ASSIGNMENT

Name JASVIR SINGH

ROLL NUMBER 2214503044
SESSION NOVEMBER 2023
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER III
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2103 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CREDITS 02
NUMBER OF ASSIGNMENTS & MARKS 02
30 Marks each

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 - 450 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

Q. No Assignment Set – 1 Marks Total

Questions Marks
1. What do you understand by research? Explain the process of 10 10
conducting research with the help of taking a research problem
into consideration.
2. What do you understand by a research design? Briefly explain 3+7 10
the different types of research designs with the help of two
examples under each.
3. Explain the role of sampling method in business research. 3+7 10
Differentiate between probability and non-probability sampling
techniques along with the suitable examples under each method.

Q. No Assignment Set – 2 Marks Total

Questions Marks
4. Discuss the different situations in which primary and secondary 10 10
methods of data collection will be used. Explain the different
methods of collecting primary data with suitable examples.
5. What do you mean by a Questionnaire? Discuss the detailed 10 10
process of designing a questionnaire of on assessing customer
satisfaction of any product.
6. a) Hypothesis and its types 5+5 10
b) Structure of a report writing
 Assignment Set – 1
Question:01
Answer: Research is an activity that helps us discover new information and facts, validates
what we already know, and raises questions about concepts that are hard to comprehend in
light of the evidence that is currently accessible.
It is beneficial for conducting a critical evaluation of how we carry out policies, provide
instructions, and work in our professions. It involves methodically observing processes to
uncover best practices, cut down on work required to accomplish goals, and confirm the
accuracy of the targets.
Process to conducting the as follows.
It needs to have a goal that is very clear. This pertains not only to the study's goal but also to a
clear definition of its domain and scope.
(b) It must adhere to a methodical and thorough plan for delving into the research issue. All
of the steps in the research process must be connected to one another and follow a set order in
order for the systematic conduct to take place.
(c) A justification for the method selection must be provided for the approaches used for
information gathering, sample strategies, and data analysis.
(d) The results of the research must be communicated in an impartial, objective, and unbiased
way.
(e) The highest ethical standards must be maintained throughout the research at all times and
at all costs.
(f) Finally, the need for a systematic, moral, logical, and impartial method comes from the
requirement that the research you conduct be repeatable. This implies that the methodology
you use should to be "reliable," meaning that if the study is conducted under comparable
circumstances, it should result in findings that are comparable.

Question-2
Answer:

