve the Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m in an infinite rectangular well defined
by
= Obtain the normalized eigen functions and the
corresponding eigen values. (2011)

4. Normalize the wave function (2011)

5. (a) V(x)

V = Vo

Consider a beam of particles incident on one-dimensional step function potential with energy
E > Voas shown in the above figure. Solve the Schrodinger equation and obrain expressions
for the reflection and transmission coefficients.
(b) What are the limits of the reflection coefficient for E →Vo and E → ?
(c)Discuss the cases 0 < E < Voand E < 0. (2013)

6. Obtain the time independent Schrödinger equation for a particle. Hence deduce the time
independent Schrödinger equation. (2014)

7. Solve the Schrödinger equation for a particle of mass m confined in one dimensional potential
well of the form:V=0 , when 0≤x≤L=infinity , when x<0 , x>L. Obtain the discreet energy values
and the normalized eigen functions. (2014)

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8. An electron is moving in a one dimensional box of infinite height and width 1 A (Angstrom).
Find the minimum energy of electron. (2014)

9. Normalized wave function of a particle is given:  (x) = A exp (-x ²/ a ² + ikx).Find the
expectation value of position. (2015)

10. Solve the Schrodinger equation for a step potential and calculate the transmission and
reflection coefficient for the case when the kinetic energy of the particle E0 is greater than the
potential energy V (i.e., E0 > V). (2016)

11. Calculate the lowest energy of an electron confined to move in a 1-dimensional potential well
of width 10 nm.

12. Using 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜̈ 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, obtain the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of energy for a 1-
dimensional harmonic oscillator. Sketch the profiles of eigenfunctions for first three energy
states. (2017)

13. Calculate the probability of transmission of an electron of 1.0 eV energy through a potential
barrier of 4.0 eV and 0.1 nm width. (2017)
1
14.The wave function of a particle is given as 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −|𝑥|⁄𝑎 . Find the probability of
√𝑎
locating the particle in the range −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎. (2018)

15. Calculate the zero-point energy of a system consisting of a mass of 10−3 𝑘𝑔 connected to a
fixed point by a spring which is stretched by 10−2 𝑚 by a force of 10−1 𝑁. The system is
constrained to move only in one direction. (2018)

16. The general wave function of harmonic oscillator (one-dimensional) are of the form
2 ⁄2
𝑢𝑛 (𝑥) = ∑∞ 𝑘 −𝑦
𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑒
𝑚𝜔
With 𝑦 = √ 𝑥, and coefficients 𝑎𝑘 are determined by recurrence relations
ћ
2(𝑘−𝑛)
𝑎𝑘+2 = 𝑎
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) 𝑘
1
Corresponding energy levels are 𝐸𝑛 = (𝑛 + 2) ћ𝜔. Discuss the parity of these wave
functions. What happens, if the potential for 𝑥 ≤ 0 is infinite (half harmonic oscillator)?
(2018)

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17. Which of the following functions is/are acceptable solution(s) of the
𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜̈ 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛?
(i) 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥
(ii) 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
(iii) 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑘𝑥
(iv) 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑘𝑥
(v) 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝐴 tan 𝑘𝑥
Explain your answer. (2018)

18. A beam of particles of energy 9 eV is incident on a potential step 8 eV high from the left.
What percentage of particles will reflect back?
(2018)

19. Write down the Hamiltonian operator for a linear harmonic oscillator. Show that the energy
1
eigenvalue of the same can be given by 𝐸𝑛 = (𝑛 + 2) ћ𝜔0 at energy state 𝑛 with 𝜔0 being the
natural frequency of vibration of the linear oscillator. Prove that 𝑛 = 0 energy state has a wave
function of typical Gaussian form.
(2019)

20. Estimate the size of hydrogen atom and the ground state energy from the uncertainty
principle.
(2019)

21. Prove that Bohr hydrogen atom approaches classical conditions, when n becomes very large
and small quantum jumps are involved.
(2020)

22. Find the probability current density for the wave function
2
Ѱ (χ, t) = [ Aeipx/h + Be-ipx/h ] ē𝑖𝑝 𝑡/2𝑚ħ

Interpret the result physically.

(2020)

𝜋 2 /2
23. A particle is described by the wave function Ѱ (x) = (𝛼)-1/4 ē𝑎𝑥 . Calculate ∆x and ∆p
ħ
for the particle, and verify the uncertainty relation ∆x ∆p = 2. (2020)

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24. Write the wave functions for a particle on both sides of a step potential, for E > V0 :
(2020)

𝑉
V (x) = { 0, 𝑥𝑥 >0
0 <0

25. A beam of 12 eV electron is incident on a potential barrier of height 25 eV and width 0 ∙ 05

nm. Calculate the transmission coefficient. (2021)

26. A particle is moving in a one dimensional box width 50Å and infinite height. Calculate the
probability of finding the particle within an interval of 15Å at the centres of the box when it is in
its state of least energy. (2021)

27. Calculate the probability of finding a simple harmonic oscillator within the classical limits if
the oscillator is in its normal state. Also show that if the oscillator is in its normal state, then the
probability of finding the particle outside the classical limits is approximately 16%. (2021)

28. An electron in a one-dimensional infinite potential well, defined by

𝑉(𝑥) = 0 for −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 and 𝑉(𝑥) = ∞
Otherwise, goes from 𝑛 = 4 to 𝑛 = 2 level and emits photon of frequency 3 ∙ 43 × 1014 𝐻𝑧.
Calculate the width of the well. (Assume Plank’s constant ℎ = 6 ∙ 626 × 10−34 𝐽. 𝑆. and mass of
electron of electron 𝑚 = 9 ∙ 11 × 10−31 𝐾𝑔) (2022)

29. Set up the Schrodinger’s wave equation for one dimensional potential barrier and obtain the
probability of tunneling. (2022)

30. TS-2 Consider a particle of mass m and charge q moving under the influence of a one
dimensional harmonic oscillator potential. Assume it is placed in a constant electric field E. The
𝑃2 1
Hamiltonian of this particle is therefore given by H = 2𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝜔2 𝑋 2 – qE X. Obtain the
energy expression and the wave function of the nth excited state. (2023)

31. Consider a stream of particles of mass m each moving in the positive 𝓍-direction with
kinetic energy E towards the potential barrier
V (𝓍) = 0 for 𝓍 ≤ 0
3𝐸
V (𝓍) = 4 for 𝓍 > 0
Find the fraction of particles reflected 𝓍 = 0.

0 ,0 < 𝓍 < 𝑎
32. Consider the potential V (𝓍) = {
∞, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

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 (a) Estimate the energies of the ground state as well as those of the first and the second
excited states for
(i) An electron enclosed in a box of size a = 10−10 m.
(ii) a 1 g metallic s[here which is moving in a box of size a = 10 cm.

(b) Discuss the importance of the Quantum effects for both of these systems.

