Distributional Maps

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

The main aim of distributional maps is to show location.

Answer : The given statement is wrong.

Explanation: Distributional maps refer to those maps which indicate the distribution of a
particular feature in a given area. These features can range from population distribution
in districts/talukas to wheat production in different farms in a single village. Thus, the
main aim of distributional maps is not to show location of a area but the distribution of a
mentioned feature in a given area.

Q. 1 B. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

In choropleth maps, only one value is assigned to the sub-administrative unit.

Answer : The given statement is right.

Explanation: Choropleth maps are distributional maps where the data for different
geographical variables is represented by either shades of the same color or by different
colors. The collected data regarding the variable to be represented is assigned to
singular administrative units and the color is assigned as per the distribution with lighter
colors representing lower values and darkening with higher values. Each administrative
unit has a single value to aid in representation.

Q. 1 C. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

In choropleth maps, colours/ tints do not change according to the values of the
variables.

Answer : The given statement is wrong.

Explanation: Choropleth maps are distributional maps where the data for different
geographical variables is represented by either shades of the same color or by different
colors. The collected data regarding the variable to be represented is assigned to
singular administrative units and the color is assigned as per the distribution with lighter
colors representing lower values and darkening with higher values.
Q. 1 D. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

Choropleth maps are used to show altitudes.

Answer : The given statement is wrong

Explanation: Choropleth maps are used to show the distribution of geographic

variables among different administrative units and as such do not utilize continuous
data. Altitude of any region being a distance measurement is not bound by the
administrative boundaries and are continuous in nature. Thus, isopleth maps represent
altitudes in a better manner.

Q. 1 E. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

Isopleth maps are used to show population distribution.

Answer : The given statement is wrong

Explanation: The data regarding population distribution is collected on the basis of the
sub administrative units. Since isopleth maps disregard sub administrative units and use
continuous data for marking, population distribution cannot be represented by them.
Choropleth maps are better to represent data regarding population distribution.

Q. 1 F. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

In dot method, every dot should have an appropriate scale.

Answer : The given statement is right.

Explanation: Every dot represents a certain value of the data that is being represented
in the map. Thus, its size should be appropriate in relation to the data that it represents.
If a larger dot is used to represent a smaller data it can lead to wrong conclusions
during map interpretation.

Q. 1 G. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

Isopleth maps are not made using isolines.

Answer : The given statement is wrong.

Explanation: Isolines are lines which join the places having the same data on a map
like lines joining places having equal rainfall. The ranges are between two isolines are
often colored to represent the data diversity which creates the isopleth maps. Thus,
isolines are the basis on which isopleth maps are created.
Q. 1 H. Give reasons why following sentences are right or wrong:

Distribution of various geographical elements can be shown using dot method.

Answer : The given statement is wrong.

Explanation: The dot method can be used to represent various geographic elements
but does not present a true picture when used for those geographic variables which are
continuous in nature like altitude, rainfall, temperature or population of density. Thus,
unless specific elements are mentioned, the given statement cannot hold true as it is
not a correct representation for all geographic elements.

Q. 2 A. Answer in brief.

Explain the use and types of distributional maps.

Answer : Distribution maps are a form of thematic maps that are used to represent the
distribution of particular geographic elements within a given region. It utilizes the
statistical data of the chosen element to create a map which provides the user with a
visual representation the particular variable’s distribution. A properly made distributional
map makes it easy to visualize how a certain variable or element varies over a region. It
can be used to represent qualitative data like vegetation or soil in a region or
quantitative data like population density or average annual rainfall in a region. The
following table gives a classification of the different distributional maps along with their
advantages and disadvantages.
Q. 2 B. Answer in brief.

Differentiate between choropleth and isopleths methods.

Answer : Choropleth and Isopleth maps are two different forms of distributional maps
that are used tor represent various geographical elements in a region. At first glance,
they may look similar but the methodology behind them is completely different and they
also utilize different data. The following table differentiates between the two methods.
Q. 2 C. Answer in brief.

Explain with reasons the method which is best suited to show the distribution of
population in a region.
Answer : Population refers to the number of people residing in a clearly demarcated
geographic area. Often for purpose of study, this demarcated area is on the basis of
administrative divisions. Thus, the number of people living at a given point of time in a
country, state, district, village, etc. refers to the population of the area. Two types of
thematic maps can be used for showing the population distribution of any given area.
These are dot distribution maps and choropleth maps.

1) Dot distribution maps - Uses dots to represent pre-calculated values of chosen

variable. The value of each dot is calculated based on the highest and lowest recorded
population data. Dots used should be uniform in size corresponding to their index. Dot
placement is dependent on presence of natural and man-made features like rivers,
roads etc. This method makes it easy to read maps and allows for a precise
interpretation of population distribution in a given area. But with increasing density of
dots, the map loses its efficiency.

2) Choropleth maps - The population data for different geographical areas is

represented by either shades of the same color or by different colors. Every sub-
administrative region has one assigned value. Data is divided in classes after
ascertaining the highest and lowest values; with each class getting a particular shade.
The shade becomes darker with increasing values of the given variables. Administrative
boundaries play a vital role in this form of maps. Since classes are used for data
division, population density is often represented through these maps.

From the above discussion, it is evident that dot distribution maps are ideal for
representing population distribution of an area as the data collected is defined by
administrative boundaries. Only with increasing density, choropleth maps should be
used to represent a clearer picture.

Q. 3 A. Which method will you use for the following information?

Taluka-wise wheat production in the district

Answer : Taluka wise wheat production in the district would be best represented by the
dot distribution map.

Explanation – The dot distribution map takes into account absolute values. This allows
the proper representation of the wheat grown. Also, placement of the dots would allow
one to see where the major farmlands are situated in a district.

Q. 3 B. Which method will you use for the following information?

Distribution of the altitude of the land in the district.

Answer :
Distribution of the altitude of the land in the district would be best represented by the
isopleth maps.

Explanation - Altitude of any region being a distance measurement is not bound by the
administrative boundaries and are continuous in nature. Thus, isopleth maps represent
altitudes in a better manner.

Q. 3 C. Which method will you use for the following information?

Distribution of domestic animals in the State

Answer : Distribution of domestic animals in the State would be best represented by

the dot distribution map.

Explanation - The dot distribution map takes into account absolute values. This allows
the proper representation of the distribution of domestic animals in a state. Also,
placement of the dots would allow one to see the major areas for domesticated animals.

Q. 3 D. Which method will you use for the following information?

The distribution of population density in India

Answer : The distribution of population density in India would be best represented by

the choropleth map.

Explanation – If the distribution is done on the basis of state boundaries, several states
can be classed together under a single class and the choropleth map would allow one
single color for each class of population density. This would create a clear picture as the
assigned color would darken with higher densities.

Q. 3 E. Which method will you use for the following information?

Temperature distribution in Maharashtra State.

Answer : Temperature distribution in Maharashtra State would be best represented by

an isopleth map.

Explanation - Temperature is a continuous variable and accurate data is also available

regarding it. Places having equal temperature in the state can be joined by isolines and
this would create an accurate isopleth map for further interpretation.

Q. 4 A. Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the
following questions:

Which method has been used to show the distribution of population in the
district?
Answer : The Dot method has been used to show the distribution of population in the
given Kolhapur district map.