Research Design: The "how" of the study, which outlines the strategy for accomplishing the
research objectives, comes next after the "what," or the research challenge, has been
determined. Stated otherwise, this represents the research design.
Type of research design.
1.Exploratory Research Designs:
As previously said, exploratory designs are the most basic and loosely structured designs. As
the name implies, the study's main goal is to investigate and shed light on the problematic
issue. It has a flexible approach and focuses primarily on qualitative research. There may be
only a few subject specialists involved in the unstructured interviews, and the sample size is
not always strictly representative.
For instance, a professor at a university might choose to do an exploratory study of the new
distribution channels that advertisers are using to advertise and sell goods and services. An
organised and well-defined approach may not be necessary to do this, since the main goal is
to figure out how to impart this knowledge to marketing students. In exploratory research, the
researcher might employ a variety of strategies and tactics, such as focus groups with the
relevant respondent group, expert interviews, unstructured or structured observations, and
secondary data sources. We'll touch on them briefly here in relation to their application in
exploratory research.
2. Secondary Resource Analysis
As the name implies, secondary sources of data are those that provide information about
previously gathered findings in the form of verified and published facts and statistics. It's a
quick and affordable method of gathering data. sources, expert interviews, unstructured or
organised observations, and focus group talks with the relevant responder group. We'll touch
on them briefly here in relation to their application in exploratory research.
For example, a marketer may have done a thorough analysis of the various communication
channels' potential for advertising a "home maintenance service" in Greater Mumbai.
Nevertheless, none of the mixes he tested had any effect. Following up on the findings, an
anthropologist research associate proposed that more research be done on the possibility of
WOM (word of mouth) in a close-knit, mostly Parsi colony, where it might be the most
successful culture-dependent strategy. Therefore, these revelations could offer directions for
future experimental and definitive study.
3.Case Study Method: The use of case studies is an additional technique for carrying out
exploratory research. This is centred on a single unit of analysis and necessitates a thorough
investigation. This unit could be a client or an employee; it could be an organisation or a
study of the entire nation. By definition, these studies are post-hoc in nature, reporting events
that may have happened sooner. Based on secondary data and a primary interview/discussion
with individuals engaged in the incident, the scene is recreated. Because the data typically
becomes a judgmental interpretation rather than a straightforward account of occurrences,
there may be some bias
For example, BCA Corporation is deciding between the benefits of a 360° appraisal system
and a traditional appraisal system in order to adopt a performance appraisal system across the
company. The HR director consults books on the issue to have a historical understanding of
the two strategies. He should, however, do a thorough case study of Finproject India, which
employs 360° appraisal systems, and Allied Association, which had used conventional
appraisal formats, in order to have a deeper understanding. Therefore, the results of the two
exploratory research kinds conducted were adequate to determine what would be ideal for the
organisation.
4.Expert Opinion Survey: There may occasionally be a circumstance where the research
topic is so new that no prior data is accessible. In these situations, it is advisable to enlist the
assistance of specialists who may be able to offer some insightful advice based on their
knowledge of the subject or the concept. The method of gathering information from
important and knowledgeable individuals is known as an expert opinion survey. This
approach can be fluid and unstructured, necessitating an in-depth expert interview, or it can
be formal and structured, beneficial when validated or supported by secondary or primary
research.
For example, there are no structured data sources of this kind available, hence secondary data
cannot be used to assess the value of marketing organic food goods in the Indian domestic
market. the following can be are referred.
* Chefs who are adventurous and would like to look at providing better value to their clients;
* Retailers who like to sell modern new products;
* Physicians and dieticians, as experts, would be able to provide information on whether
consumers would eat organic food products as a healthier alternative.
5.Focus Group Discussions: Talking with people connected to the issue being studied is
another method of doing an exploratory analysis. Typically, focus groups consist of a
carefully chosen a small group of people who are typical of the study's larger respondent
population. The reason it's called a focus group is that the chosen participants talk on the
subject for ninety minutes, and occasionally even two hours. The group typically consists of
six to ten people. The reason for the stated number is because fewer than six would not be
able to bring a diversity of viewpoints to the table and might lead to a conversation that is
exclusively focused on one side of the issue.
For example, Focus group discussions of this kind were conducted in four major cities: Delhi,
Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad. The results showed that while health was a concern for
the new generation of consumers, their knowledge of organic products ranged from very low
to non-existent. One of the writers conducted this survey in 2004–05 on behalf of a Delhi–
based non-governmental organisation.

Question: 03
Answer:
By using sampling method in business research, we can draw conclusions without needing to
consult the full population. The researchers gain from this in a few ways. Research is
significantly impacted by sampling for a number of reasons. The following benefits of
sampling lend support to the idea: reduced costs, increased precision, quick data gathering,
and the availability of demographic elements.
1.Lowering Costs: Assume that there is an issue that is influencing the culture of the
company. If the organisation consists of a small number of people, it would be simple to ask
each person about the issue. However, if it's a big organisation, the task would get costly. It
would make sense to sample in these circumstances.
2.Higher Accuracy: William Edwards Deming contended that using a sample improves
research quality more often than using a census. This may be the case because, with a smaller
sample size, the study may be conducted thoroughly and well overseen.
3.Swift Data Collection: Sampling can help shorten the time between a need being identified
and relevant information becoming available. This can be especially important in businesses
with fast innovation.
4.Availability of Population Elements: The most excellent illustration of this car crash
testing. Testing every car in a crash would be impractical. Thus, studies are conducted on a
sample of people who match the features of the population.

