Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N.

Subramanian

SOLUTIONS OF EXERCISE PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER 7

EXERCISE 7.1

What is the net area An for the tension member shown in Fig. 7.43, when (a) the holes are made
of drilling, (b) holes are made by punching, Assume M20 bolts.

SOLUTION

Ag = 240 x 20 = 4800 mm2

(a) Hole made by drilling

Hole diameter for M20 bolt =22 mm

Path 1-1: Net area = 4800 -22×20 = 4360 mm2
Path 2-2: (2 holes and one stagger)
Net area = 4800 -2×22×20 + [1002/(4×120)]×20= 4336.6 mm2

(b) Holes made by punching

Hole diameter = 22 + 2 = 24 mm
Path 1-1: Net area = 4800 -24×20 = 4320 mm2
Path 2-2: (2 holes and one stagger)
Net area = 4800 -2×24×20 + [1002/(4×120)]×20= 4256.6 mm2

EXERCISE 7.2

Determine the minimum net area of the plates as shown in Fig. 7.44 with 16 mm bolts.

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

SOLUTION

a. Chain bolting

For 16 mm bolt, hole diameter = 18 mm

For path 3-3 and 4-4, Net area = (b – nd) t
= (280 – 3 × 18) × 22 = 4972 mm2
For path 2-2, Net area = (280 – 2 × 18) × 22 = 5368 mm2
For path 2-2, Net area = (280 – 1 × 18) × 22 = 5764 mm2

b. Zig-zag bolting with the staggered length correction = pi2/4gi

Path 12, 21, (2 holes one stagger)

Net area = [280 – 2 x 18 + 702 / (4 x 50)] 22 = 5907 mm2
Path 212 (3 holes, two stagger)
Net area = [280 – 3 x 18 + 2×702 / (4 x 100)] 22 = 5511 mm2
Path 343, and 434 (3 holes, two stagger)
Net area = [280 – 3 x 18 + 2×702 / (4 x 50)] 22 = 6050 mm2
Path 3323 (4 holes, 2 staggers)
Net area = [280 – 4 x 18 + 2×702 / (4 x 50)] 22 = 5654 mm2
Path 2123 (4 holes, 3 staggers)
Net area = [280 – 4 x 18 + 3×702 / (4 x 50)] 22 = 6193 mm2

The minimum net area available is at section 44 = 4972 mm2

EXERCISE 7.3

Determine the net area An for the 150 × 75 × 8 angle with M20 bolt holes as shown in Fig. 7.45.

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

SOLUTION

Gross area of 150 × 75 × 8 angle = 1750 mm2

For M20 bolt, dh = 22 mm

For net area calculation, the angle may be visualized as being flattened into a plate as shown in
Fig. 7.45.
g* = g1+g2-t = 55 + 40 – 8 = 87 mm
An = Ag –  dh t +  (p2 / 4g)t

Path AC:
Net area = 1750 – 2 × 22 × 6 = 1486 mm2
Path ABC:
Net area = 1750 – 3 × 22 × 6 + [602 / (4 ×65) + 602 / (4 × 87)] × 8 = 1547.53 mm2
Since the smallest An is 1486 mm2 for path AC, that value governs.

Note that as the pitch is increased, the addition due to stagger increases, and hence the net area
increases.

EXERCISE 7.4

Determine the design tensile strength of plate (160 × 6 mm) connected to an 8-mm thick gusset
using 16-mm bolts as shown in Fig. 7.46, if the yield and the ultimate stress of the steel used are
250 MPa and 410 MPa respectively.

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

SOLUTION

fy = 250 MPa
fu = 410 MPa

Step 1: Calculation of Net Area

An (Section 11) = (160 – 2 × 18) × 6 = 744 mm2
An (Section 121) = [(160 – 3 × 18) + (2 × 402) / (4 × 50)] × 6 = 732 mm2
Hence An = 732 mm2

Factored design tension in member by:

i. Yielding of gross-section,
Tdg = [fy Ag / γmo]
= [250 × (160× 6) / 1.10] × 10-3 = 218.18 kN
ii. Rupture of net section
Tdn = (0.9 fu An / γml)
= (0.9 × 410 × 732 / 1.25) × 10-3 = 216.08 kN
Therefore the design tensile strength of the plate = 216.08 kN
Step 2: Check for minimum edge distance
Provided edge and end distance = 30 mm > 1.5 × 18 = 27 mm.