(c) Estimate the velocities of the electron and the metallic sphere using uncertainty principle.
(2023)

33. A particle constrained to move along 𝓍 – axis in the domain 0 ≤ 𝓍 ≤ L has a wave function
𝑛𝜋𝓍
𝜓 (𝓍) = sin ( 𝐿 ) , where n is an integer. Normalize the wave function and evaluate the
expectation value of momentum of the particle. (2023)

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 Quantum Mechanics-II
TUTORIAL SHEET: 3
1. Show that the Pauli spin matrices satisfy the following:
 x2   2y   2z  1
 x y   y x  i z
 y z   z y  i x
 z  x   x z  i y (2010)

2. The normalized wave function for the electron in hydrogen atom for the ground state is
 r 
 
1/2
 (r )   a03 exp    Where a0 is the radius of the first Bohr orbit? Show that the most
 a0 
probable position of the electron is a0 (2010)

3. Let be the vector operator with component equal to pauli spin matrices if
are vectors in 3D space, prove the identity
(2011)

4. For hydrogen atom, ground state is Calculate and

(2011)

5. Show (i) Sin = sin (2011)

(ii) Cos ( = cos (2012)

6. What is the degree of degeneracy of the energy – eigen Values. What happened if the spin of
the electron is taken into account? (2012)

7. Solve the radial part of the time independent Schrodinger Equation for a hydrogen atom.
Obtain its expression for energy Eigen values. (2012)

8. Using the definition L= r x p of the orbital angular momentum operator , evaluate [ L(x) ,
L(y)] (2013)

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9. The normalized wave function for the electron for the electron in the ground state of the
hydrogen
atom is given by
1
𝜓(𝑟) = 𝑒 −𝑟⁄𝑎0 . Find 〈𝑟〉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 〈𝑟 2 〉. (2013)
√𝜋𝑎03

10. If x and p are the position and momentum operators, prove the commutation relation [ , x]
= -2ihp (2014)

11. Write down Pauli spin matrices. Express J(x) , J(y) and J(z) in terms of Pauli spin matrices.
(2014)

12. Using the commutation relations

[x, p(x)] = [y, p(y)] = [z,p(z)]=ih
Deduce the commutation relation between the components of angular momentum operator L.
[L(x), L(y)]=ihL(z)
[L(y), L(z)]= ihL(x) and
[L(z),L(x)]=ihL(y) (2014)

13. Solve the Schrodinger equation for a particle in a three dimensional rectangular potential
barrier. Explain the terms degenerate and non-degenerate states in this context. (2015)

14. A particle trapped in an infinitely deep square well of width a has a wave function
1
 2 2 x
    sin   . The walls are suddenly separated by infinite distance. Find the
   a 
probability of the particle having momentum between p and p  dp (2015)

15. Write down the matrix representation of the three Pauli matrices σx, σyand σz. Prove that
these matrices satisfy the following identities:
i. [σx, σy] = 2 i σz
ii. [σ2.σx] = 0
iii. (σ .A) (σ .B) = A .B + i σ .(A x B)
If A and B commute with Pauli matrices. (2016)

16. Calculate the density of states for an electron moving freely inside a metal with the help of
quantum mechanical Schrodinger’s equation for free particle in a box. (2016)

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 17. Evaluate the most probable distance of the electron from nucleus of a hydrogen atom in its
2𝑝 state. What is the probability of finding the electron at this distance? (2017)

18. Explain why the square of the angular momentum (𝐿2 ) and only one of the components
(𝐿𝑥 , 𝐿𝑦 , 𝐿𝑧 ) of L are regarded as constants of motion. (2017)

19. The ground state wave function for hydrogen atom is

1
𝜓(𝑟) = 𝑒 −𝑟⁄𝑎0
3
√𝜋𝑎0
Where 𝑎0 is the Bohr radius. Sketch the wave function and the probability density as a
function of the separation distance r. Calculate the probability that the electron in the ground
state is found beyond the Bohr radius. (2018)

20. Prove the following identities:

(i) [𝑝̂𝑥 , 𝐿̂𝑦 ]= 𝑖 ћ ̂𝑝𝑧
(ii) 𝑒 𝑖(𝜎̂.𝑛̂)𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖(𝜎̂. 𝑛̂)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2018)

21. Show that for free electron gas, the density of states in three dimensions (3D) varies as 𝐸 1⁄2 ,
and this dependence changes to 𝐸 0 for 2D (quantum well), 𝐸 −1⁄2 for 1D (quantum wire) and
𝛿 function for 0D (quantum dot). (2018)

22. How do you define density of states? Show that the density of states with wave vector less
⃗ in a three-dimensional cubic box of volume V can be given by
than 𝑘

𝑉 2 𝑑𝑘
𝐷(𝜔) = 𝑘 ( )
2𝜋 2 𝑑𝜔
in the frequency spectrum between 𝜔 and 𝜔 + 𝑑𝜔. Here, assume that the number of modes
per unit range of 𝑘 is 𝐿/(2𝜋), 𝐿 being the length of each side of the cubic box. (2019)

23. Define Pauli spin matrices 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 and 𝜎𝑧 . Using these definitions, prove the following:
(i) 𝜎𝑥2 = 𝜎42 = 𝜎𝑧2 = 1
(ii) 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑖𝜎𝑧 ; 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑖𝜎𝑦 ; 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 = 𝑖𝜎𝑥 (2019)

24. Define angular momentum of a particle and find out the three components of the angular
momentum operator 𝐿̂ in Cartesian coordinates. Show that
𝜕 𝜕
𝐿̂2 = −ћ2 [𝑟 2 ∇2 − 𝜕𝑟 (𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟)]

Prove that the operator 𝐿̂2 can also be expressed as

1 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕2
a. 𝐿̂2 = −ћ2 [ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) + 2 2]
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕∅
b. in spherical polar coordinates(𝑟, 𝜃, ∅). (2016)

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 ħ
25. If the z-component of an electron spin is + 2, what is the probability that its component
ħ ħ
along a direction z’ (forming an angle θ with z-axis) is 2 or 2 ? What is the average value of spin
along z’? (2020)

⃗ ×𝐿
26. Also Show that ( 𝐿 ⃗ )=ἱħ𝐿
⃗. (2020)

27. Normalised wave function of hydrogen atom for 1s state is

1 ℏ2
Ψ100 = 𝑒 −𝑟/𝑎0 , where 𝑎0 =
𝑚𝑒 2
√𝜋𝑎03
Being the Bohr radius. Calculate the expectation value of potential energy in this state. (2021)

28. Using Pauli spin matrices prove that,

(i) 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 = 0; 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑦 = 0; 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 = 0
(ii) 𝜎+ 𝜎− = 2(1 + 𝜎𝑧 )
(iii) 𝜎𝛼 𝜎𝛽 = 𝑖𝜎𝛾 Where 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽 ≠ 𝛾 (2021)

29. The raising (𝐽+ ) and lowering (𝐽− ) operators are defined by
𝐽+ = 𝐽𝑥 − 𝑖𝐽𝑦 and 𝐽− = 𝐽𝑥 − 𝑖𝐽𝑦 respectively. Prove the following identities:
(i) [ 𝐽𝑧 , 𝐽± ] = ± ℏ𝐽±
(ii) 𝐽− 𝐽+ = 𝐽2 − 𝐽𝑧2 − ℏ𝐽𝑧 (2022)

