GSM Mobility

• Roaming with GSM is made possible through the separation of switching capability and
subscription data.
• A GSM subscriber has her subscription data permanently registered in the HLR in his/her
HPLMN.
• The GSM operator is responsible for provisioning this data in the HLR. The MSC and GMSC in a
PLMN, on the other hand, are not specific for one subscriber group.

Mobile Station
• Mobile Equipment (ME)
• Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
• this is the chip embedded in the SIM card that identifies a subscriber of a GSM network;
• When the SIM card is inserted in the ME, the subscriber may register with a GSM
network.
• The ME is now effectively personalized for this GSM subscriber;
• The SIM card contains information such as IMSI, advice of charge parameters, operator-
specific emergency number, etc.

Identifiers in the GSM Network

• GSM uses several identifiers for
• the routing of calls,
 • identifying subscribers (e.g. for charging),
• locating the HLR, identifying equipment, etc.

IMSI
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• It is embedded on the SIM card and is used to identify a subscriber.
• The IMSI is also contained in the subscription data in the HLR.
• roaming charging – a VPLMN uses the IMSI to send billing records to the HPLMN of a
subscriber.

• International Mobile Equipment Identifier

• Each ME has a unique IMEI which is hard-coded in the ME and cannot be modified.
• (IMEI) is used to identify the ME.
• Mobile Station Roaming Number
• (MSRN) is used in the GSM network for routing a call to a MS.
• The MSRN is allocated to a subscriber during MT call handling and is released when the
call to that subscriber is established.
• Each MSC in a PLMN has a (limited) range of MSRNs allocated to it.

• Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN Number)

• The MSISDN is used to identify the subscriber when, among other things, establishing a
call to that subscriber or sending an SMS to that subscriber.
• The MSISDN is not stored on the subscriber’s SIM card and is normally not available in
the MS.
• The MSISDN is provisioned in the HLR, as part of the subscriber’s profile, and is sent to
MSC during registration.
Fixed
Call PSTN/ Gateway HLR
Routing in GSM PSTN/ MSC/ MS
Subscribe ISDN MSC ISDN VLR
r
MSISDN
MSISDN
MSISDN
MSRN

MSRN
MSRN IMSI
GPRS
GPRS is an enhancement over the GSM and adds some nodes in the network to provide the packet
switched services. These network nodes are called GSNs (GPRS Support Nodes) and are responsible for
the routing and delivery of the data packets to and from the MS and external packet data networks (PDN).
Introduction to GPRS
• Goals of GPRS:
• Efficient bandwidth usage for bursty data traffic (e.g. Internet)
• Higher data rates
• New charging models
• Initially specified by ETSI
• A lot of releases (R97, R98, R99, R4 etc.)
• Specifications handed over to 3GPP
• A lot of specifications considered in this overview:
• Release 5 (Ganz) / 6 (most recent TS at 3GPP)
GPRS Release 5/6
• Two modes determined by generation of core network:
• 2G core => A/Gb
• 3G core => Iu
• Iu interface added in rel. 5 to align with UMTS
GERAN Reference Architecture