Hence the edge distance is as required.

EXERCISE 7.5

A single equal angle 75 × 75 × 6 is connected to an 8-mm thick gusset plate at the ends with
four 20-mm diameter bolts to transfer tension as shown in Fig. 7.47. Determine the design tensile
strength of the angle. Assume that the yield and the ultimate stress of steel used are 250 MPa and
410 MPa.

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

SOLUTION

Gusset is connected to 75 mm leg of the angle

Anc = (75 – 6/2 – 22) × 6 = 300 mm2

Ago = (75 – 6/2) × 6 = 432 mm2; Ag = 866 mm2
(a) Strength as governed by yielding of gross-section:
Tdg = Ag fy/m0 = (866×250/1.10)× 10-3= 196.82 kN

(b) Strength governed by tearing of net section

Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / m1 +  Ago fy / m0
 = 1.4 – 0.076 (w/t) (fy/fu) (bs/Lc)
= 1.4 – 0.076[(75-3)/6](250/410)[(72+40)/(3 × 60)]
= 1.054 > 0.7
Tdn = [0.9 × 410 × 300 / 1.25 + 1.054 × 432 × 250/1.1] × 10-3
= 192.04 kN
Alternatively
Tdn = Anfu/m1
= [0.8 ×(300 + 432) × 410/1.25] x 10-3
= 192.08 kN
Hence Take Tdn = 192.04 kN

(c) Strength governed by block shear

Avg = 6 × (3 × 60 + 50) = 1380 mm2
Avn = 6 × (3 × 60 + 50 – 3.5 × 22) = 918 mm2
Atg = 6 × 35 = 210 mm2
Atn = 6 × (35 – 0.5 × 22) = 144 mm2
Tdb1 = Avg fy / (3 m0) + 0.9 fu Atn / m1
= [1380 × 250 / (3 × 1.1) + 0.9 × 410 × 144 / 1.25] × 10-3
= 223.59 kN

Tdb2 = 0.9 fu Avn / (3 m1) + fy Atg/m0

= [0.9 × 410 × 918 / (3 × 1.25) + 250 × 210/1.10] × 10-3
= 204.19 kN

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

Hence Tdb = 204.19 kN

Thus, the design tensile strength of the angle = 192.04 kN (least of 196.82, 192.04 and
204.19)

The efficiency of the tension member = 192.04 × 1000 × 100 / (866 × 250 / 1.10)
= 97.57%

EXERCISE 7.6

Determine the tensile strength of a roof truss diagonal 200 × 100 × 10 mm (fy = 250MPa)
connected to the gusset plate by 6-mm welds as shown in Fig. 7.48.

SOLUTION
Area of connected leg = (200 – 10/2) × 10 = 1950 mm2
Area if outstanding leg = (100 – 10/2) × 10 = 950 mm2
Ag = 2920 mm2
(a) Strength governed by yielding of cross-section
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = (2920 × 250 / 1.10) × 10-3 = 663.64 kN
(b) Strength governed by rupture of critical section
Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / γm1 + β Ago fy / γmo
Assuming Average length of weld Lc = 200 mm
β = 1.4 – 0.076 (w / t) (fy / fu) (bs / Lc)
= 1.4 – 0.076 [(100 – 5) / 10] (250 / 410) (100 / 200)
= 1.18 > 0.7
Hence Tdn = [0.9 × 410 × 1950 / 1.25 + 1.18 × 950 × 250 / 1.10] × 10-3
= 830.41 kN
Or Alteratively
Tdn = α An fu / γm1 = [0.8 (2920) × 410 / 1.25] × 10-3
= 766.21 kN
Hence Tdn = 830.41 kN
(c) Strength governed by block shear
Since the member is welded to the gusset plate, no net areas are involved and hence A vn
and Atn in equation for Tdb (Section 6.4.1 of Code) should be taken as the corresponding
gross areas (Gaylord, et al, 1992). Assuming Average length of weld on each side as 200
mm and the gusset plate thickness as 12 mm

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

Tdb1 = [12 × (200 x 2) × 250 / (√3 × 1.1) + 0.9 × 410 × 12 × 200 / 1.25] × 10-3
= 1338.32 kN
Tdb2 = [0.9 × 410 × 12 × 200 × 2 / (√3 × 1.25) + 250 × 12 × 200 / 1.1] × 10-3
= 1363.54 kN
Hence Tdb = 1338.32 kN
Thus tensile strength = 663.64 kN (least of 663.64, 830.41 and 1338.32)
The efficiency of tension member = 663.64 × 1000×100 / (2920 × 250 / 1.10)
= 100%
It is seen that since there is no reduction in area in welded connection, the efficiency of
the tension member is not reduced.