Q. 4 B. Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the
following questions:

Explain the direction-wise distribution of population from dense to sparse.

Answer : According to the given population distribution map of Kolhapur District, the
population depicted in the map exhibits that the densely populated areas are in the
North Eastern side of Kolhapur district. The population gradually decreases as one
move towards the western and southern areas. The taluk Gaganbavada in the west has
the least population while Kolhapur in the north-eastern part has the most population.

Q. 4 C. Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the
following questions:

What is the population shown by the largest circle? Which place is that?

Answer : The population represented by the largest circle equals around twenty lakhs
of people as per the index in the given map. According to the given map, this population
is present in the Kolhapur city which is part of the Kharvin Taluka.

Q. 4 D. Study the population distribution map of Kolhapur district and answer the
following questions:

Which Taluka has the least population?

Answer : All talukas present in the western side of the map shows less population than
those on the eastern side. According to the given index in the map, each dot represents
5000 population. A simple counting of dots within the boundary of each taluka would
give an approximate value of the population in said taluka. As per this method, Taluka
Gaganbavada has 8 dots within its administrative boundaries which implies that it has
an approximate population of around 40,000 people. Thus, taluka Gaganbavada has
the least population.
 Intext Questions

Q. 1. Now we will prepare a map using dot method. Carry out the following
activity.

• See the map of Nandurbar given in fig. 1.6 carefully. Draw it on another paper or
tracing paper along with its taluka and district boundaries.
• Now see the population table given along the map. On the basis of the statistical
data, decide the value of the dots considering the highest and the lowest Make
friends with maps !
values of population. For example, 1 dot = 10000 people, so that you can decide
how many dots to be given to each sub-administrative unit.
• To draw dots of the uniform size, take a ball pen refill. Close the back end of the
refill with cotton. Press this end on a stamp-pad and draw the imprints of the dots
wherever required.
• While placing the dots, consider the physiography, water sources, roads, rails,
taluka and district headquarters as shown Figure 1.6 : District Nandurbar in the
map in fig 1.6
• Compare your dot map with other students and arrange a discussion in the
class.

Answer : To determine the value of a single dot in the above exercise, the highest rural
population and lowest rural population of District Nandurbar for 2011 is taken into
account. The following shows the calculation of a single dot value:

1 Single Dot = 35510.17

1 Single Dot = 36000 rural population(approx.)

The Following table shows us how many dots should be given for each taluka. This is
arrived at through the following Equation =

36000 rural population is represented by 1 dot

Therefore, “x” rural population is represented by dot

Map with Dots:
Description:

From the above dot map, it is clear that the district of Nandurbar has a well distributed
rural population as per 2011 data. The lowest distribution is in Talode taluka given its
small area. The largest distribution is in Shahade talukawhich has many riverine basins.
Sparse distribution can also be observed in the Akrani and Akkalkuwa talukas which
has the Satpuda mountain ranges going through them. Most of the rural population is in
the talukas which have several river basins running through them like the Plain of the
Tapi river.
 Endogenetic Movements

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Tick in front of the correct option

A. On which of the following are slow movements in the earth’s interior

A. dependent?
B. Landforms
C. Velocity
D. Direction

Answer : Slow movements in the earth’s interior is dependent on velocity.

Explanation – Massive energy waves flowing through the mantle cause movements in
it. The velocity in which they move affect the earth’s interior.

Q. 1 B. Tick in front of the correct option

When waves divert from each other, what do they create

A. Compression
B. Tension
C. Mountain

Answer : When waves divert from each other, they create tension.

Explanation – When the energy waves within the earth’s mantle move away from each
other, they create tension on the layers of rock surrounding the waves leading to
fractures in the earth’s crust.

Q. 1 C. Tick in front of the correct option

For the formation of a rift valley, which of the following processes should occur
in the earth’s crust?

A. Compression
B. Tension
C. Weathering

Answer : For the formation of rift valleys, tension should occur in the earth’s crust.
Explanation - When the energy waves within the earth’s mantle move away from each
other, they create tension on the layers of rock surrounding the waves leading to
fractures in the earth’s crust. Sometimes, two fractures can occur parallel to each other
and the crust between these fractures subside forming the rift valley.

Q. 1 D. Tick in front of the correct option

Which of these is a fold mountain?

A. The Satpudas
B. The Himalayas
C. The Western Ghats

Answer : The Himalayas is a type of fold mountain.

Explanation – The Himalayas were formed around 40 to 50 million years ago when the
Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. This caused compression in the
Tethys sea which raised the ocean floor and folds were formed in the soft rocks to
create the mountains.

Q. 1 E. Tick in front of the correct option

The formation of extensive plateaus is a result of which type of movements?

A. Mountain-building
B. Continent-building
C. Horizontal

Answer : The formation of extensive plateaus is a result of continent-building

movements.

Explanation – Continent – building movements or epeirogenic movements occur when

slow movements at the earth’s center move towards the surface. This causes upliftment
in earth’s crust forming extensive plateaus.

Q. 2 A. Give geographical reasons.

Buildings collapsed at the foothills of the Himalayas because of an earthquake.

Before collapsing they were moving forward and backward.

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface. Initially when the energy is emitted from the earth’s surface, it comes
out in the form of primary seismic waves that cause the particles it passes through to
move to and fro. This causes forward and backward movements or swaying in the
earth’s surface. This would cause the swaying in any structure present in the area
where such a phenomenon occurs. The collapse would be triggered by the secondary
seismic waves which causes the crust to move up and down. Thus, the forward and
backward movement caused by the primary waves would be observed first.

Q. 2 B. Give geographical reasons.

There is a difference in the formation of the Meghalaya Plateau and the Deccan
Plateau.

Answer : The Meghalaya plateau is a type of block mountain. It was formed when
horizontal movements of the waves within the earth’s crust moved away from each
other creating tension on the surface finally creating faults. When the surface between
two parallel faults rises up, it forms block mountains. It is characterized by a flat top and
steep sides as seen in the Meghalaya Plateau.

The Deccan plateau is a by-product of a volcanic eruption. During the eruption in a

fissure type volcano, the magma comes out not from one single vent but from several
fissures. This magma cools down and forms a gently rolling plateau as seen in the
Deccan plateau.

Q. 2 C. Give geographical reasons.

Most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries.

Answer : Along plate boundaries, either plates sink below another plate (subduction),
heating and creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise to the surface.
In both these conditions, when the magma reaches the surface it creates volcanoes.
Thus, most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries. More than 400
volcanoes—about 80 percent of all active volcanoes above sea level—are along
subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean. Thevolcanoes around the Pacific Ocean form a
belt called the Ring of Fire.

Q. 2 D. Give geographical reasons.

The Barren Island is becoming conical in shape.

Answer : The Barren Island is home to India’s only volcanic mountain, the Barren
Mountain which had been dormant for a long time. It was a central type or conical
volcano where the magma had been ejected through a single central vent. It has started
showing activity since February 2017, and mainly dust, smoke and mud is coming out of
the vent along with some lava. This has made it more conical in shape.

Q. 2 E. Give geographical reasons.

Volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes.