30. Show that 𝐸𝑛 =< 𝑉 > in the stationary states of the hydrogen atom. (2022)

31. Show that for a given principal quantum number 𝑛, there are 𝑛2 possible states of the atom.
(2022)
1
32. What is the spin wave function (for 𝑠 = 2 ) if the spin component in the direction of unit
𝟏
vector 𝜼 has a value of 𝟐 ℏ ? (2022)

33. Obtain the normalized eigenvectors of 𝜎𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦 matrices. (2022)

1
34. An operator P describing the interaction of two spin 2 particles is p = a + b ⃗⃗⃗
𝜎1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜎2 , where a
and b are constants, and ⃗⃗⃗𝜎1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜎2 are Pauli matrices of the two spins. The total spin angular
1
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
momentum 𝑆 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 = 2 ℏ (𝜎 𝜎2 ). Show that P, 𝑆 2 and 𝑆𝑍 can be measured
⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
simultaneously. (2023)
35. Evaluate the most probable distance of electron of the hydrogen atom in its 2𝑃 state. What is
the radial probability density at the distance ? (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 4
ATOMIC PHYSICS
1. What is Zeeman Effect? How it can be understood on quantum mechanical basis? Obtain an
expression for Zeeman splitting of atomic energy levels in a magnetic field B. Explain the
magnetic splitting of sodium D-lines. (2010)

2. What is spin-orbit interaction? Calculate the energy shift due to spin-orbit interaction term in
H-like system. Discuss the significance of this shift in relation to the fine structure of
hydrogen spectral lines (2010)

3. Discuss the fine structure of hydrogen atom spectrum. Draw the compound doublet spectrum
arising as a result between 2 p and 2d levels. (2011)

4. What do you mean by term symbols? Obtain term symbols for the following sets of values of
S andL:

(i) S= (2011)

5. Show that levels of sodium spectrum are split in the ratio of 3 : 1 : 2 due to
anomalous Zeeman Effect. (2011)

6. Sodium doublets are produced by transitions and

Calculate the Lande’s g- factors for these levels.
(2012)

7. Discuss the fine structure of sodium D line. Draw D1 and D2 lines due to the transitions
between 2P and 2S levels. (2013)

8. A sample of certain element is placed in a magnetic field of flux density 0.3 tesla. How far
apart is the Zeemen component of a spectral line of wavelength 4500 A?
Given: e/m = 1.76 x 1011 c/kg, c = 3.0 x 108ms-1. (2014)

9. Obtain an expression for the normal Zeeman shift. Illustrate the Zeeman splitting of spectral
lines of H atom and the allowed transitions for the l = 1 and l = 2 states. (2014)

10. What is Zeeman Effect? How can it be understood on the basis of quantum mechanics?
(2015)

11. Obtain Zeeman splitting for sodium D-lines. (2015)

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12. Find the magnetic moment of an atom in 3P2 state, assuming that LS coupling holds for this
case. (2015)

13. In the Stern-Gerlach experiment using Ag atoms, the oven temperature is 1000 K, l ≈ 25 cm
and

Tesla/m. calculate the separation of the two components. (2016)

14. Describe Stern-Gerlach experiment. Discuss how it has explained space quantization and
electron spin. Find the value of angle between the spin angular momentum S and its z-
component of an electron moving along the external magnetic field B. (2016)

15. The series limit wavelength of Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is experimentally found
to be 3646 A. Find the wavelength of the first line of this series. (2016)

16. Compute the allowed spectral terms for two non-equivalent p-electrons of the basis of Pauli’s
exclusion principle. (2016)

17. Explain in detail L-S coupling and j-j coupling schemes. (2016)

18. What is Lamb shift? What is its significance in determining the fine structure of Hα Balmer
line in hydrogen atom? (2016)

19. Calculate the radius of electron orbit for 𝐿𝑖 ++ in ground state. (2018)

20. Describe the importance of L-S and J-J coupling in atomic spectroscopy. What are
experimental evidences of their existence? (2018)

21. What is Zeeman ef fect? Discuss the factors on which Larmor frequency is dependent.
(2018)

22. Discuss the fine structure of hydrogen spectrum. How is it of importance in the astronomical
observations? (2018)

23.Define mathematically the Bohr radius of a hydrogen atom and who that the binding energy at
state 𝑛 of this atom can be given by

1 𝑍𝑒 2 1
𝐸𝑛 = − 2
2 (𝑎/𝑍) 4𝑛 𝜋𝜀0
where 𝑍 is the atomic number of 𝐻 atom. Calculate the numerical values of 𝑎 and 𝐸1 of H
atom. (2019)

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24. Describe normal and anomalous Zeeman effect. Explain how it lifts the degeneracy in
hydrogen atom. (2019)

25. What is lamb shift? Discuss its significance in determining the fine structure of 𝐻𝛼 Balmer
line in hydrogen atom. (2019)

26. Determine the normal Zeeman splitting of the cadmium red line of 6438 Å, when the atoms
are places in a magnetic field of 0.009 T. (2020)

27. Explain how the magnetic moments of atoms, the space quantization of angular momentum
and the spin of electron are measured using Stern – Gerlach experiment. (2020)

28. Calculate the Larmor precessional frequency for a magnetic induction field of 0 ∙ 5 T. Hence
calculate the splitting in wave numbers of a spectral line due to normal Zeeman effect for the
same field. (2021)

29. Explain spin-orbit coupling. Discuss the splitting of spectral lines of H-atom due to spin-orbit
coupling. (2021)

30. The quantum numbers of two electrons in a two valence electron atom are;
1
𝑛1 = 8 𝑙1 = 4 𝑠1 = 2
1
𝑛2 = 7 𝑙2 = 2 𝑠2 = 2
(i) Assuming L-S coupling, find the possible value of L and hence of J.
(ii) Assuming j-j coupling, find the possible values of J. (2021)

31. Describe normal and anomalous Zeeman effect. Explain how it lifts the degeneracy in
hydrogen atom. (2021)

32. Show that the Land𝑒́ g-factor for pure orbital angular momentum and pure spin angular
momentum are 1 and 2 respectively. Further, evaluate the g-factor for the state 3P (2022)

33. An atomic state is denoted by 4𝑫𝟓/𝟐 . Find the values of L, S and J. For this state, what
should be the minimum number of electron involved? Suggest a possible electronic
configuration. (2022)

34. (i) Why does Stern-Gerlach experiment enjoy so much importance in atomic physics ?
(ii) Draw the schematic diagram of this experiment and comment on the shapes of the
magnet pole pieces.
(iii) Why was the atomic beam of silver used in this experiment ? (2022)

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35. What is vector atom model ? How the principal features of vector atom model were
explained by Stern – Gerlach experiment ? (2023)

36. What is Lande’s g factor ? Evaluate the Lande’s g factor for the 3P1 level in the 2P3S
configuration of the 6C atom. Also calculate the splitting of the level when the atom is placed in
external magnetic field of 0·1 tesla. (2023)