Note that in the calculation, we have assumed the average length of weld as 200 mm on
each side. However, the welding should be proportioned based on the position of neutral
axis.

Thus for the tensile capacity = 663.64 kN, with capacity of 6 mm weld = 0.793 kN/mm
Length of weld at the upper side of angle (with Cz = 69.8 mm)
= (663.64 × 69.8 / 200) / 0.793 = 292 mm say 295 mm
Length of weld at the bottom side of angle
= [663.64 × (200 – 69.8) / 200] / 0.793 = 545 mm

EXERCISE 7.7

Select a suitable angle section to carry a factored tensile force of 150 kN assuming (a) single row
of M20 bolts, (b) welded end condition. Assume design strength as fy = 250 N/mm2

SOLUTION

Approximate required area = 1.1 × 150 × 103 / 250 = 660 mm2

Choose 70 × 70 × 6 angle with A = 806 mm2
Strength governed by yielding = [806 × 250 / 1.1] × 10-3 = 183.18 kN
Anc = area of connected leg = (70 – 3 – 22) × 6 = 270 mm2
Ago = (70 – 3) × 6 = 402 mm2
Required number of M20 bolts (Table 5.9) = 150 / 45.3 = 3.31
Provide four bolts at a pitch of 60 mm
Step 1: Strength governed by rupture of critical section
Tdn = 0.9 fu Anc / γm1 + β Ago fy / γmo
β = 1.4 – 0.076 (w / t) (fy / fu) (bs / Lc)
From Fig. 5.11, bs = 70 + 40 -3 = 107 mm
 = 1.4 – 0.076 (70/6)(250/410)(107) /(3 × 60) = 1.079 >0.7
Tdn = [0.9 × 410 × 270 / 1.25 + 1.079 × 402 × 250 / 1.10] × 10-3
= 178.29 kN
Alternately
Tdn = α An fu / γm1 = [0.8 × (270 + 402) × 410 / 1.25] × 10-3
= 176.33 kN
Step 2: Strength governed by block shear

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

Assuming an edge distance of 40 mm,

Avg = 6 × (3 × 60 + 40) = 1320 mm2
Avn = 6 × (3 × 60 + 40 – 3.5 x 22) = 858 mm2
Atg = 6 × 30 = 240 mm2
Atn = 6 × (30 – 0.5 × 22) = 114 mm2
Tdb1 = [1320 × 250 / (√3 × 1.1) + 0.9 × 410 × 114 / 1.25] × 10-3 = 206.86 kN
Tdb2 = [0.9 × 410 × 858 / (√3 × 1.25) + 250 × 240 / 1.10] × 10-3 = 200.78 kN
Tension capacity of the angle = 200.78 kN > 150 kN
Hence the angle is safe.

EXERCISE 7.9

A tie member in a bracing system consists of two angles 90 × 90 × 10 bolted to 12-mm gusset,
one on each side using single row of bolts (See Fig. 7.49a) and tack bolted. Determine the tensile
capacity of the member and the number of bolts required to develop full capacity of the member.
What will be the capacity if the angles are connected on the same side of the gusset plate and
tack bolted (Fig. 7.49b)?

SOLUTION

(a) Two angles connected to opposite side of the gusset as in Fig. 7.49(a)
Let us assume 20 mm diameter bolts
(i) Design strength due to yielding of gross section Tdg = fy(Ag/γm0)
Ag = 1700 mm2 (for a single angle)
Tdg = 250 × 2 × (1700/1.10) × 10-3
Tdg = 772.73 kN
(ii) The design strength governed by tearing at net section
Tdn = αAn(fu/γm1)
Assume single line of four numbers of 20 mm diameter bolts (α =0.8)
An = [(90 – 10/2 - 22) 10 + (90 – 10/2) 10]2
An = (630 + 850)2 = 2960 mm2
Tdn = [0.8 × 2960 × 410/1.25] × 10-3 = 776.70 kN
Therefore Tensile capacity = 776.70 kN

Step 1: Design of bolts:

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

Choose edge distance as 35 mm and also as per Fig. 5.11 = 90-50 = 40 mm

Capacity of bolt in double shear (Table 5.9)
= 2 × 45.3 = 90.6 kN
Bearing capacity of the bolt does not govern as per Table 5.9
Hence strength of a single bolt = 90.6 kN
Required number of bolts = 776.70/90.6 = 8.5
Provide 9 bolts
Minimum spacing = 2.5 t = 2.5 × 20 = 50 mm
Provide a spacing of 50 mm
The arrangements of bolts are shown in Fig. 7.49(c).

