CONVECTION

HEAT TRANSFER BY NATURAL

AIM:
vertical cylinder in
To find out heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate from
alural convection.

THEORY:
Natural convection heat transfer takes place by movement of fluid particles

within to solid surface caused by density difference between the fluid particles on
Iccount of difference in temperature. Hence there is no external agency facing fluid over
the surface. It has been observed that the fluid adjacent to the surface gets heated,
resulting in thermal expansion of the fluid and reduction in its density. Subsequentiv a
buoyancy force acts on the fluid causing it to flow up the surface. Here the flow velocity
isdeveloped due to difference in temperature between fluid particles.
Thefollowing empirical correlations may be used to find out the heat transfer

Cocfficient for vertical cylinder in naturalconvection.

Nu 0.53 (Gr. Pr) for Gr.Pr<10

Nu 0.56 (Gr x Pr) 1* for 10 Gr. Pr <l09

0. 13(Gr x Pr) /3 for 10 < Gr.Pr<l012

Mhee, Nu = Nusselt number =hL/K=

Buooney -Gr Grashof number = 'Bg (T: -T.) /y2
Viseew Pr Prandtl number =(uco) / K
ß Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion
For ideal gases ß = 1/Tm

feat Trnsfer Tiresgh at:raf Convection

SPECIFICATIONS:
Specimen Brass

Sizeof the Specimen 30mm, 400mm length

Ileater Nichrome wire type heater along its length
Thermocouplesused &nos.

Ammeter Digital type, 0-2amnps, AC

Voltmeter Digital type, 0-300volts, AC

Dimmerstat for heating coil : 0-230 V, 2 amps, ACpower

Enclosure with acrylic door : For visual display of test section (fixed)

APPARATUS:
a vertical
apparatus consists of astainless stccl tube fitted in a rectangular duct in
The
and serves the
The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure
position.
sheet for
undisturbed surroundings. One side of the duct is made of acrylic
purpose of tube surface. The
the vertical tube. which heats the
Visualization. A heating element is kept in
Digital temperature
from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection.
heat is lost temperature
temperature at different points with the help of seven
indicator measures the heater is
measuring surTOunding temperature. The heat input to the
sensors, including onefor dimner stat.
Ammeter and Digital Voltmeter and can be varied by a
mcasured by Digital

PROCEDURE:
OFF position.
ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at
Ensure that all panel.
provided on the
Ensure that variac
knob is at zero position,
Hz).
main power supply (220 V.AC, 50
Now switch on the switch given on the panel.
mains ON/OFF
thehelp of
Switch on thepanel with variac, voltmeter and ammeter
with the help of
input to the heater
FN he power
Povided.
readings when steady state is reached.
voltmeter & ammeter
Take hermocouple, first.
is over, switch off heater
WhenCxperiment
position.
Idooriac io zero
Naturalf Convvction
feat Transfer Through
). Switch off the panel with the help of MainsOn/Off switch given on thepancl.
10. Switch off povwer supply to panel.

PRECAUTIONS:

I. Never switch on main power supply before ensuring that all on/off switches given
on the panel are at off position.
2. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 or above 200 volts.

TABULAR COLUMN:
SI. VI Thermocouple readings °C
No. Volts Amps watts T3 TË Ts T6 T; Ts(an)

CALCULATIONS:

1) AVERAGE SURFACE TEMP

Ts = (Ti +T: + T: +T: +Ts +To +T) /7

2) SURROUNDING AMBIENT TEMP

Ta -(Tg)

3) MEAN TEMP
m
=(Tg +T¡)/2
PROPERTIES OF AIR AT (T)in °C.
IROM DATAHAND BOOK TAKETHE

KJ/sec.
W/mk.
In/seC.

EXPANSION
) VOLUMETRIC COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
+273)

J(eat Transfer Through :Natural Conection

 5) GRASHOF NUMBER,
G= L' B g(Ts-Ta) / v²

6) RAYLEIGH NUMBER RA = Grx Pr

7) NUSSELT NUMBER

Nu = hL

The following correlations are used to find Nusselt Number

Nu = 0.53 (R.) i4 for Ra < 105
Nu = 0.56 (R.) 4 for 105 < Ra< l08

Nu = 0.13 (R.) 1.3 for 108 < Ra < 1012 "

COEFFICIENT
8) FREE CONVECTIVEHEAT TRANSFER
h= Nuk W/m2K

BY CONVECTION
9) HEAT TRANSFER RATE
Q =h A(T, -T.)
Q=h dL (T, -T.)watt

10) HEAT INPUT TO THECOIL

Q= VxI watt

COMMlENTS:

in
makes sure that the Variac knob Zero
Before switching ON the unit
position
switch (TSS) gently
2 Operate thermocouple selector
twice in aweek
3 Operate unit minimum
inrease the voitage slowiy

Heat Transfer Throvgfi Natural Convection

 Don'ts

Do not go above 150

voltage
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
SI.
VI
No. Volts Amps watts
Thermocouple readings °C
Ti T2 T3 T4 Ts T6 T; T:

1 61 0.301 18.361 56
chamber
61 66 70 71 68 65 30

AVERAGE SURFACE TEMP

Ts - (T} + T; + T3 t T4 + T5 +
T6 +T7) /
Is = (56+61+66+70+71
+68+65)/7 -65.286 °C.
IS = 65.286+273 =338.286°k.

SURROUNDING AMBIENT TEMP

Ta=30°C
a =30-273 = 303°K.
MEAN TEMP

m = (Tç + T)/2 = (65.286 + 30) / 2 = 47.643°C

= 47.643+ 273 = 320.643oK

FROM DATA HAND BOOK TAKE THEPROPERTIES OF AIRAT 75°C.

Pr =0.698
Cp =1.005 kJ/sec.
K - 28.26x 10:3 W/mk.
- 17.95x10-4 m²/sec.

VOLUMETRIC CO-EFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

B= 1/ (T +273)
B= 1/ (320.643)
B =3.119x103

9leat Transfer Through Natural Convection

GRASHOFF NUMBER
G= L' ßg (Ts-Ta) /v?
Gr = (0.4) x 3.119x103 x9.81x (65.286 -
Gr = 214.45x106
30)/(17.95x10°)

RAYLEIGH NUMBER
R. = Gr X Pr
Ra = 214.45x106 x 0.698
Ra= 1.496x108

NUSSELT NUMBER
Nu= hL/K
Use the following correlation to find Nusselt number.
Nu= 0.13(Ra) 3 for 108 < Ra< 10!2
Nu- 0.13x (1.496x 109)13
Nu= 69.011

FREE CONNECTIVEHEAT TRANSFER C0-EFFICIENT

Nu= hL/K
h- NuK/L
h= (69.011 x 28.26x103) /0.,4
h= 4.875 W/m²-K

CONVECTION
HEAT TRANSFER RATE BY
Qc= h A (Ts-Ta) L=400mm, 0.4m)
=hr DL(Ts-Ta) (where D-30mm, 0.03m ;
(65.286.-47.643)
=4.875 >x TI X0.03x0.4
Qc = 3.2424 Watts

HEAT INPUT TO THECOIL

Qt= VxI
=61x 0.301
Q= 18.361 W

NaturalConwtion
Meat Transfer Tireugh