37. A beam of hydrogen atoms emitted an oven at 400 k is sent through a Stern-Gerlach
experiment having magnet of length 1 m and a gradient field of 10 tesla/m. Calculate the
transverse deflection of an atom at the point where the beam leaves the magnet. (2023)

38. If an atom is placed in a magnetic field of strength 0·1 weber/𝑚2 , then calculate the rate of
precession and torque on an electron with ʅ = 3 in the atom.
Given that the magnetic moment of the electron makes an angle of 30° with the magnetic field.
(2023)

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 PHYSICS PAPER- II: MOLECULAR PHYSICS
TUTORIAL SHEET: 5
1. Calculate, giving necessary steps, the radio frequency at which nuclear magnetic resonance
occurs in water kept in a uniform magnetic field of 2  4T . The magnetic moment of proton is
2  793 N
(2010)

2. (i) Discuss occurrence of rotational energy levels of a diatomic molecule and show that the
pure rotation spectrum of such a molecule consists of a series of equally spaced lines
separated by a constant wave number difference 2B. Write down the selection rules.
(ii) Is it possible to obtain pure rotational spectra of H 2 , HF, O2 and NO molecules?
(iii)In CO molecule J = O →J = 1 line occurs at a frequency 1 153  1011 Hz. Calculate the
moment of inertia of CO molecule.
(2010)

3. What is Raman Effect? How does it differ from Rayleigh scattering? Explain Raman Effect
on the basis of quantum mechanical theory. How is Raman Effect experimentally studied?
What are the advantages of using laser sources in the study of Raman Effect?
(2010)

4. State and explain Franck-Condon principle. Discuss its applications in molecular

spectroscopy.
(2010)

5. On the basis of inertia and each about X, Y and Z axes respectively, how can you
classify molecules? (2011)

6. (a) (i)Treating a diatomic molecule as a simple oscillator, obtain its energy (vibrational)
levels.
(ii)The observed vibrational frequency of the Co molecule is 6.42 1 Hz. What is
the effective force constant of the molecule? (C= )
(b) (i) Discuss pure rotational spectra of linear molecules
(ii) What is Lamb shift?
(2011)

7. Why should rotational Raman spectrum show a separation of the first Raman line from the
exciting line as 6B c While the separation between successive lines is equal to 4B c
when B is the rotational constant?
(2012)

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8. What will happen to the energy level of an unpaired electron when subjected to an external
magnetic field? Find the condition for electron spin resonance. (2013)

9. (a) With proper selection rules, construct the energy level diagram and allowed transitions for
ESR spectrum of hydrogen atom. (b) Why are Raman active vibrations and infrared
vibrations in CO2molecule complementary to each other? (c) In a Raman spectrum of linear
triatomic molecule, the first three lines are 4.86, 8.14 and 11.36cm-1. Calculate the rotational
constant, B and the moment of inertia of the molecule. (Given h = 6.626 x 10-27J.s, C = 3.0 x
1010cm/sec.) (2013)

10. Discuss the vibrational spectra of a diatomic molecule treating it as an anharmonic oscillator.
(2014)

11. Explain how the nuclear spin I depends on the mass number A and atomic number Z of
atoms. (2014)

12. (i) Obtain an expression for the resonance condition in NMR.

(ii)Explain the relaxation processes in NMR spectroscopy. (2014)

13. Establish that: hc  1240 MeV . fm (2015)

14. Hydrogen molecule is diatomic. Obtain the rotational energy levels of this molecule. Write
down the selection rules. Obtain the smallest energy required to excite the lowest rotational
mode. (2015)

15. The observed vibrational frequency of CO molecule is 6.42 1013 Hz . What is the effective
force constant of the molecule? (2015)

16. Show that the lines in the absorption spectra corresponding to the rotational transitions from
two adjacent energy levels of a medium sized molecule at room temperature have
comparable intensities. (2017)

17. Given the force constant of HC1 molecule = 516 N𝑚−1, determine the wave number of the
fundamental mode of vibration of the molecule. How many transition lines one can expect in the
vibration spectra of HC1 molecule at room temperature? (2017)

18. Explain Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering with the help of energy level diagram. For
a diatomic molecule, obtain expressions for transition energies of its Raman spectra with
rotational fine structure and hence the wave numbers of the Stokes lines. (2017)

19. Explain why lines in some Raman spectra are found to be plane polarized to different extents
even though the exciting radiation is completely unpolarized? (2017)

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20. State Franck-Condon principle. Define Franck-Condon factors. Using schematic diagram,
explain the decay of excited states leading to the phenomena of fluorescence and
phosphorescence. (2017)

21. Explain the principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) with the help of an energy
level diagram. Give examples of nuclei which exhibit NMR. What major inferences can be
drawn from an NMR spectra? (2017)

22. In an NMR experiment, hydrogen atoms are subjected to a magnetic field of 5.0 T.
Determine the difference in energy (kJ/mol) between two spin states of the nuclei of hydrogen
atom and the frequency of radiation required for NMR. (2017)

23. What is nuclear precession? How is it used in the principle of working of NMR?
(2018)

24. Discuss the theory of rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules. What is the
difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence? 2018)

25. Why are Raman active vibrations and IR vibrations in 𝐶𝑂2 molecule complementary to each
other? (2019)

26. What is Franck-Condon principle? Discuss the intensity distribution in the vibrational
electronic spectra of a diatomic molecule on the basis of this principle. (2019)

27. Write the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Explain the design and working of
NMR, and write its important applications. (2020)

28. Calculate the frequency of the first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom. (2020)

29. What is Zeeman effect? Explain Zeeman effect on the basis of classical electron theory.
(2020)
-1
30. The first line in the pure rotational spectrum of HCI appears at 21 ∙ 18 cm . Calculate bond
length of the molecule. Given atomic masses of H and Cl are 1 ∙ 008 and 3 ∙ 45 amu,
respectively. (2021)

31. In observing the Raman spectrum of a sample using 3637Å as the exciting line, one gets
stoke line at 3980Å. Deduce the Raman shift in m-1 units. Compare the wavelength in Å for
corresponding stokes and antistokes lines if the exciting line is 6465Å. (2021)

32. Calculate the magnetic field strength required to observe the NMR spectrum of protons in
benzene at 120 MHz. [Given the value of nuclear g-factor gN for protons is 5 ∙ 585] (2022)

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33. Define Franck-Condon principle. How does it help in explaining the intensity distribution of
vibrational-electronic spectra of diatomic molecules. (2022)

34. (i) In a diatomic molecule when one constituent atom is replaced by one of its heavier
isotopes, what change takes place in the rotational spectrum ?
(ii) Calculate the change in rotational constant B when hydrogen is replaced by deuterium in
the hydrogen molecule.
(iii) Draw the spectra of rigid and non-rigid rotors by using the schematic representation of
the rotational energy levels and comment on it. (2022)

35. (i) Briefly explain the effect of anharmonicity on the vibrational spectra of diatomic
molecules.
(ii) Calculate the average period of rotation of HCl molecule if it is in the 𝐽 = 3 state. The
internuclear distance and the moment of inertia of HCl are 0 ∙ 1274 nm and 0 ∙ 0264 ×
10−45 Kg.m2 respectively. (2022)

