NATIONAL

SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 11

NOVEMBER 2019

PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2
(CHEMISTRY) (EXEMPLAR)

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 17 pages, including 4 datasheets.

 2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your full NAME and SURNAME in the appropriate spaces on the
ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions
in the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in

this question paper.

5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between

QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.

6. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9. Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal

places.

10. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required

11. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

12. Write neatly and legibly.

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 3

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.

Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers
(1.1 to 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.11 D.

1.1 Which ONE of the bonds below will have the SHORTEST bond length?

A C–O
B C–N
C C–F
D C – Br (2)

1.2 When sulphuric acid reacts with water, the temperature of the reaction
mixture increases.

Which ONE of the following correctly describes the heat of the reaction (∆H)
between sulphuric acid and water from the graph below?

P3
Potential energy

P2
P1

A P3 – P2
B P1 – P2
C P3 – P1
D P2 – P1 (2)

1.3 Substance P is soluble in substance R.

Which ONE of the following most likely represents P and R?

P R
A HCℓ CCℓ4
B HCℓ H2O
C NaCℓ CCℓ4
D I2 H2O
(2)

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 4 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

1.4 The boiling points of three compounds are given in the table shown below.
Compound Boiling point (K)
Cℓ2 238
Br2 332
I2 457

The increase in boiling point from top to bottom of the table is due to an
increase in the strength of …
A London forces.
B ion-dipole forces.
C dipole-dipole forces.
D hydrogen bonds. (2)
1.5 The pV vs p sketch graphs for four gases, He, CO, CH4, and an ideal gas are
shown below.
Which sketch graph CORRECTLY shows the pV vs p relationship for He?

SKETCH GRAPHS OF pV vs p VALUES

A
B

C
pV (J)
D

p (Pa) (2)

1.6 Consider the following acid-base reaction.

HCℓ + NH3 → NH4+ + Cℓ-

Which pair of substances represents a conjugate acid-base pair?

A HCℓ and NH3

B NH4+ and Cℓ-
C HCℓ and Cℓ-
D HCℓ and NH4+ (2)

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 5

1.7 Which ONE of the quantities given below is defined as follows?

A measure of the average kinetic energy of gas particles.

A Volume
B Enthalpy
C Pressure
D Temperature (2)

1.8 5 grams of each of the salts given below is completely dissolved in water to
make 100 cm3 of solution at 30 °C.

Which salt solution will have the highest concentration of sodium ions (Na +)?

A NaCℓ(aq)
B Na2CO3(aq)
C Na2SO4(aq)

D NaHCO3(aq) (2)

1.9 Consider the following redox reaction:

Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu (s)

Electrons are transferred from …

A Zn (s) to Zn2+(aq).
B Cu2+(aq) to Cu (s).
C Zn(s) to Cu2+(aq).
D Zn2+(aq) to Cu (s). (2)

1.10 The oxidation number of sulphur (S) in HSO4- is …

A -2.
B +6.
C +1.
D +4. (2)
[20]

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 6 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

Study the molecules given below and answer the questions that follow.

CCℓ4, NH3, HCN, H2S and OF2

2.1 Define the term molecule. (2)

2.2 Use the VSERP model to predict the molecular geometry of the following:

2.2.1 CCℓ4 (1)

2.2.2 NH3 (1)

2.3 Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules:

2.3.1 OF2 (2)

2.3.2 HCN (2)

2.4 Explain why it is possible for NH3 to form a dative covalent bond with H+ but it
is not possible for CCℓ4 to form a dative covalent bond with H+. (2)

2.5 Is the H2S molecule POLAR or NON-POLAR? Explain the answer. (4)
[14]

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 7

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The boiling points of the hydrogen halides and group 4 hydrogen compounds are
compared in the graph below.

350
Boiling point (K)

HF
300
HI

250 HBr
HCℓ
200
SnH4
150 CH4 GeH4
SiH4

100
2 3 4 5
Period

3.1 Define boiling point. (2)

3.2 Write down the boiling point of HCℓ. (1)

3.3 Explain why the boiling points of the hydrogen halides are higher than those
of corresponding group 4 hydrides from period 3 to 5, by referring to the type
of intermolecular forces present in these compounds and energy involved. (4)

HF is the halide with the HIGHEST boiling point.

3.4 Write down the name of the intermolecular force present in HF responsible
for the high boiling point. (2)

3.5 Which one of HBr and GeH4 will have the highest vapour pressure? Give a
reason for the answer by referring to data in the graph. (2)
[11]

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 8 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

4.1 An experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between

pressure and volume of a fixed gas at a constant temperature of 20,5 °C.

The following graph was obtained from the results.