: Differentiate between probability and non-probability

1.Probability Sampling Design: This would include the following sampling designs:
stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, simple random sampling with replacement
and simple random sampling without replacement.
Different methods of Probability Sampling Design:
a) Simple random sampling with replacement:
A list of every member of the population from which samples are to be taken is generated
under this approach. We write the identification number or the names of each of the 1,000
items on 1,000 separate slips if the population consists of 1,000 components. These are
appropriately shuffled and placed in a box. Picking a slip from the box and reading the
identification number is the basic random sampling technique if 20 elements need to be
chosen from the population. After that, the selected slip is returned to the box, and another
slip is taken out and its identification number is read. This procedure is repeated until a
sample of twenty is chosen.
b) Simple random sampling without replacement: Using 10,000 families as an example,
we can see that 5,000 of them are low-income and 3,500 are middle-class. 1,500 people are in
the high-income group and the others are in the income group. Let's say it is chosen to
employ basic random sampling to select 100 houses as a sample. The chosen sample might
only include low-income homes; it might not include a single home from the high- or middle-
class category, making it an unrepresentative sample.
c)Systematic sampling: The limitation of simple random sampling that the sample might not
be representative is addressed by systematic sampling. The population is arranged in a
specific sequence throughout this design
d) Stratified random sampling: The entire population (universe) is split up into mutually
exclusive and collectively exhaustive strata (groups) with this sampling design. When an
element is said to be mutually exclusive, it means that it cannot be a part of any other stratum
if it is a part of one. Whenever the components from multiple strata when combined entirely
encompass every aspect of the population, then that stratum is said to be collectively
exhaustive. A straightforward random sampling is used to choose the items individually from
each category.

2.Non-Probability Sampling Design: The following designs would be taken into

consideration under the non-probability sampling: snowball, purposive, and convenient
sampling.
a) Convenience sampling: is a rapid and low-cost method of gathering data. In this system,
the investigator's or researcher's convenience is the sole criterion for choosing sampling units.
Convenience samples consist primarily of co-workers, neighbours, friends, relatives, and
"passers-by." In the pre-test stage of a research study, such as the pre-testing of a
questionnaire, this sample design is frequently employed.
for example, in a mall, people were asked about their opinions on politics for a television
programme.
b) Judgemental Sampling: Experts in a certain subject select what they think is the optimal
sample for the study at hand under judgmental sampling. It takes extra work to find and grant
access to the people who possess the necessary data for the judgement sampling.
for example, a shopping centre’s customers may stand in for the citizens of a city, or certain
cities could be chosen to represent a nation.
c)Quota Sampling: When using quota sampling, a minimum number of members from each
designated population subgroup are included in the sample. Based on a variety of
demographic factors, including age, gender, occupation, income, and education, the sample is
chosen. It is up to the investigator to select a sample that fits these requirements. A portion of
the sample to be chosen that satisfies these requirements is allocated to field workers.
d)Snowball sampling: When it is challenging to identify the individuals of the desired
population such as deep-sea divers, triplet families, walkers, doctors who specialise in a
certain condition, etc. snowball sampling is typically used.

Assignment Set-2

Question:04
Answer:

In following situation secondary data can be use:

• Identification and formulation of the problem: The research question can be developed
with the aid of existing data on the subject of the investigation.
• Developing hypotheses: Prior research in the field may be used to provide ideas for
potential outcomes.
• Sampling considerations: To find pertinent contact information and respondent statistics,
databases pertaining to respondents may be accessible. These would be beneficial for the
study's sampling process.
• Primary base: The appropriate questions can be formulated and designed using the
secondary data that has been gathered to feed the primary data collection instruments.
• Validation board: Data gathered from primary sources can also be validated or supported
by previous records and studies.

In following situation, we can use Primary data:

* Problem definition: The interview approach can be applied from the outset of the research.
Here, the method is employed by the researcher to gain a deeper understanding of the subject
matter.
• Exploratory research: This approach can be actively used due of the loose structure.
• Primary data collection: In certain circumstances, the approach is employed as the main
means of gathering data; this is typically the case when the subject of the investigation is
highly sensitive to emotional response.