36. What is Raman effect ? Explain Quantum of Raman effect and Rotational Structure of a
Raman spectrum. (2023)

37. What is nuclear magnetic resonance ? Explain its working principle and use in magnetic
resonance imaging systems. (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET 6: NUCLEAR PHYSICS
16 87
1. Calculate the packing fraction and the binding energy per nucleon for 8 O and 38 Sr nuclei.
(2010)

2. A star converts all its hydrogen to helium, achieving 100% helium. It then converts the
helium to carbon via the reaction 42 He  42 He  42 He 12
6 C  7  27 MeV the mass of the star is

5  0  1032 kg and it generates energy at the rate of 5  1030 kg. How long will it take to convert
all Helium to carbon at this rate? (2010)

3. What are magic numbers? Discuss shell structure of a nucleus. How is this model able to
explain various properties of nuclei? Discuss the limitations of this model. (2010)

4. Predict from the single particle shell model the shell configuration, ground state spin and
parity for the following nuclei: 13 17
7 N ;8 O (2010)

5. Explain parity violation in  -decay. Describe how parity violation was experimentally
60
detected in the decay of Co. (2010)

6. Find the total kinetic energy of electron and antielectron neutrino emitted in beta decay of
free neutron. (The neutron-proton mass difference is 1.30 Mev and mass of electron is 0.51
Mev) (2010)

7. What are chain reactions? What do you mean by critical size of the core in which chain
reaction takes place? What is critical mass? (2010)
235
8. U yields two fragments of A = 95 and A = 140. Obtain the energy distribution of the
fission products. Assume that the two fragments are ejected with equal and opposite
momentum. (2010)

9. Show that nucleus is a quantum system. (2011)

10. (a) (i) What is the importance of study of deuteron? Obtain the solution of Schrodinger
equation for ground state of deuteron and show that deuteron is a loosely bound system.
(ii) What do you mean by non- central forces?
(b) (i) What are chain reactions? What do you mean by critical size of the core in which
chain reactions take place? What is critical mass?
(ii) fragments of A= 95 and A= 140. Obtain the energy distribution of the
fission products. Assume that the two fragments are ejected with equal and opposite
moments. (2011)

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11. (a) Write down the Bethe- Weizsacker Semi-empirical mass formula for a nucleus. Explain
the significance of each term. Discuss the stability of a nucleus against is
the effect of pairing term on stability?
(b) What are mirror nuclei? How does the charge independence of nuclear force emerges
from this concept? (2012)

12. Calculate the recoil energy of nucleus when it emits a gamma photon of energy 14
KeV. (2012)

 
12
13. Calculate the Q -value of the reaction: 94 Be 4
2 He, n C
6
Given:

Mass

Mass

Mass
Mass (2013)

14. Write down the nucleonic configuration of, 7Li, 12C, 17O, and 27Al in the ground state of the
nuclear shell model and hence calculate the corresponding ground state angular momenta and
parities. How do the observed ground state angular momenta and parities agree with those
predicted on the basis of shell model? (2013)

15. What is the role of neutrino in the weak interaction of radioactive nuclides? Explain the
experimental detection of neutrino. (2013)

16. Explain parity violation in β-decay. Describe how parity violation was experimentally
detected in the decay of 60Co. Mention any other decay process in which the parity violation
has been demonstrated. (2013)

17. Explain why stable light nuclei have equal number of protons and neutrons whereas heavy
nuclei have excess of neutron. (2014)

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18. What are the magic numbers in nuclei? List the experimental evidences indicating their
existence. (2014)

19. It is possible to estimate the nuclear radius from the study of alpha decay? Explain how.
(2014)

20. State the basic assumption of single particle shell model. How do the centrifugal and spin-
orbit terms remove the degeneracy of a three-dimensional spherical harmonic oscillator?
(2016)
21. Predict the spin and parity of ground states of the following nuclei on the basis of shell
model:

(i)
(ii)
(2016)

22. Explain why the deuteron has no excited state. (2016)

23. Estimate the order of nuclear radius of lead (Z= 82) using the large angle (back) scattering of
alpha particles of energy 10 MeV incident on a target (lead).
[Given:(4𝜋 ∈𝑜 )−1 = 9 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 𝐶 −2] (2017)

24. Distinguish between charge independence and charge symmetry of nuclear force. Give one
example of each of these. (2017)

25. Describe briefly how parity violation in 𝛽 − 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦 was experimentally observed? What do
you understand by the statement, ‘neutrinos are left-handed’? (2017)

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26. given that the deuteron magnetic moment operator (in units of nuclear magneton) can be
expressed as
1
𝜇𝑑 = 𝜇𝑛 𝜎𝑛 + 𝜇𝑝 𝜎𝑝 + 𝑙,
2

Where 𝑙 is the relative angular momentum between neutron and proton 𝜎𝑛 and 𝜎𝑝 are the Pauli
spin operators and 𝜇𝑛 and 𝜇𝑝 are the respective magnetic moments. Find out the D-state
probability of deuteron wave function.
[Given: 𝜇𝑑 = 0.857 𝜇𝑁 , 𝜇𝑛 = −1.913 𝜇𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇𝑝 = 2.793 𝜇𝑁 ; 𝜇𝑁 (𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛)
(2017)

27. Write the semi-empirical mass formula pointing out the role of volume term, surface energy
term, coulomb and symmetry energy correction terms.
(2017)

28. Draw a schematic diagram of the single particle energy levels in a shell model including the
effect of spin-orbit coupling. Show how it explains magic numbers in nuclei. Give two examples
to show how this scheme predicts the spins and particles of odd A nuclei.
(2017)

29. Write the semi-empirical mass formula for nuclei and on its basis draw mass parabolas for
odd and even isobars. What would be the most stable isobar in each case?
(2018)

30. Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment of a nucleus having one nucleon outside the
closed core. Use this to calculate the magnetic moment of 𝑖8 𝑂17 nucleus.
(2018)

31. Nuclear forces are mediated by exchange of 𝜋-mesons of rest mass 140 MeV. Estimate the
range of nuclear forces.
(2018)

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32. Assuming that the neutron-proton interaction has a square well form
𝑉(𝑟) = −𝑉0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
= 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 > 𝑏
The ground wave function of deuteron nucleus is given as
𝜓(𝑟) = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
= 𝐶𝑒 −𝛾𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 > 𝑏
𝑀 𝑀𝑊
Where k = √ћ2 (𝑉0 + 𝑊) and 𝛾 = √ ћ2

Here M is the nucleon mass, W is the binding energy of deuteron and A and C are constants.
(i) Show that for a just bound state of deuteron
𝜋 2 ћ2
𝑉0 𝑏 2 = (2018)
4𝑀

33. Explain why deuteron is a loosely bound extended structure. (2018)

34. Explain the various methods of finding the size of the nucleus. How will you determine the
nuclear radius from the observation of beta rays resulting from nuclear transition when the initial
and final nuclei are mirror nuclei? (2019)