GRAPH OF VOLUME VS PRESSURE

Volume (cm3)

Pressure (kPa)

4.1.1 Write down the name of the law which formulates the pressure-
volume relationship shown by the graph. (1)

For the investigation write down the:

4.1.2 Investigative question (2)

4.1.3 Controlled variable (1)

4.1.4 Explanation for the relationship between pressure and volume as

shown by the graph using the Kinetic Molecular Theory. (3)

4.2 The experiment is repeated at a different temperature. The results of the

experiment are plotted on the same axis.

Experiment 1
Volume (cm3)

Experiment 2

Pressure (kPa)

4.2.1 Which experiment (1 or 2) was carried out at a HIGHER

temperature? Explain your answer. (3)

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 9

4.2.2 Give a reason why real gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour at
high pressure. (2)

4.3 The diagram below shows the apparatus that is used to demonstrate the
relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume.

kPa
Jollybulb

Thermometer

A certain gas is trapped inside the Jolly bulb. At temperature 25 °C the gas
exerts a pressure of 101 kPa. The water-bath is then heated to a
temperature of 60 °C.

4.3.1 Write down the name of the law which is studied using the above
apparatus. (1)

4.3.2 Calculate the reading on the pressure gauge at 60 °C. (4)

The water-bath is heated to temperatures higher than 60 °C.

It is observed that after some time, while the water-bath is being

heated, the reading on the pressure gauge remains constant.
4.3.3 At what temperature is the water in the water-bath when the reading
on the pressure gauge remains constant? (1)
[18]
QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

In 1783 Jacques Charles filled an air-balloon with 2 600 g of diatomic gas X. The
pressure of the gas was 100 × 103 Pa at a temperature of 23 °C and it occupied a
volume of 31,98 m3.
5.1 Give the term for a gas that obeys the general gas equation pV = kT
under all pressure and temperature conditions. (1)
5.2 Determine, by calculation, the FORMULA of the gas. (7)
[8]

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 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

The diagram shows the potential energy changes during the following chemical
reaction:
2 H2 (g) + Cℓ2 (g) → 2 HCℓ (g)
Potential energy (kJ·mol-1)

679,1 kJ·mol-1

184,7 kJ·mol-1

Time

6.1 Define activation energy. (2)

6.2 Is the reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?

Give a reason for the answer. (2)

6.3 What is the total bond energy (H2 and Cℓ2) of the reactants?
Give a reason for the answer. (3)

6.4 Determine the energy released by the bond formation of the HCℓ molecule. (3)

6.5 What effect will the addition of a catalyst have on the value 184,7 kJ·mol -1?

Write down only INCREASE, DECREASE or NO EFFECT.

Give a reason for the answer. (2)

[12]

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 11

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1 The chemical composition of a particular compound is:

11,79% Carbon
69,57% Chlorine
18,64% Fluorine

The molar mass of the compound is 204 g·mol-1.

Determine, by calculations, the molecular formula of the compound. (7)

7.2 When heated, lithium reacts with nitrogen to form lithium nitride.

The balanced equation: 6 Li (s) + N2 (g) → 2 Li3N (s)

12,3 g of lithium is heated with 33,6 g of N2.

7.2.1 Define the term limiting reagent. (2)

7.2.2 Determine by calculation which substance is the limiting reagent. (6)

The actual yield of Li3N in the above reaction is 5,89 g.

7.2.3 Calculate the percentage yield of Li3N. (5)

[20]

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

8.1 Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) can react with water through a multistep reaction.
The two reactions below show the multistep reaction.

(I) H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (ℓ) ⇌ HSO4- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

(II) HSO4- (aq) + H2O (ℓ) ⇌ SO42- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

8.1.1 Define an acid according to the Lowry-Bronsted model. (2)

8.1.2 Is water acting as a base or an acid in reactions I and II?

Give a reason for the answer. (2)

8.1.3 Write down the chemical formula of the substance that acts as an
ampholyte in the above reactions. (2)

8.1.4 Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between
sulphuric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate. (3)

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 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

8.2 An eggshell contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and impurities.

An EXCESS amount of a standard dilute acetic acid solution (CH3COOH) of

concentration 0,5 mol·dm-3 and volume 250 cm3 is allowed to react
COMPLETELY with an eggshell of mass 56 g.

The equation for the reaction is given by the balanced equation shown
below:

2 CH3COOH (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → Ca(CH3COO)2 (aq) + H2O (ℓ) + CO2 (g)

The acetic acid that remained unreacted is neutralised by 25 cm3 of sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) with a concentration of 0,968 mol·dm-3 .