Answer : Volcanic eruptions occur when either plates sink below another plate
(subduction), heating and creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise
to the surface. In both these conditions, when the magma reaches the surface it creates
volcanoes. Thus, most of the volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries. An
earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the earth’s crust
increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the earth’s
surface. Thus, volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes because of the massive
amount of energy that is released during an eruption.

Q. 3 A. Identify and name the internal movement.

Tsunamis are generated in coastal areas.

Answer : Sudden internal movements within the earth’s crust below the ocean floor that
lead to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can cause tsunamis.

Explanation – A tsunami is a seismic sea wave which is caused by the displacement of

a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. This displacement can
occur because of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the ocean floor both of which
are categorized as sudden earth movements.

Q. 3 B. Identify and name the internal movement.

The Himalayas are an example of fold mountains.

Answer : Compression that lead to folding of the softer rocks formed the Himalayas.

Explanation - The Himalayas were formed around 40 to 50 million years ago when the
Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian plate. This caused compression in the
Tethys sea which raised the ocean floor and folds were formed in the soft rocks to
create the mountains.

Q. 3 C. Identify and name the internal movement.

Molten magma is thrown out of the earth’s mantle.

Answer : Volcanic eruptions cause molten magma to be thrown out of the earth’s crust.

Explanation - Volcanic eruptions occur when either plates sink below another plate
(subduction), heating and creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise
to the surface. In both these conditions, the magma reaches the surface or is thrown out
to the surface through vents and fissures.

Q. 3 D. Identify and name the internal movement.

Rift valley is formed because of faulting.

Answer : Tension within the earth’s crust which leads to faulting creates rift valleys.

Explanation - When the energy waves within the earth’s mantle move away from each
other, they create tension on the layers of rock surrounding the waves leading to
fractures in the earth’s crust. Sometimes, two fractures can occur parallel to each other
and the crust between these fractures subside forming the rift valley.

Q. 4. Arrange the following statements in chronological order in which an

earthquake occurs.

A. The earth’s surface vibrates

B. The plates suddenly move.
C. Due to the movements in the mantle, compression goes on increasing.
D. Along the weak points (fault lines) rocks break apart.
E. Stored energy is released in the form of seismic waves.

Answer : The following sequence gives the chronological order when an earthquake
occurs –

B. The plates suddenly move.

E. Stored energy is released in the form of seismic waves.

C. Due to the movements in the mantle, compression goes on increasing.

A. The earth’s surface vibrates

D. Along the weak points (fault lines) rocks break apart.

Explanation – The given sequence describes how an earthquake occurs. An

earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the earth’s crust
increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the earth’s
surface. The tension is a direct result from the movements of plates putting statement B
in the first position. The effect of this sudden plate movement results in the release of
energy which makes statement E come in the second position. All these movements
(tension and energy release) are occurring in the earth’s mantle. Statement C which
describes the same along with the effect it has on the compression comes in the third
spot. Increasing compression will create trembling on the earth’s surface making
statement A come in at the fourth spot. This vibration is the earthquake and not only will
it cause faults to appear on the crust but the crust can also break apart at these fault
lines. This makes statement D come in the fifth position. Thus, the correct sequence is
B, E, C, A, D.

Q. 5 A. Distinguish between -

Block Mountain and Fold Mountain

Answer :
Q. 5 B. Distinguish between -
Primary and Secondary Seismic Waves
Answer :
Q. 5 C. Distinguish between -

Earthquakes and volcanoes

Answer :
Q. 6 A. Answer in brief

Give reasons why an earthquake occurs.

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface.

• Movements below the earth’s surface creates tension which keeps on accumulating.

• High energy is released at the place where the tension mounts up creating the center
of the earthquake or the focus.

• Seismic waves scatter in all directions from the focus.

• Underground rocks can break along the fault lines created by movements of such
waves which is expressed by an earthquake on the surface.

Plate boundaries are active areas of earthquakes as the plates are in constant motion.

Q. 6 B. Answer in brief

Which type of movements have led to the formation of the major fold mountains
in the world?

Answer : Fold mountains are formed due to folding which occurs when the horizontal
movements within the earth’s crust move towards each other.
• The release of energy from within the earth’s crust causes movements in the earth’s
mantle.

• Velocity and direction define the result of these movements on the earth’s surface.

• When the movements are slow and horizontal in nature they can lead to formation of
mountains and other landforms.

• Slow horizontal movements that move towards each other create compression in the
earth’s crust.

• This causes the rock layers to fold over each other and rise in height.

• With constant high pressure large scale complex folds are formed, uplifting the earth’s
surface and forming fold mountains.

The Himalayas, the Aravalis, the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps are the major fold
mountains of the world.

Q. 6 C. Answer in brief

How is the magnitude of the earthquake related to the collapse of houses?

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface. Movements below the earth’s surface creates tension which keeps on
accumulating. High energy is released at the place where the tension mounts up
creating the center of the earthquake or the focus. The point on the Earth's surface
directly above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake. The severity of an
earthquake can be expressed in terms of both intensity and magnitude. Intensity is
based on the observed effects of ground shaking on people, buildings, and natural
features. Magnitude is related to the amount of seismic energy released at the
hypocenter of the earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is thus represented by a
single, instrumentally determined value. This value for the magnitude of an earthquake
is measured with the help of seismographs which give the value according to the
Richter Scale.

Earthquakes with magnitude of about 2.0 or less are usually called microearthquakes;
they are not commonly felt by people and are generally recorded only on local
seismographs. Events with magnitudes of about 4.5 or greater--there are several
thousand such shocks annually--are strong enough to be recorded by sensitive
seismographs all over the world. Great earthquakes, such as the 1964 Good Friday
earthquake in Alaska, have magnitudes of 8.0 or higher. On the average, one
earthquake of such size occurs somewhere in the world each year. Although the Richter
Scale has no upper limit, the largest known shocks have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to
8.9 range.
Thus, higher the Richter scale reading on a seismograph, the earthquake has more
magnitude making it more devastating. Earthquakes with low magnitude would not
cause houses to collapse. But those of high magnitude can cause houses to collapse.

Q. 6 D. Answer in brief

What are the effects of earthquakes on the earth’s surface and human life?

Answer : An earthquake occurs when the tension in the normal movements within the
earth’s crust increases leading to formation of massive waves creating trembling on the
earth’s surface. Earthquakes are naturally devastating in nature and have both primary
and secondary effects. The primary effects are mostly observed on the earth’s surface,
while secondary effects are observed on human life.

Primary effects –

• The passage of seismic waves through the ground, causes it to shake which can be
gentle or extremely violent depending on the magnitude of the earthquake. This leads to
rupturing on the surface and/ or creation of faults further weaking the ground stability.

• Landslides are caused by earthquakes both by direct rupture and by sustained

shaking of unstable slopes. They can easily destroy buildings in their path, or block
roads and railroad lines, or take hilltop homes with them as they tumble.

• Earthquakes can cause tsunamis or seismic sea waves which is caused by the
displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake because
of ground shaking and displacement.

• In a similar fashion, earthquakes can also change the existing groundwater level in an
area in which it occurs.

• In mountain areas, earthquakes can also cause the accumulated snow on mountain
tops to dislodge through the shaking and create an avalanche.

Secondary effects –

• Earthquakes can cause devastating fires which in turn affect human life and property.