35. Given that the single particle energy separation between 1 𝑑5⁄2 and 1 𝑑3⁄2 in 𝑖 17 𝑂 is 5𝑀𝑒𝑉.
Calculate the strength of spin-orbit interaction. It is observed that 1 𝑑5⁄2 level is lower than 1
𝑑3⁄2 level. (2019)

36. Why is it not possible to detect the parity violation in weak interaction by observing only the
beta decay rate? Justify your answer. (2019)

37. In a certain cyclotron, the maximum radius that the path of a deuteron may have before it is
deflected out of the magnetic field is 20 cm.
(i) Calculate the velocity of the deuteron at this radius
(ii) What is the energy of deuteron in MeV ?
Given, magnetic field = 1500 gauss and mass of deuteron = 3.34×10-27 kg.
(2020)

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38. Calculate in terms of the nuclear magneton, μN , the magnetic dipole moment of 3𝑆1 state of
Deuteron. Given, μP = 2.792847μN and μn = - 1.913042μN.
(2020)

39. Explain the Mössbauer effect. (2020)

40. Natural uranium found in the earth’s crust contains the isotopes 235
92
U, and 238
92
U in the ratio
-3
7.3×10 to 1. Assuming that at the time of formation these two isotopes were produced
equally, estimate the time since formation. Given that the mean lives of both the are 1.03 × 109
years and 6.49 × 109 years respectively. (2020)

41. Write down the Weizsäcker mass formula for the nuclear binding energy Give short
justification for each term of the formula. (2020)

42. List the main reactions in the pp chain leading from hydrogen to helium during stellar
Nucleosynthesis. Also mention the net effect of the reactions. (2020)

43. What are chain reactions? What do you mean by critical size of the core in which chain
reaction takes place? (2021)

44. What is the importance of study of deuteron? Obtain the solution of Schrodinger equation for
ground state of deuteron and show that deuteron is a loosely bound system. (2021)

45. Show that in the nuclear shell model, the level spacing between major oscillator shells is
approximately ℏ𝜔 = 41A-1/3 MeV. (2021)

46. How many types of neutrinos exist? How do they differ in their masses? (2021)

47. Explain the phenomenon of internal conversion and define the internal conversion
coefficient. Discuss under what conditions the internal conversion process becomes important.
(2021)
48. If the nuclear force is charge independent and a neutron and proton from a bound state then
why is there no bound state for two neutrons ? What information does this provide on the
nucleon-nucleon? Force ? (2022)

49. Show that for a specific value(𝑛, 𝑙), there exists a large degeneracy relative to the energy
characterized by the quantum number (N). Find the shell closures and the magic numbers
predicted by harmonic oscillator potential. (2022)
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50. Write down the Weizs𝑎̈ cker semi-emperical mass formula and explain each term.
Explain why 238 −
92𝑈 nuclide is an 𝛼 −emitter and not a 𝛽 -emitter ? (2022)

51.A particle of mass m is in a spherically symmetric attractive potential of radius a. Find the
minimum depth of the potential needed to have two bound states of zero angular momentum.
(2023)
52. How could you establish νe and 𝜈̅ e are two different particles ? (2023)

53. What is the age of a fossil that contains 6 g of carbon 14C and has a decay rate of 27 decays
per minute ? (2023)

54. By assuming the nucleus as a cubical box of length equal to the nuclear diameter 10−12 cm,
calculate the kinetic energy of the highest level occupied nucleon of iron -56 nucleus. (2023)

55. What do you understand by nuclear forces ? Explain meson theory of exchange forces.
(2023)

56.What do you understand by the critical size of reactor ? Explain the main features of nuclear
reactors. (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET 7: PARTICLE PHYSICS
1. State the quantum number I z , Y and S for the u d s quarks and anti quarks. Which combination
of these leads to the formation of (i) proton and (ii) neutron? (2010)

2. Explain conservation of Baryon Number. Comment on the stability of proton. (2010)

3. Which of the following reactions are permitted or forbidden by various conservation laws?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(v)
(vi) (2012)

4. State the quantum lz, Y and S for the u d s quarks and antiquarks. Which combination of these
leads to the formation of
(i) proton and (ii) neutron? (2013)

5. In the following reaction indicate with an explanation, whether they proceed by strong,
electromagnetic or weak interaction or they are forbidden:
(i) x+→μ++ vμ
(ii) p → n + e++ ve
(iii) p + π- → K++ Ʃ- (2013)

6. (i) What are salient features of nuclear forces?

(ii) Discuss Yukawa’s theory of nuclear forces. (2014)

7. (i) How does liquid drop model explain fission?

(ii)What are the limitations of shell model? (2014)

8. Describe grand unification theories (GUT). (2015)

9. How many types of neutrinos exist? How do they differ in their masses? (2015)

10. (i)    0  K 
(ii) 0  p   

(iii) K       (2015)

11. State the quantum numbers Iz, Y and S for uds quarks and antiquarks. Which combination of
these leads to the formation of a (i) proton and (ii) neutron? (2015)

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12. What are elementary particles and how are they classified? Describe in brief the different
types of interactions that can occur between the elementary particles. (2016)

13. Explain the various leptonic family members. What is leptonic number conservation? Based
on this conservation law, state whether the following reaction are possible or not:

(i)
(ii) (2016)

14. Write down the quark structure of the following hadrons:

Write down the following decays in terms of quarks:
i.
ii.
iii. (2016)

15. Explain unification of electromagnetic and weak interactions. What is Zo-boson? What is its
relevance in electroweak unification? (2016)

16. State the three characteristic properties of strong, weak and electromagnetic forces
distinguishing one from the other. (2017)

17. Point out the interactions in which the following conservation laws are obeyed or violated
(a) Isotopic spin
(b) Hyper charge
(c) Lepton number
(d) Charge conjugation (2017)

18. Write down the quark constituents of each of the following:

(e) 𝜋 + , (b) 𝐾 + , (c) ∆++ , (d) Ʃ° , (e) Ω− (2017)

19. Which of the following elementary particle reactions/decays are allowed under various
conservation laws? If allowed, write down the type of interaction and the characteristic time by
which it would proceed:
(i) 𝑝 + 𝑛 → ⋀ 0 + Ʃ+
(ii) 𝜋 + + 𝑛 → ⋀0 + 𝐾 +
(iii) 𝑝 + 𝑛 → 𝐾 + + Ʃ+
(iv) 𝜋0 → 𝛾 + 𝛾
(v) 𝑛̅ → 𝑝̅ + 𝑒 + +𝑣𝑒 (2018)

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20. Write down the basic weak interaction processes in the nuclei. Also illustrate the beta decays
of (i) neutron and (ii) proton. (2020)

21. List in two separate columns, the quantities that are conserved and not conserved in the weak
interaction of particles. (2020)

22. 𝝆o and Ko mesons both decay mostly to 𝝅+ and 𝝅− . Explain why the mean lifetime of 𝝆o is
shorter (~10-23s) compared to the mean lifetime of Ko(~10-10s). (2021)

23. What are the properties of the particles made up of the following quarks?
(a) 𝒖𝒅̅ (b) 𝒖𝒅 (c) dds (d)uss (2021)

24. Explain why each of the following particles cannot exist according to the quark model.
(i) A Baryon of spin 1 and
(ii) An anti-Baryon of electric charge +2 (2022)