GPRS Architecture
A/Gb mode
• Class A: MS can operate simultaneous packet switched and circuit switched services
• Class B: MS can operate either one at one time
• Most common for handsets today
• Class C: MS can operate only packet switched services
• E.g. expansion cards for laptops
Iu mode
• CS/PS mode: Same as Class A in A/Gb mode
• PS mode: MS can only operate packet switched services
• CS mode: MS can only operate circuit switched services
Control Channels
• Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH)
• When allocated in a cell, GPRS related mobiles camp on it
• Divded into
• Random Access (PRACH): MS initiate packet transfer or respond to paging
messages
• Paging (PPCH): to page an MS prior to packet transfer
• Access Grant (PAGCH): send resource assignment to MS prior to packet transfer
• Packet Notification (PNCH): used to send a PTM-Multicast notification to group
of MS
• Packet Dedicated Control Channel (PDCCH)
• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
• Radio measurements, power control and data
• SMS transfer during calls
 • Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
• For one Traffic Channel (TCH)
• Carry Ack
• Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
• is used in the GSM system to provide a reliable connection for signalling
and Short Message Service.
• Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH)
• Frequency correction channels
• Allows the MS to synchronize their Local Oscillator (LO) to the Base Station
LO, using frequency offset estimation and correction.
• Synchronization channel (MS freq. vs. BS)
• Broadcast control channel for general information on the base station
Mobility
• A mobile station has three states in GPRS system:
• Idle
• Standby
• Active
• The operation of GPRS is partly independent of the GSM network. However, some procedures
share the network elements with current GSM functions.
• Data is transmitted between a mobile station and the GPRS network only when the mobile station
is in the active state.
• In the active state, the SGSN knows the cell location of the mobile station.
• In the standby state, the location of the station is known only as to which routing area it is in.
• In the idle state, the mobile station does not have a logical GPRS context activated or any
Packet-Switched Public Data Network (PSPDZ) addresses allocated, The MS can receive only
those multicast messages that can be received by any GPRS mobile station.
GPRS Air Interface
• Master slave concept
• One PDCH acts as Master
• Master holds all PCCCH channels
• The rest of channels act as Slaves
• Capacity on demand
• PDCH(s) are increased or decreased according to demand
• Load supervision is done in MAC Layer
Uplink Data Transfer
Mobility
• A mobile station has three states in GPRS system:
• Idle
• Standby
• Active
• The operation of GPRS is partly independent of the GSM network. However, some procedures
share the network elements with current GSM functions.
 • Data is transmitted between a mobile station and the GPRS network only when the mobile station
is in the active state.
• In the active state, the SGSN knows the cell location of the mobile station.
• In the standby state, the location of the station is known only as to which routing area it is in.
• In the idle state, the mobile station does not have a logical GPRS context activated or any
Packet-Switched Public Data Network (PSPDZ) addresses allocated, The MS can receive only
those multicast messages that can be received by any GPRS mobile station.
QoS Support
• Assumes that IP multimedia applications are able to
• Define their requirements
• Negotiate their capabilities
• Identify and select available media components
• GPRS specifies signaling that enable support for various traffic streams
• Constant/variable bit rate
• Connection oriented/connection less
• Etc.
QoS Profile for GPRS Bearers
• 4 parameters:
• Service precedence
• 3 classes
• Reliability parameter
• 3 classes
• Delay parameters
• 4 classes
• Throughput parameter
• Maximum and mean bit rates
• QoS profile is included in Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context
• Negotiation managed through PDP procedures (activation, modification and deactivation)
Service Types
• Point-to-Point
• Internet access by user
• Point-to-Multipoint
• Delivery of information (e.g. news) to multiple locations or interactive conference
applications
GPRS BSS
• A software upgrade is required in the existing Base Transceiver Site (BTS).
• The Base Station Controller (BSC) also requires a software upgrade, and the installation of a new
piece of hardware called a packet control unit (PCU).
• The PCU directs the data traffic to the GPRS network and can be a separate hardware element
associated with BSC.
• The PCU provides a physical and logical data interface out of BSS for packet data traffic.
Registration of a Mobile Node
A mobile station must register itself with GPRS network.
• GPRS attach
• The device sends message to the new SGSN containing the last assigned Temporary
Mobile Subscriber Id (TMSI), location area information, etc.
• The new SGSN queries the old SGSN for the identity of this mobile device.
 • Then the new SGSN requests more information from the mobile device to authenticate
itself against the new SGSN
• GPRS detach
• GPRS detach can be initiated by the MS or the network.
Session Management
• After Successful attach, when it wishes to begin a packet data, it must activate Packet Data
Protocol (PDP) address.This address is unique only for a particular session. It consists of,
• PDP type
• PDP address assigned to MS
• Requested QoS
• Once PDP Context is activated, a two-way tunnel is established between the device current SGSN
and the corresponding GGSN.
• GGSN hides the mobility from onward
• PDP-Address allocation:
• Static:Assigned by network operator of User’s home PLMN.
• Dynamic:Assigned by Corresponding GGSN.
PDP Context Activation

EDGE
• EDGE stands for Enhance data rates for GSM Evolution
• Why EDGE?
• In some instance also be known as EGPRS
EDGE releases
• Phase 1 (Release’99 & 2002 deployment) supports best effort packet data at speeds up to about
384 kbps
• Phase 2 (Release’2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice over IP capability
GPRS Architecture
Similar to GPRS but some changes for higher data rates. Important change is modulation scheme
Other changes……
• GMSK is used in GPRS, only one bit per symbol is used
• In EDGE, Octagonal PSK (8-PSK) is used which enables a threefold higher data rate of 59.2 kbps
per radio time slot.
• Achieved by transmitting 3 bits per symbol.
 • GMSK has constant amplitude modulation while 8-PSK has variations in amplitude.
• This changes the radio frequency characteristics requiring changes in BS.