• Human life and property are also lost and damaged due to building collapse in the
event of an earthquake.

• Since earthquakes tend to damage the earth’s surface, transportation routes like roads
and railways are also severely affected and often destroyed during earthquakes of
higher magnitudes.
• The same reason applies for communication systems.

Q. 6 E. Answer in brief

Explain the types of seismic waves.

Answer : During an earthquake, accumulated tension is released in massive waves to

cause the trembling at the surface of the earth. These waves are called seismic waves
and are of three types –

1) Primary Seismic Waves or P waves -

• The waves that reach the earth’s surface first once energy is emitted from the earth’s
surface are called primary seismic waves.

• These waves can travel through all the three mediums of liquid, solid and gaseous
states.

• They have high velocity and move in a radial direction from the focus of the
earthquake.

• These waves are often called forward-backward waves as particles through which
these waves pass tend to move to and fro in the direction of the waves.

• Initial waves are felt but are not damaging to a great extent.

2) Secondary Seismic Waves or S waves -

• The waves that reach the earth’s surface after the primary waves once energy is
emitted from the earth’s surface are called secondary seismic waves.

• These waves can travel through only solid state medium and get absorbed in any
liquid state mediums.

• They have lower velocity than Primary waves and scatter in all directions from the
earthquake focus point.

• These waves cause the particles it passes through to move up and down.

• These waves are more damaging causing the maximum destruction during an
earthquake.

3) Surface Seismic Waves or L waves –

• These waves are generated after the main P and S waves reach the epicenter.
• They travel in the direction of the circumference of the earth along the crust.

• They are highly destructive.

Q. 6 F. Answer in brief

Explain the types of volcanoes on the basis of periodicity of eruption with

examples.

Answer : Volcanoes are mountains that result from volcanic eruptions. Volcanic
eruptions occur when either plates sink below another plate (subduction), heating and
creating magma, or plates pull apart, allowing magma to rise to the surface. In both
these conditions, the magma reaches the surface or is thrown out to the surface through
vents and fissures. Periodicity refers to the period between which eruptions occur from
a particular volcano. On the basis of periodicity, volcanoes are of three types –

1) Active Volcanoes -

• A volcano that is erupting or shows signs of future eruptions like emission of gas,
muds, etc. is called active.

• Any signs of unrest including unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas
emissions makes a volcano active by nature.

• Most volcanoes are situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire are considered active. Mt
Fujiyama in Japan, Mt. Stromboli in Mediterranean Sea are also considered as active
volcanoes.

2) Dormant Volcanoes –

• Dormant volcanoes are those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are
likely to erupt again in the future.

• Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Katmai in Alaska, and Barren Island, India are considered to
be examples of dormant volcanoes.

3) Extinct Volcanoes –

• Any volcano that shows no magma supply and has not erupted in recorded history is
considered as an extinct volcano.

• Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania is an extinct volcano.

Q. 7. Show the epicentre, focus and the primary, secondary and surface waves of
an earthquake with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Answer :

Q. 8. Show the following on a given outline map of the world.

A. Mt. Kilimanjaro

B. Mid-Atlantic Earthquake zone

C. Mt. Fuji

D. Krakatoa

E. Mt. Vesuvius

Answer :
Description:

• Mt Kilimanjaro - Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania on the African continent is an extinct

volcano. Any volcano that shows no magma supply and has not erupted in recorded
history is considered as an extinct volcano.

• Mid -Atlantic earthquake zone – The mid-Atlantic earthquake zone refers to the zone
surrounding the mid-Atlantic ridge. This ridge lies over active plate boundaries where
different plates are known to converge or diverge. Mainly it is a convergent plate
boundary and the shifting of plates often causes under water earthquakes in this region.

• Mt Fuji – Mt Fujiyama in Japan is an active volcano. A volcano that is erupting or

shows signs of future eruptions like emission of gas, muds, etc. is called active.

• Krakatoa – This is a volcanic island in Indonesia. It is famous because of a

cataclysmic eruption in 1883. According to the official records of the Dutch East Indies
colony, 165 villages and towns were destroyed near Krakatoa, and 132 were seriously
damaged. At least 36,417 people died, and many more thousands were injured, mostly
from the tsunamis that followed the explosion. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the
island of Krakatoa.

• Mt Vesuvius - Mt. Vesuvius in Italy is a dormant volcano. Dormant volcanoes are

those that have not erupted for thousands of years, but are likely to erupt again in the
future.
 Exogenetic Movements Part 1

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Answer in brief

What is mechanical weathering?

Answer : Weathering is the disintegration, breaking down and decomposition of

components in the earth’s crust through the action of natural or other agents.
Weathering can occur due to exposure to the earth’s atmosphere. Weathering is
controlled and determined by various factors like temperature, rainfall, vegetation and
movements of other components in the earth’s crust. Weathering can be mechanical,
chemical or biological.

Mechanical or physical weathering is the disintegration and breaking down of

components in the earth’s crust through the action of physical forces. It does not change
the chemical composition of rocks. It occurs due to the changes in temperature during
the day and the night in cold and dry places. Water, temperature, wind, pressure and
other physical factors are the agents of disintegration. It can be again classified into
different types- exfoliation, block disintegration and granular weathering.

Q. 1 B. Answer in brief

What are the main types of chemical weathering?

Answer : Weathering is the disintegration, breaking down and decomposition of

components in the earth’s crust through the action of natural or other agents.
Weathering can occur due to exposure to the earth’s atmosphere. Weathering is
controlled and determined by various factors like temperature, rainfall, vegetation and
movements of other components in the earth’s crust. Weathering can be mechanical,
chemical or biological.

Chemical weathering is the decomposition of components in the earth's crust through

chemical reactions. It changes the chemical composition of rocks. Oxygen, carbon
dioxide and hydrogen are the agents of decomposition. Chemical weathering is usually
common in places with very hot and humid climates. It occurs in the climatic conditions
of the hot and humid regions of the equators, tropics and sub-tropics. The action of the
constant availability of water and the rising temperature is responsible for the faster
weathering of rocks compared to other regions. The reaction between the atmospheric
humidity and other elements are responsible for the higher rate of weathering. It can be
further classified into different types. They are:
• Oxidation- This majorly occurs in ferrous rocks containing iron. The iron in these
rocks reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere resulting in the formation of iron oxide
and rusting the rocks from within. This chemical reaction decomposes the rocks from
within and results in its weathering.

• Carbonation- This mainly occurs in carbonate rocks. It is the reaction between the
water molecules and the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting in the formation of
carbonic acids. The reaction of the carbonic acid with the carbonate rocks decomposes
the rocks from within and results in its weathering. It basically occurs in the limestone
region in the formation of caves.

• Solution- This is the reaction of water with the particles, minerals and substances
found in the rocks. The action of water in rocks results in breaking down of its particles
from within and results in its weathering. This is mostly found in limestone rocks.

Q. 1 C. Answer in brief

How does biological weathering occur?

Answer : Weathering is the disintegration, breaking down and decomposition of

components in the earth’s crust through the action of natural or other agents.
Weathering can occur due to exposure to the earth’s atmosphere. Weathering is
controlled and determined by various factors like temperature, rainfall, vegetation and
movements of other components in the earth’s crust. Weathering can be mechanical,
chemical or biological.