25. A neutron and a proton can undergo radiative capture at rest: 𝒏 + 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒅 + 𝜸

Find the energy of the photon emitted in this capture. Is the recoil of the deuteron important ?
(2022)
26. Which of the following decays are allowed and which are forbidden ? If the decay is
allowed, state which interaction is responsible. If it is forbidden, state which conservation law its
occurrence would violate.
(a) 𝒏 ⟶ 𝒑 + 𝒆− + ̅̅̅
𝑽𝒆
∘ + −
(b) ∧ ⟶ 𝝅 + 𝝅
(c) 𝝅− ⟶ 𝒆− + 𝜸
(d) 𝝅° ⟶ 𝒆− + 𝒆+ + 𝑽𝒆 + ̅̅̅
𝑽𝒆
+ − + +
(e) 𝝅 ⟶ 𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝝁 + 𝑽𝝁 (2022)
27. Name the interactions via which the above nuclear decays occur :
(i) 𝐾 + → Π + + Π+ + Π −
(ii) Π+ + 𝑃 → Π+ + Π+ + 𝑛
(iii) Π + + 𝑃 → Δ++ → Π + + 𝑃
(iv) Ʃ° → 𝜆° + 𝛾
(v) Ʃ+ → 𝜆° + ℯ + 𝑣𝑒
(vi) 𝐾 − + 𝑃 → 𝐾 + + 𝐾 ° 𝛺−
(vii) Π° → 𝛾 + 𝑒 + + 𝑒 −
(viii) Ʃ− → 𝑛 + 𝑒 − + 𝑣̅𝑒
(ix) 𝜆° → 𝑝 + 𝑒 − + 𝑣̅𝑒
(x) 𝑒+ + 𝑒− → 𝛾 + 𝛾 (2023)

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 PHYSICS PAPER – II: SOLID STATE PHYSICS
TUTORIAL SHEET: 8
Crystal Structure & its Determination
1. Derive Bragg diffraction condition in vectorial form using incident and diffracted wave
vectors and reciprocal lattice vector. (2010)

2. An electron beam of 4 Kev is diffracted through a Bragg angle of 16o for the first maxima. If
the energy is increased to 16 keV, find the corresponding Bragg angle for diffraction.
(2010)

3.
2c .

x la 3/2b y
A crystal plane is shown in the above figure. Find its Miller indices and interplanar
spacing. (2013)

4. Explain the working of SEM and TEM highlight the major differences in principles. Draw
neat schematic diagrams. (2014)

5. What is the reciprocal lattice and why is it named so? Derive the relationships for the primitive
translation vectors of the reciprocal lattice in terms of those of the direct lattice. (2014)

7. Obtain Laue’s equations for X-ray diffraction by crystals. Show that these are consistent with
the Bragg’s law. (2016)

8. The primitive translation vectors of a two-dimensional lattice are a = 2 i + j , b = 2 j.

Determine the primitive translation vectors of its reciprocal lattice.
(2016)

9. Deduce the Miller indices of the close-packed planes of atoms in the f.c.c. lattice. (2019)

10. Consider a face-centred cubic lattice of side a. Deduce –

(i) The primitive translation vectors;

(ii) The volume of the primitive cell;
(iii) The reciprocal primitive translation vectors;
(iv) The volume of the reciprocal lattice (2019)

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11. An X-ray beam of wavelength (𝝀𝟏 ) undergoes a first order Bragg reflection at a Bragg angle
of 30o. X-ray of wavelength 97 nm undergoes 3rd order reflection at a Bragg angle of 60o.
Consider that the two beams are reflected from the same set of planes. Find the value of 𝝀𝟏 .
(2021)

11. Considering atoms hard, uniform spheres, find the number of atoms per unit cell and packing
fraction for simple cubic, bcc and fcc structures. (2022)

12. The wavelength of a prominent X-ray line from a copper target is 𝟎 ∙ 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟐 m. The radiation,
when diffracted with (111) plane of a crystal with fcc structure, corresponded to a Bragg angle of
20.2 o . If the density of the crystal is 2698 kg/ m3 and atomic weight is 𝟐𝟔 ∙ 𝟗𝟖 Kg/k mol,
calculate the Avogadro number. (2022)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 9
Band theory of solids
1. Explain the reduced zone scheme of plotting the energy bands in solids. On the basis of E vs
k curve distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
(2010)

2. What is nearly free electron approximation? On the basis of this approximation explain the
formation of energy bands in solids. (2010)

3. Describe the motion of an electron in one dimensional periodic potential and show that it
leads to formation of bands of allowed and forbidden states in the electron energy spectrum.
How are the conductors, semiconductors and insulators discriminated on the basis of band
structure? (2015)

4. The Energy (E) and wave vector (k) for a conduction band electron in a semiconductor are
ћ2 𝑘 2
related as E = 𝛼 where 𝛼 is a constant and 𝑚0 is the free electron mass. Calculate the
𝑚0
effective mass of the electron. (2017)

5. Derive diffractions conditions using reciprocal lattice concept. What are these conditions
known as ? (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 10
Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids

1. Distinguish between Einstein and Debye models of specific heats of solids. Obtain an
expression for the specific heat of a solid on the basis of Debye model. Discuss the results for
low and high temperature ranges.
(2010)

2. Distinguish between classical and quantum theory of paramagnetism. Explain the

paramagnetism of free electrons on the basis of F.D. distribution.
(2010)

3. Find an expression for lattice specific heat of solids, and its low and high temperature limits.
What is Debye temperature?
(2010)

4. Find an expression for lattice specific heat of solids and its low and high temperature limits.
What is Debye’s temperature?
(2011)

5. The velocity of sound in f.c.c. gold and f.c.c. copper is 2100m/s and 3800 m/s respectively. If
the Debye temperature of copper is 348 K, then determine the Debye temperature of gold.
Take the densities of gold and copper as 1.93 x 104kg/m3and 0.89 x 10 4 kg/m3 respectively.
(2014)

6. Find an expression for lattice specific heat of a solid, and its low and high temperature limits.
What is Debye temperature?
(2015)

7. Write down the salient features of the Einstein’s theory of lattice heat capacity. Further write
down the expression for specific heat in Einstein’s theory and explain its high and low
temperature limits.
(2016)

8. In a semiconductor, the effective masses of an electron and hole are 0.07 𝑚0 and 0.4 𝑚0
respectively, where 𝑚0 is the free electron mass. Assuming that the average relaxation time for
the hole is half of that for the electrons, calculate the mobility of the holes when the mobility of
the electrons is 0.8𝑚2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 −1 𝑠 −1.
(2017)

9. Derive an expression for lattice specific heat in Debye model. Find its low temperature limit
(Debye 𝑇 3 law).
(2018)
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10. Using the expression for internal energy
ℏ𝜔
𝑈 = 3𝑁 ℏ𝜔/𝑘𝐵𝑇 , Show that Einstein specific heat capacity given by;
𝑒 −1