• minor changes in hardware and software in existing systems, leads to major changes in network
performance.
Modulation and coding scheme
• Radio network Planning
Coding Scheme: nine modulation and coding schemes (MCS) that provide different throughput as shown
in table

– Based on this coding, a data rate of 8 x 59.2 = 473kbps can be achieved

– Though GMSK is more robust but 8-PSK gives more throughput
– However increased data rate comes at the price of decreased sensitivity of the system.
This has impact on coverage and in turn network planning
– Another advantage in EDGE is that switching between different coding schemes takes
place easily i.e. data block can be sent with better protection on failure
– not possible in GPRS to switch to different coding scheme on reception failure,
retransmission uses the same protection as for its initial transmission
Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy
 • Link Adaptation (LA)
– As propagation condition changes, quality of signal changes  MCS changes all the time
– LA is used for maximizing the throughput per channel by changing the coding scheme
– LA algorithms are based on bit error probability (BEP) measurements
• Incremental redundancy
– Improves the throughput and is done by automatically adapting the transmitted
redundancy to the channel conditions
– Achieved through ARQ and FEC
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
• Send redundancy only if necessary
• Generalized Type-II ARQ
Finer granularity of code rate

Benefits of EDGE
• For Operators
– Migration to wireless multimedia services
– Improved customer satisfaction
– Possibility of early market deployment of third generation type applications
• For Users
– Improved quality of service
– Personal multimedia services
– Potentially lower price per bit
Why new radio access system
• Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
• Support for packet data services
– IP data in core network
– Wireless IP
• New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and flexible utilization of the
spectrum
• FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
 – TDMA wastes time resources
– FDMA wastes frequency resources
• CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly
• Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for UMTS (1997)
Frequency allocations for UMTS
• Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized
• US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G elsewhere is currently used for the US 2G
standards
• IMT-2000 band in Europe:
– FDD 2x60MHz

UMTS/IMT-2000 Architecture
• USIM contains authentication information and associated algorithms, encryption and subscriber
related information
• ME is user independent
• BS
– Also known as node B in WCDMA and is more complex than BS in GSM
– Its functions include handover channel management, baseband conversion, channel
encoding and decoding, interfacing to other network elements
Radio Network Controller
• Concerning one connection between UTRAN and one UE, the following roles of RNCs exist:
– Serving RNC that controls the connections to a UE
– Drift RNC that lends its resources of Serving RNC for a particular UE
• Each RNC also has the controlling RNC role towards its Node Bs
Service classes in UMTS
• In 3G network, ME will be able to establish multiple connections simultaneously.
• Network allows efficient cooperation between application with diverse quality of service
requirements.
• The quality can be defined by two main parameters
– Guaranteed and max bit rate possible (kbps)
 – Permissible delay (ms)
• Based on the QoS criteria, multimedia services has been further classified
– Conversational
• The most delay sensitive, e.g. applications video telephony, VoIP
– Streaming
• Flow which is steady and continuous, it is server to user
– Interactive
• Web browsing is an example. A user may request timetables of buses, trains or
flight schedule
– Background
• Short messages, file transfer, email that has least stringent requirements of QoS