Fig.7.49 Contd.

Step 2: Check for block shear strength: (clause 6.4)

Block shear strength Tdb of connection shall be taken as the smaller of,
Tdb1 = [Avgfy / √3γm0) + (0.9 Atnfu / γm1)]
Tdb2 = [(0.9fu Avn /√3γm1) + (fyAtg / γm0)]
Avg = (8 × 50 + 35) 10 = 4350 mm2
Avn = (8 × 50 + 35 – 8.5 × 22) 10 = 2480 mm2
Atn = (40.0 -22/2) 10 = 290 mm2
Atg = (40 × 10) = 400 mm2
Tdb1 = {[(4350 × 250) / (√3 × 1.10)] + [(0.9 × 290 × 410) / 1.25]} × 10-3 = 656.40 kN
Tdb2 = {[ (0.9 × 410 × 2480)/ (√3 × 1.25)] + [(250 × 400) / 1.10]} × 10-3 = 513.58 kN

For double angle block shear strength = 2 × 513.58 = 1027.17 kN

Therefore Tensile capacity = 772.73kN (smallest of 772.73 kN, 776.70 kN and 1027.17
kN)

(b) Two angles connected to the same side of the gusset plate [Fig. 7.49(b)]

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

(i) Design strength due to yielding of Gross section = 772.73kN

(ii) Design strength governed by tearing at net section = 776.70 kN
Assuming 18 bolts of 20 mm φ, nine bolts in each connected leg
Capacity of M20 bolt in single shear = 45.3 kN
Total strength of bolts = 18 x 45.3 = 815.4 kN > 776.70 kN
Hence safe.
The arrangement of bolts is shown in Fig. 7.49(d). Since it is similar to the
arrangement in Fig. 7.49(c) the block shear strength well be same, i.e. 1027.17 kN.
Hence the tensile capacity = 772.73 kN

Though the tensile capacity of both the arrangements (angles connected on the same
side and connected to the opposite side of gusset) are same, as per the code though the
load application is eccentric in this case. Moreover, in this case the number of bolts are
18 whereas in case (a) we used only 9 bolts since the bolts were in double shear.

EXERCISE 7.10

Design a single angle to carry a tensile load of 500 kN. Assume that the length of the member is
3m.

SOLUTION
Required area = 1.1 ×500×1000/250 = 2200 mm2
Let us choose an unequal angle of size 130 × 130 × 10 mm with a weight of 177 N/m and area =
2510 mm2 rxx = 39.9 mm.
Step 1: Design strength due to yielding of cross-section
Tdg = fy Ag /γm0 = [250 × 2510 / 1.10] × 10-3 = 570.45 kN > 500 kN

Step 2: Design strength governed by tearing of net section

Tdn = α An fu / γm1
Assuming twelve M20 bolts, with strength = 12 × 45.3 = 543.6 kN > 500 kN
An = (130 – 10/2 - 2 x 22) 10 + (130 – 10/2)10 = 2060 mm2
Tdn = (0.8 × 2060 × 410 / 1.25) × 10-3 = 540.54 kN > 500 kN

Step 3: Assuming a staggered bolting as shown in the following figure

Fig

Avg = (4 × 50 + 25 + 50+ 35) × 10 = 3100 mm2

Avn = (4 × 50 + 25 + 50+ 35– 4.5 × 22) 10 = 2110 mm2
Atg = (50 + 30 + 252/(4 × 50)) 10 = 831.25 mm2
Atn = (50 + 30 + 252/(4 × 50) -1.5 × 22) 10 = 501.25 mm2

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

Block shear capacity

Tdb1 = Avg fy / (3γm0) + 0.9 Atn fu / γm1
= [3100 × 250 / (3 × 1.1) + 0.9 × 501.25 × 410 / 1.25] ×10-3 = 554.74 kN
Tdb2 = 0.9 Avn fu / 3 γm1 + Atg fy / γm0
= [0.9 × 2110 × 410 / (3 × 1.25) + (831.25 × 250 / 1.1) × 10-3= 548.54 kN
Hence Tdb = 548.38 kN > 500 kN

Check for stiffness (Table 3.2 of code)

L/r = 3000 / 39.9 = 75.2 <250
Hence the section is safe.