Biological weathering occurs because of the actions of the flora, fauna and human
interferences. It results in the decomposition of the components due to the biological
processes involved with the expansion of the activities of the living organisms. The
growth of plants, the penetration of their roots, diffusion of rotten plant and animal cells,
burrowing of animals, the spread of algae, moss, lichen and many other human
interferences are the major causes of biological weathering.

Q. 1 D. Answer in brief

Distinguish between weathering and mass wasting.

Answer :
Q. 2 A. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones.

Climate affects earthquakes.

Answer :
False

Correction. Tectonic activities affect earthquakes.

Explanation

Earthquake is caused by the sudden vibration under the earth crust. The vibration
spreads outward in all the direction as waves from the source of the disturbance. The
point at which the earthquake starts is called focus which creates a series of waves.
The epicentre is a point on earth surface which lies above the point of focus, the effect
of the earthquake is mainly caused by the epicentre. An earthquake occurs due to
release of energy along a fault. A fault is a sharp break in between the crustal rocks
.rocks and fault to move in opposite direction. It occurs from the focus, where the
vibration starts and extends up to the epicentre.

Answer :

False

Correction. Tectonic activities affect earthquakes.

Explanation

Earthquake is caused by the sudden vibration under the earth crust. The vibration
spreads outward in all the direction as waves from the source of the disturbance. The
point at which the earthquake starts is called focus which creates a series of waves.
The epicentre is a point on earth surface which lies above the point of focus, the effect
of the earthquake is mainly caused by the epicentre. An earthquake occurs due to
release of energy along a fault. A fault is a sharp break in between the crustal rocks
.rocks and fault to move in opposite direction. It occurs from the focus, where the
vibration starts and extends up to the epicentre.

Q. 2 B. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones.

Mechanical weathering is less effective in humid climates.

Answer : True

Explanation

Mechanical or physical weathering is the disintegration and breaking down of

components in the earth’s crust through the action of physical forces. It occurs due to
the changes in temperature during the day and the night in cold and dry places. But
chemical weathering is usually common in places with very hot and humid climates. It
occurs in the climatic conditions of the hot and humid regions of the equators, tropics
and sub-tropics. The action of the constant availability of water and the rising
temperature is responsible for the faster weathering of rocks compared to other regions.

Q. 2 C. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones.

Mechanical weathering happens on a large scale in dry climates.

Answer : True

Explanation

Mechanical or physical weathering is the disintegration and breaking down of

components in the earth’s crust through the action of physical forces. It does not change
the chemical composition of rocks. It occurs due to the changes in temperature during
the day and the night in cold and dry places. Water, temperature, wind, pressure and
other physical factors are the agents of disintegration. It can be again classified into
different types- exfoliation, block disintegration and granular weathering.

Q. 2 D. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones.

The breaking down of rocks into small parts is called weathering.

Answer : True

Explanation

Weathering is the disintegration, breaking down and decomposition of components in

the earth’s crust through the action of natural or other agents. Weathering can occur
due to exposure to the earth’s atmosphere. Weathering is controlled and determined by
various factors like temperature, rainfall, vegetation and movements of other
components in the earth’s crust. Weathering can be mechanical, chemical or biological.

Q. 2 E. Write whether the statements are true or false. Correct the incorrect ones.

Lateritic rocks are formed through exfoliation.

Answer :

False

Correction. Lateritic rocks are formed through chemical weathering.

Explanation.
Lateritic rocks are largely composed of iron and aluminum. Oxidation majorly occurs in
ferrous rocks containing iron. The iron in these rocks reacts with the oxygen in the
atmosphere resulting in the formation of iron oxide and rusting the rocks from within.
This chemical reaction decomposes the rocks from within and results in its weathering.

Q. 3. Complete the following flowchart.

Answer :

Q. 4 A. Identify the type of weathering from the following description

Some animals live inside the ground by making burrows.

Answer : Biological weathering

Explanation

Biological weathering occurs because of the actions of the flora, fauna and human
interferences. It results in the decomposition of the components due to the biological
processes involved with the expansion of the activities of the living organisms. The
growth of plants, the penetration of their roots, diffusion of rotten plant and animal cells,
burrowing of animals, the spread of algae, moss, lichen and many other human
interferences are the major causes of biological weathering.
Q. 4 B. Identify the type of weathering from the following description

The rock rusts.

Answer : Oxidation

Explanation

Oxidation majorly occurs in ferrous rocks containing iron. The iron in these rocks reacts
with the oxygen in the atmosphere resulting in the formation of iron oxide and rusting
the rocks from within. This chemical reaction decomposes the rocks from within and
results in its weathering.

Q. 4 C

Identify the type of weathering from the following description

Water which has accumulated in the crevices of rocks freezes. Consequently the
rock breaks.

Answer : Action of frost

Explanation

Wn the water solidifies and becomes frost, its volume and dimensions increases. The
particles of water expand. When the temperature falls below 0 ̊and becomes negative,
the water that has accumulated in the crevices and joints of the rock freezes. This
created pressure within the rocks resulting in its weathering.

Q. 4 D. Identify the type of weathering from the following description

The pipes supplying water in colder regions break.

Answer : Action of frost

Explanation

When the water solidifies and becomes frost, its volume and dimensions increases. The
particles of water expand. When the temperature falls below 0 ̊and becomes negative,
the water that has accumulated within the pipes freezes. This created pressure within
the pipes will culminate in its breaking.

Q. 4 E. Identify the type of weathering from the following description

Sand formation occurs in deserts.

Answer : Action of temperature

Explanation.

With the increase in temperature, the minerals and components in the rocks expand
and enlarges. With the fall in temperature, it contracts and reduces. This results in the
accumulation of pressure between the cracks and joints in the rocks. They disintegrate
with the increase in the pressure. This weathering results in the formation of sand.

Q. 5. Using the internet look for incidents of a few landslides that have occurred
in India and write about them briefly.

Answer : A landslide is the gravitational movement of a mass of rock, or mass of earth

or debris, downwards on a slope. It generally occurs when a hilly slope becomes
unstable due to natural reasons such as groundwater pressure acting to destabilize the
slope, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, erosion, etc.

The major areas affected by landslides in India are:

• The Western Himalayas (in states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh
and Jammu & Kashmir)

• The Eastern and North-eastern Himalayas (in states of West Bengal, Sikkim and
Arunachal Pradesh)

• The Naga-Arakkan Mountain belt (in states of Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and
Tripura)

• The Western Ghats region including Nilgiris (in states of Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu)

• The Plateau margins of the Peninsular India and Meghalaya plateau in North-east
India.