Radio Interface protocol architecture

• Layer 1
– The actual medium of transfer
– The main functions of this layer include RF processing, modulation/demodulation,
multiplexing / demultiplexing of physical channels
– Error detection and correction, rate matching, power control, synchronization etc
• Layer 2
– It has two main sub-layer
• RLC
• MAC
– MAC
• Responsible for mapping logical channels to the transport channels
• An interface between L1 & L3 and provides packet multiplexing /
demultiplexing
• Measurement related to traffic volume on logical channels and reporting to layer
3
– RLC
• Segmentation reassembly of variable size data packets
• Error correction by retransmission and ACKed data transfer mode
 • Controlling rate flow, concatenation, cyphering and preservation of higher-order
PDUs
• Operates in three mode as in GPRS
• Layer 3
– Contains sub-layers but RRC is the one that interact with layer 2
– Handles control plane signaling between UE and network in connected mode
– Responsible for bearer functions like establishment, release, maintenance and
reconfiguration in the user plane and of radio resources in control plane
– Functions of RRC include radio resource management and mobility management, as well
as power control, routing and paging
• Two other layers
– Packet data convergence protocol (PDCP)
• Major functions being compression of PDU at transmitting end and
decompression at receiving end in all of three modes of RLC.
– Broadcast – Multicast Control (BMC)
• Functions only in transparent and unACKed modes providing broadcast/multicast
scheduling and transmission of user data.
Multiple Access Schemes
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
• example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different
users,
• example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
• GSM also uses FDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from
each other with orthogonal codes
Spread Spectrum
• Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information bandwidth i.e.
transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth
– Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
• Benefits
– More secure communication
– Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
• Classification
– Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
– Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
– Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
• Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
• Where does spread spectrum come from
– First publications, late 40s
– First applications: Military from the 50s
– Rake receiver patent 1956
– Cellular applications proposed late 70s
– Investigations for cellular use 80s
– IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
– 1997/1998 3G technology choice
– 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology
Direct Sequence
• In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary sequence i.e. with
spreading/channelization code
– The bits of the channelization code are called chips
– Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
– Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party effect)
• Length of a channelization code
– defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus determines
the end bit rate
– Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
(SINR) is required
• Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
– Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the interference
levels
Direct Sequence
• Transmission (Tx) side with DS
– Information signal is multiplied with channelization code => spread signal
• Receiving (Rx) side with DS
– Spread signal is multiplied with channelization code
– Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e. summed together)
• If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is meant
for the receiver
Direct Sequence spread Spectrum
• Signal transmission consists of the following steps:
• 1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each successive connection.
• 2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information data is �spread�).
Chip vector for 1, inverse of it for 0.
• 3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
• 4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.
Reception Steps
• Signal reception consists of the following steps:
• 1. The carrier is received and amplified.
• 2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal.
• 3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal.
• 4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it.
• 5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the Information data.
•
• To recover the bit stream of an individual station, the receiver must know that station's chip
sequence in advance. It does the recovery by computing the normalized inner product of the
received chip sequence and the chip sequence of the station whose bit stream it is trying to
recover.
WCDMA Background and Evolution
• First major milestone was Release ‘99, 12/99
– Full set of specifications by 3GPP
– Targeted mainly on access part of the network
– Release 4, 03/01
– Core network was extended
 – markets jumped over Rel 4
• Release 5, 03/02
– High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05
– High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
• Release 7, 06/07
– Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for
HSDPA (MIMO, higher order modulation)

WCDMA System Specifications

• WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems
• Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers
• Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time
– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
• High bit rates
– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL
– 384 kbps highest implemented
• Fast power control (PC)
=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the interference
• Soft handover
– Improves coverage, decreases interference
• Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver
– Introduces multipath diversity
• Variable spreading factor
– Support for flexible bit rates
• Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection
– Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:
• real-time
– E.g. voice, video telephony
• streaming
– streaming video and audio
• interactive
– web-browsing
• background
 – e-mail download
Codes in WCDMA

Power Control in WCDMA

• Fast Closed Loop PC – Inner Loop PC
– Feedback information.
– Uplink PC is used for near-far problem. Downlink PC is to ensure that there is enough
power for mobiles at the cell edge.
• Two special cases for fast closed loop PC:
– Soft handover:- how to react to multiple power control commands from several sources.
At the mobile, a “power down” command has higher priority over “power up” command.
– Compressed mode:- Large step size is used after a compressed frame to allow the power
level to converge more quickly to the correct value after the break.
 • Open loop PC
– No feedback information.
– Make a rough estimate of the path loss by means of a downlink beacon signal.
– Provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile at the beginning of a connection.
– Apply only prior to initiating the transmission on RACH or CPCH.
• Inner loop power control
– also called fast closed loop power control
– in the uplink is the ability of the UE transmitter to adjust its output power in accordance
with one or more Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands received in the downlink
– The UE transmitter is capable of changing the output power with a step size of 1, 2 and 3
dB
UMTS/WCDMA QoS
• The standard provides an overview of the functionality needed to establish, modify and maintain
a UMTS link with a specific QoS.
• Divided into:
– Control plane
• Managing, translating, admitting and controlling users requests and network
resources.
– User plane
• QoS signaling and monitoring of user data traffic