EXERCISE 7.11

A tension member in a bridge structure having a length of 8 m is subjected to an axial tensile

(factored) load of 2000 kN. Design the section with channels facing each other. (See Fig. 7.50).
Assume fu = 410 MPa and fy = 250 MPa.

Fig. 7.50
SOLUTION

Required area = 1.1 × 2000 × 1000 / 250 = 8800 mm2

Select two channels ISMC 300 (36.3 kg / m) each with the following properties
A = 4630 mm2; B = 90 mm, g = 50 mm
Izz = 6420 × 104 mm4
Iyy = 313 × 104 mm4
tf = 13.6; tw = 7.8mm
rzz = 118 mm
Cy = 23.5 mm
Assuming 16 mm diameter bolts for the connection
Diameter of hole = 16 + 2 = 18 mm
Ag = 2 × 4630 = 9260 mm2
Assuming staggered bolts, deduction of two holes will be made in the calculation of net
area
Net area provided = gross area - area of bolt holes - 0.5 x web area

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

= 9260 - 2 × 18 × 13.6 - 0.5 [2 × (300 - 2 × 13.6) × 7.8)

= 8770.4 - 2127.84 = 6642.56 mm2 < 8800 mm2
As the net area provided by the two channels is less than the net area required, we have to
provide additional cover plates.

Required net area of cover plates = 8800 – 6642.56 = 2157.44 mm2

Let us provide an additional plate of size 280 x 8 mm with Area 2240 mm2 and arrange the
two channels as shown in Fig. 7.50
2×4630(150+8)+280×8×4
𝑦̅ = 2×4630+280×8
= 128 mm

Izz = 2 × 6420 × 104 + 280 × 83 / 12 + 280 × 8 (128 - 8/2)2

+2 × 4630 × (158 - 128)2
= 171.19 x 106 mm4
A = 2 x 4630 + 280 x 8 = 11,500 mm2
Iyy = 2[313 × 104 + 4630 (280/2 - 23.5)2] + 8 × 2803 / 12
= 146.57 × 106 mm4
rmin =  (146.57 × 106 / 11,500) = 112.9 mm
λ = L/r = 8 × 1000 / 112.9 = 70.86 < 180
Hence λ is within allowable limit.
Net area = 2 × 4630 + 280 × 8 -2 [18 × 13.6 + 18 × 8]
- 0.5 [2 × (300 - 2 × 13.6) × 7.8]
= 8594.56 mm2
Tensile strength of the member (assuming more than four bolts)
= (0.8 × 8594.56 × 410 / 1.25) × 10-3 = 2255.2 kN > 2000 kN
Hence, tensile strength of the member is adequate.

The two channels should be tied effectively at regular intervals with tie plates so as to
function as a single unit (See Clause 7.7.2.3 of Code)
Effective depth of tie plate = distance between centroids of the main components
= 280 - 2×23.5 = 233 mm
Assuming 16 mm bolts and with edge distance = 30 mm
Overall depth = 233 + 2 × 30 = 293 mm  300 mm
Length of plate = width of the member = 280 mm
Thickness of tie plate = (1/50) distance between innermost connecting line of bolts)
= (1/50) (280 - 2 × 50) = 3.6 mm
Provide 300 x 280 x 8 mm tie plates.

EXERCISE 7.12

Design sag rods for consecutive purlins near the supported end of a roof truss systems as shown
in Fig. 7.40. The purlins are supported at one-third points by sag rods. Also design the ridge rod
between ridge purlins. The data given are: c/c spacing of truss = 8 m, spacing of purlin = 1.4 m,
self weight of roofing = 160 N/m2, intensity of wind pressure = 1000 N/m2, slope of the roof
truss = 30o, and no access is provided to the roof.