Some major landslides that causes havoc in the country are:

GUWAHATI LANDSLIDE, ASSAM

The landslide took place on September 18, 1948 due to heavy rains. Over 500 people
died in the landslide and according to the reports, the landslide buried an entire village

DARJEELING LANDSLIDE, WEST BENGAL:

The landslide happened around October 4, 1968. The landslide was triggered by floods
and the 60 km long highway was cut in 91 parts. As per reports, thousands of people
died in the landslide

MALPA LANDSLIDE, UTTARAKHAND:

Consecutives landslides occurred between August 11 and August 17 in 1998 in the

village of Malpa where over 380 people died as the entire village washed away in the
landslide. The landslide is one of the worst landslides in India

MUMBAI LANDSLIDE, MAHARASHTRA:

The landslide was caused in July 2000. The landslide took place in the suburbs of
Mumbai due heavy rains which was followed by land erosion. As per reports around 67
people died and the local trains were also stricken

AMBOORI LANDSLIDE, KERALA:

The landslide was known as the worst landslide in Kerala's history. The landslide
occurred on November 9, 2001 due to heavy rains and around 40 people died in the
incident

KEDARNATH LANDSLIDE, UTTARAKHAND:

The landslide took place on June 16, 2013 and was the result of Uttarakhand floods.
Over 5700 were reported dead and over 4,200 villages had been affected by the floods
and post-floods landslide.

MALIN LANDSLIDE, MAHARASHTRA:

On 30 July 2014, a landslide occurred in the village of Malin in the Ambegaon taluka of
the Pune district in Maharashtra, India. The landslide, which hit early in the morning
while residents were asleep, was believed to have been caused by a burst of heavy
rainfall, and killed at least 151 people. The landslide was first noticed by a bus driver
who drove by the area and saw that the village had been overrun with mud and earth. In
addition to those dead, more than 160 people, and possibly up to 200, were believed to
have been buried in the landslide in 44 separate houses. On 30 July 2014, a landslide
occurred in the village of Malin in the Ambegaon taluka of the Pune district in
Maharashtra, India. The landslide, which hit early in the morning while residents were
asleep, was believed to have been caused by a burst of heavy rainfall, and killed at
least 151 people. The landslide was first noticed by a bus driver who drove by the area
and saw that the village had been overrun with mud and earth. In addition to those
dead, more than 160 people, and possibly up to 200, were believed to have been buried
in the landslide in 44 separate houses.
 Exogenetic Movements Part-2

Exercise

Q. 1. Rewrite the correct statement :

A. The temperature range helps the wind in its work.

B. River’s work is more prominent than other agents of erosion in desert regions.
C. The work of groundwater is effective in the area with soft rocks.
D. The work of wind is not limited like river, glacier or the sea waves and takes
place everywhere.

Answer : A is Correct because the average temperature on Earth is about 33.6 F (0.9
C), according to NASA. But the temperatures vary greatly around the world depending
on the time of year, ocean and wind currents and weather conditions.

B is incorrect because the river work is prominent in the plains as the river flows from
the mountainous regions, it has great erosive power. Speed and force of water is great,
during this course river does lots of erosional work. As the river enters into the plains, all
of sudden the speed of flow of water is reduced to a great extent and the river widens.

C is Incorrect because ground water moves through the porous rock formations similar
to the way water flows through a sponge with inter-connected pores.

D is Incorrect because the wind action can be best seen in the desert areas. Features
like sand dunes, Mushroom rocks, etc. are formed by the wind action. Wind acts as an
agent of erosion and deposition which leads to the formations of different features

Q. 2. Correct and rewrite the incorrect statements :

A. The ice on the lateral side of the glacier moves faster than the ice at the base.
B. The depositional work by river shappens because of gentle slope, reduced
speed and transported sediments.
C. A river flows at a faster speed than the glacier.
D. The speed of the glacier is more on both the banks than in the middle.

Answer : C

A is incorrect since the ice in the middle of a glacier actually flows faster than the ice
along the sides of a glacier

B is incorrect: The rivers originate at a much higher altitude from the sea level. Here,
the river flows at a great speed and therefore, its power to erode is great.
C is correct: The river originate at a much higher altitude from the sea level.Hence, the
river flows at a great speed and therefore, its power to erode is great.

D is incorrect: The sediments of the river get deposited in its bed and on the banks

Q. 3. Identify the wrong pair

A. Deposition - V–shaped valley

B. Transport - Ripple Marks
C. Erosion - Mushroom Rocks

Answer : A B is Correct because the ripple marks are formed when water flows or wind
blows over the loose sand and the sand towards the bottom is pulled or pushed in the
direction of flow.

C is Correct because Mushroom rocks are those rocks where the landform are formed
due to erosional work of wind.

A is incorrect because V-Shaped Valleys are produced due to erosional work of rivers

Q. 4. Identify and name the landforms in the following diagrams :

Answer : Figure 1 : It is V-Shaped Valley because Landform produced due to erosional

work of rivers. A V-shaped river valley is formed near the origin of the river or in its
upper course. Vertical erosion occurs rapidly near the river. Comparatively the
headward erosion is lesser. And therefore its elevation is higher. But the riverbed starts
deepening. Consequently, it gets the shape of the alphabet ‘V’;

Figure 2: It is Stalactite and Stalagmite because Pillars formed from alkaline deposits in
the caves in limestone areas. The Salts brought by flowing groundwater deposit in the
caves when water evaporates.

Figure 3: Since because the glaciers carry sediments with them and hence they are
called as moraines

Q. 5. Complete the following table by classifying the landforms according to their

agents of erosion.(waterfall, delta, cirque, arête, barchans, moraine, pothole,
mushroom rock,sinkholes, beach, pillars, lagoons)

Answer :
Explanation:

Beach: Land between two headlands. Because of the headlands, coast is somewhat
protected from the onslaught of the waves. Waves coming to the coast undergo
refraction continuously because of this refraction, waves converge at the headlands.
Beaches are generally concave to the sea.

Lagoons: Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons. Both
the types of lagoon lakes are shallow and are separated from the main sea. Tides have
no influence over them. Waves are also not very high.

Delta: Landform formed due to the depositional work of rivers at its mouth. In the lower
course of the river, the flow of the river is very slow but the volume of water has
increased.

Waterfall: The rivers which originate at a much higher altitude from the sea level is
called as waterfall

Barchan: A crescent shaped sand dune. The convex side of this dune is the windward
side, while the concave side is opposite the flow of the wind.

Mushroom Rock: Landform formed due to erosional work of wind.

Sinkhole: A landform produced mainly in limestone region due to erosion. Limestone,

contains soluble materials in greater amounts. Such materials dissolve in water and are
carried away by water.

Pillars: Pillars formed from alkaline deposits in the caves in limestone areas. Salts
brought by flowing groundwater deposit in the caves when water evaporates

Cirque: Landforms produced due to erosional work of glaciers.The landforms are

produced in the areas where the glaciers originate.

Moraine: The glaciers which carry sediments with them are called as moraines.

Q. 6 A. Answer the following questions in brief.

List the landforms that are a result of the erosional work of the rivers.
Answer : The following landforms are formed by the erosional work of the rivers and
they are

1. Rivervalleys: The rivers originate at a much higher altitude from the sea level. Here,
the river flows at a great speed and therefore, its power to erode is great. River valleys
is further classified as V-shaped valleys which can be classified as Gorges and
Canyons

2. Waterfalls: The rivers which originate at a much higher altitude from the sea level is
called as waterfall

3. Potholes: The kettle-like small depressions in the rocky beds of the river valleys are
called potholes which are usually cylindrical in shape. Potholes are generally formed in
coarse-grained rocks such as sandstones and granites.

4. Structural Benches: The step-like flat surfaces on either side of the present lowest
valley floors are called terraces. The benches or terraces formed due to differential
erosion of alternate bands of hard and soft rock beds are called structural benches or
terraces

5. River terraces: The narrow flat surfaces on either side of the valley floor are called
river terraces which represent the level of former valley floors and the remnants of
former (older) flood plains.