Primary Data Collection Method:

a) Observation Method: A direct way of gathering original data is observation. It is

among the best techniques to apply when conducting descriptive research. The
purpose of the observation method is to gather important information about the
subject being studied by scientifically observing and documenting people, groups,
organisations, or events.

b) Focus group discussions (FGDs): are an extremely adaptable and dynamic way to
get first-hand information from a sample of participants. A moderator typically
facilitates the process by guiding the conversation around the subject being studied.

c) Personal interview Method: The investigator/interviewer and the interviewee

converse one-on-one throughout the personal interview. The dialogue's goal is
specific to the research and can be as formal or as unstructured as needed.

Question:05
Answer:
A set of questions is sent to respondents as part of a research procedure called a questionnaire
in order to gather data on a topic that will be statistically significant. It is one of the most
affordable ways to get primary data, and most corporate and individual researchers may use it
with great ease.
: detailed process of designing a questionnaire
1. Convert the research objectives into information: The designs process starts with
this step. By now, the researcher is aware of the variables to be investigated, the
research questions, the research objectives, the necessary research data, and the
features of the population under study.
2. Method of administration: After determining his information domain, the researcher
must outline the methodology for gathering data. The investigator typically have an
array of techniques at their disposal to conduct the investigation.
3. Content of the questionnaire: The subject to be covered by the measure's questions
must be decided upon next. Before employing any of the framed questions, the
researcher must do an objective quality assessment to determine what research
objective or information need the question would be covering.
 4. Motivate the respondent to answer: The questionnaire should be created in a way
that engages the respondent and encourages information sharing.
5. Determining the Type of Questions: The researcher has access to many question-
response formats.
6. Criteria for question designing: Transforming the identified questions into
meaningful questions is step six of the questionnaire. When crafting research
questions, a researcher ought to consider specific design parameters.
7. Determine the questionnaire structure: Every questionnaire, including the
schedules, starts with the same set of instructions. They start with a greeting from the
researcher, followed by an introduction to the responder and the reason for
administering the questionnaire.
8. Physical characteristics of the questionnaire: The questionnaire's design requires
careful consideration by the researcher. The first consideration is the quality of the
paper used to print the questionnaire; it should be of high quality. Throughout the
document, there should be consistency in the font style and spacing. Make sure that
each question and all possible answers are printed on one page. Different coloured
paper could be used for surveys intended for different groups.
9. Pilot testing of the questionnaire: Pilot testing is the process of putting the
instrument under development through testing on a small sample of the population
that is being studied.
10. Administering the questionnaire: he final instrument is prepared for use after all
nine procedures have been finished, and the questionnaire should be distributed in
accordance with the sampling plan.

Question:06
Answer:

Hypothesis: In general, the hypothesis is the main tool used in research. Many research
projects have as their primary objective determining if the data gathered is consistent with
certain claims or hypotheses.

Types of Hypothesis:
1. Research Hypothesis: A research hypothesis is a speculative solution to the issue
under investigation. The hypothesis is what pushes the researcher to carry out their
next plan of action. In research, the investigator determines whether their hypothesis
is accessible to scientific validation.
2. Statistical hypothesis: is a statement about the population that we aim to test using
data from a sample of the population. The formulation of statistical hypotheses allows
for their evaluation using the proper statistical methods.

There are two types of statistical hypotheses:

a) Null Hypothesis (H0): A statistical hypothesis indicating that there is no difference

between two parameters or between a parameter and a certain value.

b) Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha): A statistical hypothesis indicating that there is a

difference between two parameters or that there is a difference between a parameter and a
particular value. An alternative hypothesis is developed to refute the null hypothesis.
Structure of a report writing

Structure of report writing is included in the preliminary section the title page, followed by
the letter of authorization, acknowledgments, executive summary, and the table of contents.
Then come to the background section, which includes the problem statement, introduction,
study background, scope and objectives of the study, and the review of the literature
(depending on the purpose). This is followed by the methodology section, which, as stated
earlier, is again specific to the technical report. This is followed by the findings section and
then comes to conclusions. The technical report would have a detailed bibliography at the
end.