WCDMA Handover
Purpose of Handover
• Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element in QoS.
 • The load balance: sharing the resource
• The hierarchy divided by speed and service:High efficiency of using resource.
The Categories of Handover
• According to the signaling characters
– Soft handover (softer handover)
– Hard handover
• According to the properties of source cell and target cell:
– Intra-frequency handover
– Inter-frequency handover
– Inter-RAT handover (UMTS↔GSM/GPRS)
• According to the purpose of handover:
– Based on Coverage
– Based on Non coverage
Handover in WCDMA/UMTS
• Handover in UMTS For purely inter W-CDMA technology, there are three basic types of
handover:
• Hard Handover
• Soft Handover
• Softer Handover
WCDMA Handover Types
Hard Handover
Break Before Make
The network decides a handover is required dependent upon the signal strengths of the existing link, and
the strengths of broadcast channels of adjacent cells.
The link between the existing NodeB and the UE is broken. • A new link is established between the new
NodeB and the UE.
• Soft Handover
• Occurs when the ME is moving in the overlapping coverage area.
• The ME communicate and receive the signals from the NodeB’s which their signals are
overlapping.
• The rake receiver is needed in the UE (ME) to combine the two signals
• In the uplink , the best quality frame of the two signals is selected. The selection is made by the
outer loop power control algorithm measurement.
• Negatives: It need to indicate resources(capacity) on both NodeBs
• Softer Handover
• Softer handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio links that are added and
removed belong to the same Node B.
• In softer Handover , the NodeB can receive the signal in macro diversity with maximum ratio
combining.
• In soft handover macro diversity with selection combining is selected.
Capacity and coverage
• In WCDMA coverage and capacity are tight together:
– When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too, and therefore increased
transmit powers are aslo needed in order to keep constant quality.
– Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the less power it has for
each UE  coverage will decrease
• This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the load of the cell changes.
Capacity and coverage
• Therefore, the coverage and the capacity have to be planned simultaneously
• Radio resource management (RRM) is needed in WCDMA to effectively control cell breathing.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept was added to Release 5 to support
higher downlink data rates
• It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be used for traffic with tighter delay
requirements.
• Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4 Mbit/s)
• Reduced retransmission delays
• Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)
code efficient solution
HSDPA features
• Agreed features in Release 5
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Performance matched to user’s priority and operating management
– Multi-code operation
• Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
– Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)
– Reduce delay and Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
– Fast packet scheduling at Node B (centered on base station and thus closer to user)
• E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair
• Features agreed in Release 7
– Higher order modulation (64QAM)
– Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

HSDPA functionality
• Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node B
• Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is dynamic and fast
 • Support for several parallel transmissions
– When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement from the receiver, during
which other packets can be sent via a parallel SAW (stop-and-wait) channels
HSDPA functionality
• UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages (Channel Quality
Indicator)
• Node B can use channel state information for several purposes
• In transport format (TFRC) selection
• Modulation and coding scheme
• Scheduling decisions
• Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized
HSDPA channels
R5 of 3GPP standards introduces 3 new channels that support HSDPA.
• User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
• Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
• High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel(HS-DPCCH) per UE in the uplink

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

• Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps; Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps
• Packet data throughput increased, though not as high throughput as with HSDPA
• Reduced delay from retransmissions.
• Solutions
– Layer1 hybrid ARQ
– NodeB based scheduling for uplink
– Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms
• Schedule in 3GPP
– Part of Release 6
– First specifications version completed 12/04
– In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-DCH) ,a new uplink
transport channel

Performance of advanced HSDPA

Factors Governing Performance
The HSDPA mode of operation encounters a change in environment and channel performance by fast
adaptation of modulation, coding and code resource settings. The performance of HSDPA depends on a
number of factors that include the following:
— Channel conditions:
— Terminal performance:
— Nature and accuracy of radio resource management (RRM):