6. River Meanders: River meanders refer to the bends of longitudinal courses of the
rivers. The bends of sinous rivers have been named meanders on the basis of Meander
River of Asia Minor (Turkey) because it flows through numerous bends.

7. Ox-Bow lakes: The lakes formed due to impounding of water in the abandoned
meander loops are called ox-bow or horse-shoe lakes.

8. Peneplains: Peneplains represent low featureless plain having undulating surface

and remnants of convexo-con- cave residual hills. These are, in fact, the end products
of normal cycle of erosion.

Q. 6 B. Answer the following questions in brief.

Which agent is responsible for formation of stalactites and stalagmites and where
are they formed?

Answer : • Water from the end of the stalactite leaves more calcite in a pile on the
cave floor, and pretty soon a cone-like stalagmite forms.

• That's why stalactites and stalagmites are usually formed in pairs. Sometimes they
grow together to form a pillar or column
• They are formed in the Bora caves of Vishakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh and
this is considered as one of the major limestone caves in India

Q. 6 C. Answer the following questions in brief.

List the landforms that are produced by the depositional work of the sea waves.

Answer : The following landforms are formed by the depositional work of the sea waves
and they are

Beaches: Land between two headlands. Because of the headlands, coast is somewhat
protected from the onslaught of the waves

Sandbars: The landforms are produced due to deposition of sand on the sea coasts.
Beach is one of them. The waves carry away the sand on the beaches.

Lagoons: Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons. Both
the types of lagoon lakes are shallow and are separated from the main sea.

Q. 6 D. Answer the following questions in brief.

Name the types of moraines.

Answer : Depending on the location of the deposits, moraines can be divided into 4
types:

Ground moraines: If the lower part of a glacier is heavily charged with debris which it
cannot transport, the excess load is deposited as ground moraine. It consists of an
irregular sheet of glacial drift over the valley floor.

Lateral moraines: Lateral moraines form along each side of a valley glacier. It is a
ridge ofglacial load by the side of a glacier or lying along the side of a valley which was
formerly occupied by a glacier.

Medial moraines: When two glaciers flow side by side, they do not unite. The result is
that two lateral moraines of these glaciers mingle together, giving rise to a medial
moraine

Terminal moraines: End moraines that mark the farthest advance of the glacier's snout
are called terminal moraines. When the snout remains stationary for a long period of
several years, an arcuate ridge comprising glacial debris is built up.

Recessional Moraines: Moraines deposited because of a halt in the snout's retreat,

followed by astabilization of the ice front prior to further retreat are called recessional
moraines.
Englacial Moraines: Sometimes weathered material and debris present in the body of
the ice-mass move downward and deposited as and when conditions are favourable.

Activity

Q. 1. Go to a river bank or a sea coast and observe the erosional, depositional

and trans portational work done by them.

Answer :

Q. 2. Make a collage of pictures of landforms by collecting them from magazines

and newspaper

Answer :
 Precipitation

Exercise

Q. 1. Identify the precipitation type with the help of the description given:

A. It is the main source of the water that you use. Sometimes it is torrential and
sometimes continuous. Most of the agriculture in India is dependent on it.

B. It seems as if water droplets are floating in the atmosphere. In London, one

cannot see the Sun till the afternoon during winters because of this phenomenon.

C. It never precipitates like this in equatorial areas. Precipitation in the solid form
sometimes causes damage to the crops.

D. A white cotton like layer spreads on the earth’s surface. Because of this form
of precipitation, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has to change its capital in
winters. In Maharashtra, it does not precipitate like this.

Answer : A. Rainfall

B. Fog

C. Frost

D. Snowfall
The following diagram shows the sources of water:

Q. 2. Look at the following pictures and identify the correct rainfall type.
Answer :

(A): Convectional Rainfall.

(B): Orographic Rainfall.

(C): Cyclonic rainfall.

Q. 3. Look at the figures above and answer the following questions:

1) In fig B, on which side of the mountain is it raining more?

2) Shade the rain shadow region in fig B and name it.
3) What is the difference between A and C?
4) Stormy winds and floods are associated with which rainfall type?
5) What type of rainfall occurs in Singapore?

Answer : 1) From the given figure it is understood that it is raining more on the right
side of the mountain. The windward side of the mountains gets more rain.

2)
3) Fig A shows Convectional Rainfall whereas the Fig C shows Cyclonic rainfall.

4) Cyclonic rainfall are associated with Stormy winds and floods.

5) Singapore experiences Convectional rainfall.

Q. 4. Identify the odd man out:

1) Orographic rainfall, acid rain, cyclonic rainfall, convectional rainfall.

2) Snowfall, rainfall, hailstones, dew
3) Thermometer, rain gauge, anemometer, measuring jar

Answer : 1) Convectional rainfall is the odd man out.

2) Dew is the odd man out.

3) Measuring jar is odd man out.

Q. 5. Answer in brief:

1) In what ways does precipitation occur on the earth?

2) Comment on the rainfall occurring in the rain shadow area.
3) Which type of rainfall occurs in most of the world? Why?
4) If condensation occurs closer to the earth’s surface, what types of forms
become visible?
5) What precautions should be taken while measuring rainfall?

Answer : 1) Precipitation occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into
either liquid or solid forms.

Precipitation is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow,
or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides for the delivery of
atmospheric water to the Earth.

2) The rain shadow area of the mountains receives very little rainfall from the left over
moisture in the clouds. Because most of the rain fall takes place in the windward side. A
rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the
wind). ... The air, without much moisture left, advances across the mountains creating a
drier side called the "rain shadow".

3) Orographic rainfall occurs in most of the parts in the world. Orographic rainfall is
caused when masses of air pushed by wind are forced up the side of elevated land
formations, such as large mountains.

4) If condensation become close to earth's surface then rain occurs. Based on the
sources for the uplifting of the air, there are three main types of rainfall.
1. Convectional rainfall, 2. Cyclonic rainfall and 3.Orographic rainfall

5) The precautions while measuring the rainfall with rain gauge are: The rain gauge
should be placed on open place so that water from trees or pipes do not get into
water. A gauge should be unprotected from the elements in all directions, it should be
kept clean inside, and it should be emptied every day at the same time.

Q. 6 A. Distinguish between –

Dew and frost

Answer : Dew and Frost can be distinguished as below.

Q. 6 B Activity

Distinguish between –

Snow and hail

Answer : Snow and hail can be distinguished as below.

 Activity

Q. 1. Using the rain gauge in your school, measure the rainfall continuously for
one week occurring in your surroundings. Make a bar graph using computers to
show the amount of rainfall on the basis of the data obtained.
Answer : The rainfall was monitored daily for one week in and around my school
premises and the result obtained are presented in the form of the Bar Diagram Below.
 Properties of Sea Water

Exercise

Q. 1. Tick the correct box according to the salinity of the ocean water

Answer : A. Slanting sunrays, melting snow.

Answer: Low.

B. Cloudy sky, rainfall throughout the year

Answer: Low.

C. Clear skies for the most part, perpendicular sunrays

Answer: High

D. Less supply of freshwater, desert area around

Answer: High.