The equation for the reaction is given by the balanced equation below:

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (ℓ)

8.2.1 Define a standard solution. (2)

8.2.2 Calculate the percentage of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the egg

shell. (10)
[21]

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The reaction between magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid is an example of a

redox reaction. The balanced equation is:

Mg (s) + 2 HCℓ (aq) → MgCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

9.1 Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer. (2)

9.2 Write down the FORMULA or SYMBOL of a substance whose oxidation

number does NOT CHANGE during the reaction. (2)

9.3 Write down the symbol of the reducing agent. Explain the answer in terms of
oxidation numbers. (3)

9.4 Write down the balanced reduction-half reaction. (2)

In another redox reaction Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ ions by dichromate ions

(Cr2O72-) in an acidic medium. The dichromate ions (Cr2O72-) are reduced to
Cr3+ ions.

9.5 Write down the balanced equation for the net redox reaction by using the
ion-electron method. (Show ALL steps in the balancing of the equation.) (7)
[16]

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 13

QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)

The flow diagram below shows the purification process of gold in the mining
industry.

X Y Z
Gold Gold solutions Gold Pure gold
Ore (Au+) precipitate

10.1 Give the name of the location in South Africa where the gold-rich ore is
mined. (1)

The reaction for process X is:

4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2 H2O → 4 NaAu(CN)2 + 4 NaOH

10.2 Classify the above reaction as REDOX, ACID-BASE or PRECIPITATION

reaction.

Give a reason for the answer in terms of oxidation numbers. (2)

10.3 Write down the name of the metal used in process Y in the recovery of gold. (2)

Process Y is out-dated and the metal named in QUESTION 10.3 is replaced

in the modern recovery method of gold.

10.4 Write down the name of the new substance used in process Y. (2)

10.5 Why is an extremely (very) high temperature needed in process Z? (3)

[10]

TOTAL: 150

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 14 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

NASIONALE SENIOR SERTIFIKAAT

DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 11

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAAM/NAME SIMBOOL/SYMBOL WAARDE/VALUE

Standard pressure
p 1,013 × 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume teen STD
Standard temperature
Tθ 273 K
Standaardtemperatuur
Charge on electron
e -1,6 × 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro’s constant
NA 6,02 × 1023 mol-1
Avogadro se konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

m n m
n= or/of c= or/of c = pH= -log[H3O+]
M V MV
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1x10-14
N ca Va na at /by 298K
n= or/of =
NA
cb Vb nb
V
n= Vm

Eθcell = Eθcathode–Eθanode / Eθsel = Eθkatode–Eθanode

Eθcell = Eθreduction–Eθoxidation / Eθsel = Eθreduksie–Eθoksidasie

Eθcell = Eθoxidising agent–Eθreducing agent / Eθsel = Eθoksideermiddel–Eθreduseermiddel

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 15

TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS/TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(I) (II) Atoomgetal (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
KEY/ SLEUTEL Atomic number
1 2
2,1

H He
1 29 4
Elektronegatiwiteit Simbool
3 4 Cu 5 6 7 8 9 10

1,9
Symbol
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
Electronegativity
Li Be 63,5 B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
Na Mg Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa Aℓ Si P S Cℓ Ar
Approximate relative atomic mass
23 24 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tℓ Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
0,7

0,9

Fr Ra Ac
226 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238

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 16 PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019)

TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS

TABEL 4A: STANDAARD REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87
Co 3+
+e − ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
H2O2 + 2H+ +2e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
−
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51

Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36

2−
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr 3+
+ 7H2O + 1,33

O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
Pt 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Pt + 1,20
Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07
−
NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85

+
Ag + e − ⇌ Ag + 0,80
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80

Fe 3+
+e − ⇌ Fe 2+
+ 0,77
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
I2 + 2e − ⇌ 2I − + 0,54
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
2H2O + O2 + 4e − ⇌ 4OH − + 0,40
Cu 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2−
SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17

Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu +
+ 0,16
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
S + 2H + 2e + − ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
Pb 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Cd 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Zn 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Zn − 0,76
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Aℓ 3+
+ 3e − ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Ca 2+
+ 2e − ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Cs+ + e- ⇌ Cs - 2,92
+
K +e − ⇌ K − 2,93
Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05

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 (EC/NOVEMBER 2019) PHYSICAL SCIENCES P2 17

TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS

TABEL 4B: STANDAARD REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93
Cs+ + e− ⇌ Cs − 2,92
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
2+
Mg + 2e − ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
⇌

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

Cr2+ + 2e− Cr − 0,91
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83
Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76

Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
2+
Fe + 2e − ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
2+
Pb + 2e − ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
2+
Cu + e − ⇌ Cu +
+ 0,16
2−
SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17

Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34

2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
+
Cu + e − ⇌ Cu + 0,52
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80

Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80
2+
Hg + 2e − ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
−
NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96

Br2(ℓ) + 2e − ⇌ 2Br −
+ 1,07
Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H + 4e + −
⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
2−
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 3+
2Cr + 7H2O + 1,33

Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ −

+ 1,36
−
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ 2+
Mn + 4H2O + 1,51

H2O2 + 2H+ +2 e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77

3+
Co + e − ⇌ Co 2+
+ 1,81
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87

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