Channel conditions:
• Time dispersion,
• cell environment,
• terminal velocity
• experienced own cell interference to other cell interference ratio (Ior/Ioc).
• Compared to the DCHs, the average Ior/Ioc ratio at the cell edge is reduced for
HSDPA owing to lack of soft handover gain
— Terminal Performance:
• Basic detector performance (e.g. sensitivity and interference capability)
• HSDPA capability level, including supported peak data rates and number of
multi-codes.
Nature and accuracy of radio resource management (RRM):
• Power and code resources allocated to the HSDPA channel
• accuracy of Signal to Interference power ratio (SIR) estimation
• packet-scheduling algorithms
Advanced receivers with HSDPA
• UE receiver experiences significant interference from different sources
– In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself
– Neigboring base station signals interfere each other
– One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal interference is to use an
equalizer before despreading
• In a frequency-selective channel there is a significant amount of interfering multipath
• Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) equalizer can be used to make an estimate of
the original transmitted chip sequence before de-spreading
– The interfering multipath components are removed
– The channel becomes flat again
• LMMSE equalizer (Equ in the figure) offers a very good performance for the user especially near
the base station
• Using antenna diversity (1x2) the throughput can be doubled compared to a single antenna
• Both techniques increase the cost of a mobile unit
Advanced HSDPA scheduling
• Node B has a limited amount of scheduling opportunities
• The amount of data transmitted by the network must be maximized whilst offering the best
possible quality of service to all users
– The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm
Advanced HSDPA scheduling
• An improved scheduling algorithm (Proportional Fair, PF) offers significant gain over a
conventional algorithm (Round Robin, RR)
• PF has a very good price-quality ratio
• User equipment needs no changes
 • Node B’s need only minor changes
Introduction to 4G.....
• 4G is short for 4th generation
• Successor of 3G
• Ultra speed
• User able to do high definition streaming
• Data transfer rate and signal quality
• Provide highest download speed
• 4G use packet switching
• Commercial deployed in 2007 in south Korea and in Oslo Norway 2009.
• Modem devices manufactured by Samsung
• Network infrastructure created by Huawei and Ericson
• 4G started in Pakistan in 2015
Technologies in 4G……
• WiMax
• LTE
Introduction to WiMAX
• WiMAX is a short form of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• Initially designed to provide 30 to 40 mbps ……..
• Update release in 2011 aim is to provide 1Gbps to stationary users.
• Name “WiMAX” created by the WiMAX forum.
• Alternate to cable and DSL…….
• Last mile wireless broadband access
• Belong to 802.16 wireless family
• Mobile WiMAX belong to 802.16 e
Uses of WiMAX
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
• Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of
devices.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile"
broadband access.
• Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Introduction to LTE
• LTE is short form of Long term Evolution
• Started as a project in 2004
• In May 2007 global collaboration between operator and vendor
• LTE standards finalized in December,2008
• LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009
• World first LTE mobile phone launched by Samsung Galaxy on 21 December,2010
• In Canada LTE launched on July 7,2011
• Achieved great capacity and high speed
• Based on GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies
• Standard develop by the 3GPP(third generation partnership project)
LTE Goals
• Increase the capacity and speed of Wireless data network
• Redesigned and simplification of network architecture to an IP based system
 • Compatibility with the previous technologies
LTE Requirement
LTE has to satisfy a set of high-level requirements
• Reduced cost 1. per bit
• Simple architecture and open interfaces
• Flexibility usage of existed and future frequency bands
• Reasonable terminal power consuming
• Enhanced user experience-more services with lower cost and high speed
Performance target of LTE
The main performance targets are listed as below
1. 2 to 4 times more spectral efficiency than HSPA Release 6
2. Peak rates beyond exceed 100 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL
3. Round trip time < 10 ms
4. Optimized packet-switching
5. High-level mobility and security
6. Efficient terminal power-consuming optimized
7. Flexible frequency with 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz allocations
LTE Features
• Reduce latency for packets
• Spectral efficiency improvement
• High speed packet access (HSPA) in download and uplink
• Flexible channel bandwidth
• High speed

Mobility
LTE Specification
• Download peak rates of 300 Mbps
• Download un-peak rates of 75 Mbps
• Transfer latency is less than 5 ms.
• Support of multicast and broadcast stream
• Support scalable carrier bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
• Support of both FDD(frequency division duplexing) and TDD(time division duplexing)
• Support seamless handover for both voice and data
Some Terminology in LTE
• UE is used for handset
• LTE node has eNodeB as radio element
• Circuit core Elements are not present in LTE
• LTE network has MMS and SGW with packet core network
• LTE network has HSS as a subscriber data base
4G LTE/EPC QoS Design
• Different type of services
 • Video
• OTT
• Business
• Type of interruption that need to be consider
• Jitter
• delay
• Loss
• Question like What, why and how should be answered