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

SOLUTION

Dead load from roofing = 160 × 1.4 = 224 N/m

Self weight of purlin = 100 N/m (assumed)
Live load (Table 3.7) = (0.75 - 0.02 × 20) × 1000 = 350 N/m2 < 0.40kN/m2
Hence take it as 400 N/m2
Live load on purlin = 400 × 1.4 = 560 N/m
Toad gravity load = 560 + 224 + 100 = 884 N/m
Wind load = 1600 × 1.4 = 2240 N/m (Normal to roof)
Component of gravity load parallel to roof
= 884 × sin 300 = 442 N/m
As the sag rods are place at third points on the purlin
Pull on sag rod = 442 × 8/3 = 1178.7 N
Factored load = 1.5 × 1178.7 = 1768 N
Required net area = Tdn γm1 / (0.9 fu)
= 1768 × 1.25 / (0.9 × 410) = 6 mm2
Provide 16 mm diameter sag rod with a threaded area of 157 mm2, between purlins (Note
that the provided rod should not be less than 16 mm dia).
Tie rod between ridge purlins
Pull in the tie rod = 4 × 1768 × sec 300 = 8166 N
Factored load = 8166 × 1.5 = 12,250 N
Required net area = Tdn γm1 / (0.9 fu) = 12250 × 1.25 / (0.9 × 410) = 41.49 mm2
Hence provide 16 mm diameter tie rods between ridge purlins.

EXERCISE 7.13

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

A diagonal member of a roof carries an axial tension of 500 kN. Design the section and its
connection with a gusset plate and lug angle. Use fy = 250 MPa and fu = 410 MPa.

SOLUTION

Factored tensile load = 500 kN

Required net area of section = Tu γm1 / (0.9 fu)
= 500 × 1000 × 1.25 / (0.9 × 410) = 1694 mm2
Choose ISA 150 × 75 × 10 with A = 2160 mm2, rvv = 16.1 mm
Providing 20 mm bolts; strength of bolt in single shear = 45.3 kN
(Strength in bearing will not govern)

Required number of bolts = 500 / 45.3 = 11.04

Provide 12 bolts
Using a pitch of 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm, and edge distance of 30 mm
Length of gusset plate = 11 × 50 + 2 × 30 = 610 mm
Area of connected leg, Anc = [150 - 22 - (10/2)] × 10 = 1230 mm2
Area of outstanding leg, Ago = [75 - (10/2)] × 10 = 700 mm2
An = 1230 + 700 = 1930 mm2 > 1694 mm2
Tearing strength of the net section,
Tdn = αAn fu / γm1 = 0.8 × 1930 × 410 / 1.25 = 506.4 kN > 500 kN
Hence safe.

Without lug angle, the length of the gusset plate is 610 mm. If the bolts are staggered and
arranged in two rows, the length of the gusset plate may be reduced. We shall now provide
a lug angle (see Fig. 7.51).

Fig. 7.51

Step 1: Design of Lug angle

Total factored tensile load = 500 kN

Gross area of connected leg = [150 - (10/2)] × 10 = 1450 mm2
Gross area of outstanding leg = [75 - (10/2)] × 10 = 700 mm2

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Design of Steel Structures-LSM Dr. N. Subramanian

In an unequal angle, the load gets distributed in the ratio of the gross area of connected and
outstanding legs.
Load shared by outstanding leg of main angle
= 500 × 700 / (1450 + 700) = 162.8 kN
Load on lug angle = 1.2 × 162.8 = 195.4 kN (Clause 10.12.2)
Required net area for lug angle = 195.4 × 103 × 1.25 / (0.9 × 410)
= 662 mm2
Use ISA 150 × 75 × 8 angle with A = 1750 mm2
Assuming that the section is weakened by one row of 20 mm diameter bolt
Net area = 1750 - 22 × 8 = 1574 mm2 > 662 mm2
Note: For simplicity the effect of ∑ 𝑝2 /4𝑔 is not considered here but has to be considered as
explained in the examples of the book.
The lug angle is also kept with its 75 mm long leg as outstanding leg
Number of bolts to connect 150 mm leg of lug angle with gusset plate = 195.4 / 45.3  4.3
Provide five bolts of 20 mm diameter to connect lug angle with gusset plate.

Check
Load on connected leg = 500 × 1450 / (1450 + 700) = 337 kN
Required number of bolts = 337 / 45.3 = 7.4
Hence provide eight 20 mm diameter bolts to connect the diagonal tension member with the
gusset.
Required number of bolts to connect outstanding legs of the two angles (Clause 10.12.2)
= 1.4 × 162.8 / 45.3  5
Provide five bolts of 20 mm diameter.
Required length of gusset plate = 6 × 50 + 2 ×30 = 360 mm (compared with 480 mm without lug
angle).

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