ℏ𝜔 2 𝑒 ℏ𝜔/𝑘𝐵 𝑇
𝐶 = 3R ( )
𝑘𝐵 𝑇 (𝑒 ℏ𝜔/𝑘𝐵 𝑇 − 1)2
Also show that Einstein specific heat capacity given above is proportional to 𝑒 −ℏ𝜔/𝑘𝐵 𝑇 at
very low temperature. (2021)

11. Explain classical theory of diamagnetism. Show that the susceptibility of diamagnetic
substances is directly proportional to the atomic number. Why all the electrons in an atom
contribute to diamagnetism ? (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 11
SOLID STATE PHYSICS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

1. Describe the characteristic properties of a superconductor. Derive London equation for a

superconductor and hence explain Meissner effect. (2010)

2. What is Josephson tunneling? Distinguish between a.c. and d.c. Josephson effects. (2010)

3. Describe the Characteristics properties of a superconductor. Derive London equation for a

super conductor and hence explain Meissner effect. (2011)

4. Explain the variation of Magnetisation of Type I and Type II superconductors as a function

of applied magnetic field (2012)

5. Cooled to 4 K and then magnetic field is applied. With schematic diagrams, explain path of
magnetic field lines in all these situations: (2013)

6. Lead in the superconducting state has critical temperature of 6.2 K at zero magnetic field and
a critical field of 0.064 Mam-1at 0 K. Determine the critical field at 4 K. (2014)

7. Distinguish between a superconductor and perfect conductor. Explain what is a Cooper pair.
(2015)

8. With the help of a schematic diagram, show how entropy and specific heat vary with
temperature for a superconductor. (2016)

9. Obtain the expression for penetration depth using London’s equation of superconductivity
and explain its significance. (2017)

10. What are type I and type II superconductors? Give examples. Discuss and compare Meissner
effect and perfect diamagnetic behaviors for type I and type II super conductors. (2018)

11. Using the two – fluid model of a conductor (normal and superconducting) and the
Maxwell’s equations, derive the two London equations of superconductivity
(2020)
12. Explain why Type-II superconductor is better than Type-I superconductor in the application
of superconductor magnets. (2022)

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13. Compare the dependence of resistance on temperature of a superconductor with that of a
normal conductor. Describe briefly the formation of Cooper pairs. (2022)
14. What is superconductivity ? Explain Meissner effect. Why superconductors should be a
diamagnetic material ? (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 12
ELECTRONICS
Semiconductors/Solar cell

1. Starting with the expression for the density of states for electrons in a band, show that the Fermi
energy of an intrinsic semiconductor is at the middle of the band gap. Use these results to
estimate the electron density at 300K (Assuming Eg = 1 eV and the rest masses of electron and
hole as me and mh). (2013)

2. How does he energy gap in superconductors differ from the energy gap in insulator? How does
it vary with temperature for superconductors? (2014)

3. Draw the device structure of a-p-n junction solar cell and explain how light energy is converted
into electrical energy. Draw and explain its I-V characteristics. (2015)
4. What is the difference between direct and indirect band gap semiconductors? Which one is
suitable for use in solar cells? (2016)

5. A silicon semiconductor sample at T = 300 K having cross-sectional area of 0.5 𝜇𝑚2 has a
pentavalent donor doping profile given by (𝑥) = 5 × 1016 𝑒 (−𝑥⁄𝐿𝑛) 𝑐𝑚−3. Given, the mobility
of the electrons in the sample is 1250 𝑐𝑚2 𝑉 −1 𝑠 −1 and the diffusion length of the electrons, 𝐿𝑛 ,
is 4 𝜇𝑚. Calculate the diffusion current in the sample at distance 𝑥 = 2 𝜇𝑚. (2019)

6. A silicon semiconductor sample is doped with 6 × 1016 𝑐𝑚−3 of aluminium and 7 × 1015 𝑐𝑚−3
of phosphorus atoms. Given at T = 300 K, the intrinsic carrier concentration, 𝑛𝑖 = 1.5 ×
1010 𝑐𝑚−3 ; the band gap, 𝐸𝑔 = 1.1 𝑒𝑉; the electron mobility, 𝜇𝑛 = 1250 𝑐𝑚2 𝑉 −1 𝑠 −1 and the
hole mobility, 𝜇𝑝 = 480 𝑐𝑚2 𝑉 −1 𝑠 −1 .
Determine in the sample of the following:
(i) The type of the semiconductor, n or p
(ii) The hole carrier concentration
(iii) The electron carrier concentration
(iv) The position of the Fermi level in the sample with respect to the bottom of the
conduction band
(v) The conductivity of the sample (2019)

7. A 5 𝑐𝑚2 Ge solar cell with a dark reverse saturation current of 2 nA has solar radiation incident
upon it, producing 4 × 1017 electron-hole pairs per second. The electron and hole diffusion
lengths are given to be 5𝜇𝑚 and 2𝜇𝑚, respectively. Calculate for the cell of the following:
(i) The short-circuit current
(ii) The open-circuit voltage (2019)

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5. Show that for an n-type semiconductor, the Fermi level lies midway between the donor states and
the conduction brand edge at low temperature (assuming 𝐸𝑉 ). (2022)

6. Derive an expression for the specific heat of a solid based on the Debye theory and show how it
agrees with the experimental values. What is the most important assumption of Debye theory in
comparison to Einstein theory ? Is there any drawback of Debye theory ? (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 13
TRANSISTORS (Amplifiars/Oscillators)

1. Draw the common-base amplifier circuit, using an n-p-n transistor and briefly discuss its
working. (2010)

2. Draw and explain the collector characteristics of a bipolar junction transistor in common
emitter configuration. Using the plot, explain how the transistor can be used as an ON-OFF
switch. (2013)

3. Explain how the circuit shown above can be a source of oscillations. Use this circuit to
construct a transistor oscillator and explain its working. What is the frequency of oscillations
of this circuit? (2013)

4. Differentiate between p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. Give their device structure and biasing
circuits when used as an amplifier. (2015)
5. Design a transistor based Colpitt oscillator which can oscillate at 9 MHz. Explain how the
oscillations are created and sustained. (2015)
6. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of Wien- Bridge oscillator. (2023)

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 TUTORIAL SHEET: 14
Digital Electronics/Microprocessors
1. Simplify the logical expression AB + AB + ABC using a karnaugh map. (2010)

2. Simplify the logical expression (A + B) (B+C) (A + C) and draw the logical circuit to
implement it. (2010)

3. Construct a digital circuit to add three bits A, B and C and provide their sum and carry as
outputs. Show appropriate Boolean expressions and truth table to justify the outputs. (2013)

4. (a) Give the two forms of the De Morgan’s theorem.

(b) What is the principle used in ‘half –adder’? Give the truth table for it. (2014)

5. Simplify the logical expression [AB (C + BD) + A B] C. (2015)

6. Why are NAND and NOR gates called universal gates? Give the logic diagram, Boolean
equation and the truth table of NAND gate. (2016)

7. Why NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates ? Give the logic diagram, Boolean
equation and the truth table of a X-OR gate. (2022)

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