What is 5G?
5G Wireless: 5th generation wireless technology
• Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations
• Can be called REAL wireless world
• Has incredible transmission speed
• Concept is only theory not real
What does it offer?
• Worldwide cellular phones
• Extraordinary data capabilities
• High connectivity
• More power & features in hand held phones
• Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio & video

Evolution from 1G to 5G
• 1G
• 2G
• 3G
• 4G
• 5G
1G
• Developed in 1980s & completed in
early 1990s
• Based on analog system
• Speed up to 2.4 kbps
• AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it was the 1G mobile system
• Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country
Drawbacks Of 1G
 • Poor Voice Quality
• Poor Battery Life
• Large Phone Size
• No Security
• Limited Capacity
• Poor Handoff Reliability
2G
• Developed in late 1980s & completed in
late 1990s
• Based on digital system
• Speed up to 64 kbps
• Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
• Semi global facility
• 2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G
having more capabilities
Drawbacks Of 1G
• 2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network coverage in
any specific area , digital signals would weak.
• These systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

3G
• Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day
• Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps
• Superior voice quality
• Good clarity in video conference
• E-mail, PDA, information surfing,
on-line shopping/ banking,
Global roaming , games, etc.
Drawbacks Of 3G
• Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
• It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
• High Bandwidth Requirement
• Expensive 3G Phones.
• Large Cell Phones
4G
• Developed in 2010
• Faster & more reliable
• Speed up to 100 Mbps
• High performance
• Easy roaming
• Low cost
Drawbacks Of 4G
• Battery uses is more
• Hard to implement
• Need complicated hardware
• Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.
5G
 • Next major phase of mobile
telecommunication & wireless
• 10 times more capacity than
• Expected speed up to 1 Gbps
• More faster & reliable than 4G
Lower cost than previous
Key concepts
• Real wireless world with no more limitations with access & zone issues
• Wearable devices
• IPv6, where a visiting care of mobile IP address is assigned according to location & connected
network
• One unified global standard
• Smart radio
• The user can simultaneously be connected with several wireless access technology
Multiple concurrent data transfer path

Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)

• OSI layer 1 & OSI layer 2 define the wireless technology
• For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based on Open Wireless Architecture
(OWA)
• Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA
Network Layer
• All mobile networks will use mobile IP
• Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent)
• A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time
 • The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones
• Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
(i) Lower network layer (for each interface)
(ii) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)
Open Transport Protocol (OTP)
• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer
• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network congestion
• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface
• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed – Open
Transport Protocol (OTP)
• Transport layer + Session layer = OTP
Application (service) Layer
• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks
• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information in
information database in the mobile terminal
• Select the best wireless connection for given services
• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in DB of 5G mobile
• Presentation layer + Application layer = Application
Hardware & Software of 5G
 5G Hardware:
• Uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy levels
• BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster than today’s wireless networks
• Uses smart antenna
• Uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
 5G Software:
• 5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks, including LAN technologies,
LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless combination of
broadband
• Software defined radio, encryption, flexibility, Anti-Virus
Features of 5G
• High resolution for crazy cell phone users
• Bi-directional large BW
• Less traffic
• 25 Mbps connectivity speed
• Enhanced & available connectivity just about the world
• Uploading & Downloading speed of 5G touching the peak (up to 1 Gbps)
• Better & fast solution
• High quality service based on policy to avoid error
• Support virtual private networks
• More attractive & effective
• Provides subscriber supervision tools for fast action
Advantages of 5G
• Data BW of 1 Gbps or higher
• Globally accessible
• Dynamic information access
• Available at low cost
Applications of 5G
• Wearable devices with AI (Artificial Intelligence) capabilities
• Pervasive (Global) networks
• Media independent handover
• Radio resource management
• VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled devices
• With 6th sense technology
Conclusion
• 3G- Operator Centric,
4G- Service Centric whereas
5G- User Centric
• We have proposed 5G wireless concept designed as an open platform on different layers
• The new coming 5G technology will be available in the market at affordable rates, high peak
future & much reliability than preceding technologies