E. Low temperatures, ample supply of river water

Answer: Low.

F. Continental location, desert around, low rainfall

Answer: High.
Q. 2 A. Give reason.

Salinity is low in the land-locked Baltic Sea.

Answer : Salinity is low in the land locked Baltic Sea because of the high temperature.
The fresh water from the surrounding land gets run off and the salt density is also low.
The Baltic Sea is almost land-locked and covers an area of “122415 000 km”. The
volume of water is only “21 000 km” because it is shallow.

Q. 2 B. Give reason.

There is higher salinity in the northern Red Sea while lower in the southern. The
northern part mainly has the Gulf of Suez water which lies to the west of the Sinai
Peninsula. The water from the Gulf of Suez has a salinity of about 40 parts per
thousand, owing in part to evaporation, and consequently a high density.

Answer : The Red Sea, is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa
and Asia. It is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high
evaporation.

Q. 2 C. Give reason.

Oceans located at the same latitude do not have same salinity.

Answer : The distribution of dissolved salts in the oceans and adjacent seas varies in
space and time. Salinity is changed near the sea surface by precipitation and
evaporation of fresh water and by salty water produced sea ice forms and excludes salt.
Geographical variations in inputs create regional differences in salinity at the sea
surface. As seawater circulates down into the ocean away from the sea surface, it
carries these differences along, creating large-scale salinity patterns throughout the
ocean. Changes in time in the inputs at the sea surface also affect the salinity
distribution.

Q. 2 D. Give reason.

With increasing depth, the temperature of sea water decreases to a certain limit.

Answer : Because at the depth of sea water sun lights can't reach so that temp of sea
decreases to a certain limit with increasing its depth. So the bottom ones remains cool
as compared to top one) the water at the bottom has least velocity or negligible as
compared to the top ones.

Q. 2 E. Give reason.

There are more salt-pans on the Western coast of India than its eastern coast.
Answer : West coast is coast of submergence while east coast is an emergent coast.
These imply that sea is deeper in west coast than sea on east coast. So, west coast has
favourable conditions for natural harbours. West Rivers form estuaries and eastern
rivers form delta. Therefore it becomes difficult for ships to reach the east coast covered
with sediments. High Tides hit coast real hard. So coastal erosion, natural ports,
because of these conditions there are more salt-pans on the Western coast of India
than its eastern coast.

Q. 2 F. Give reason.

Salinity increases in the midlatitudinal zones.

Answer : Sea water is about a 3.49% salt solution, the rest is freshwater. The more
saline, the denser the seawater. As the range of salt concentration in the ocean varies
from about 3.2 to 3.8% it is referred to salt content as 'salinity', express salt
concentration as parts per thousand; 34.9 ppt is the average salinity. As seawater
evaporates the salt remains behind, only the freshwater is transferred from the ocean to
the atmosphere. A region of excess evaporation, such as the subtropics tends to
become salty, while the areas of excess rainfall become fresher. Sea ice formation also
removes freshwater from the ocean, leaving behind a more saline solution. And hence
Salinity increases in the midlatitudinal zones.

Q. 3. Answer the following questions.

A) What are the factors affecting the salinity of the sea water?
B) Explain the distribution of salinity around the Tropic of Cancer and tropic of
Capricorn.
C) What are the factors affecting the temperature of the sea water?
D) Explain the changes occurring in the temperature of sea water according to
the depth.
E) Name the factors affecting salinity.

Answer : A) Evaporation of ocean water and formation of sea ice both increase the
salinity of the ocean these are the are the factors affecting the salinity of the sea water.

B) The Tropic of Cancer is the circle marking the latitude 23.5 degrees north, where the
sun is directly overhead at noon on June 21, the beginning of summer in the northern
hemisphere. The Tropic of Capricorn is the circle marking the latitude 23.5 degrees
south where the sun is directly overhead at noon on December 21, the beginning of
winter in the northern hemisphere. Ocean salinity is on average 35 ppt, but can range
anywhere from 33-38 ppt depending on the processes affecting it (like precipitation and
evaporation). Surface salinity can even reach as high as 40 ppt in areas like the Red
Sea, which is in a high evaporation latitude.

C) The salinity of water in surface layer of oceans mainly depend on evaporation and
precipitation and transportation of rain water in the cycle of water.D) As we go down in
the sea, the intensity of sunlight will decrease due to scattering and hence the
temperature will increase with the depth.

E) The salinity of water in the surface layer of oceans depend mainly on evaporation
and precipitation.

Q. 4 A. Explain how temperature affects the following.

the density of sea water

Answer : Sea water gets more dense as temperature goes down. So, the colder the
water, the more dense it is. Increasing salinity also increases the density of sea water.
Less dense water floats on top of more dense water. Near the freezing point, water
expands when it heats up. Seawater too. So increasing temperature decrease the
density of seawater.

Q. 4 B. Explain how temperature affects the following.

the salinity of sea water

Answer : Salinity Affects Density. When salt is dissolved in fresh water, the density of
the water increases because the mass of the water increases. The more salt there is
dissolved in the water, the greater its salinity. Temp causes water to rise or sink through
convection, and salinity affects the density of the water, so higher salinity water will
contribute to deep water currents Density is affected by temperature and salinity. Cold
water or water with dissolved salts (higher salinity) is denser than warm water or water
without dissolved salts (low or no salinity).

Activity

Q. 1. Complete the table showing the salinity of open and land-locked seas.
Answer :
 International Date Line

Exercise

Q. 1. Two boxes in different hemispheres are given in the following diagram. The
IDL passes through both the boxes. In one box, the meridian, day and date is
given. Find the day and date for the other box.

Answer : The earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which means 15° in 1 hour.

360° = 24hours, then 360°/24hours = 15°.

Therefore in 1°, the earth takes 4 minutes.

60minutes/15° = 4 minutes. 1° = 4 minutes

The earth moves from west to east, therefore from 0° to east the time will be ahead and
from 0° to the west the time will be behind

(A) When the 150° W Meridian is Monday and 15th August then 150° E Meridian is
Tuesday and the date will be 16th August.

• This is because from moving from west to east the change in 1° will add 4 minutes to
the area.

• Then the movement from 150° W Meridian to 150° E Meridian, the change is 300°.
Therefore the 150° E is 20hrs ahead.

• According to the International Date Line (IDL), the person travelling from West to East
should add a day. Therefore 150° E will be 16th August, Tuesday.

(B) When the 170° E Meridian is Sunday 25th December then 80° W Meridian will be
24th December Saturday.
• The movement from east to west will reduce the time. By moving 1° there will be a
decrease in 4 minutes.

• Then the movement from 170° E Meridian to 80° W Meridian will be 16 hrs behind.

• But according to International Day Line (IDL) person travelling from west to east
should reduce a day. Therefore the date at 80° W meridian will be 24thDecember,
Saturday.

Q. 2 A. Select the correct option :

While crossing the IDL, a person will have to add one day when travelling from

A. East to West
B. West to East
C. South to North
D. North to South

Answer : The movement from the prime meridian towards East the time will be ahead.
The International Date Line is at 180°, the movement from IDL to East the time will be
ahead. That is any movement from 0° to 180° Eastward the date and time will be ahead.
Therefore according to the International Date Line, any person travelling from East to
West, he should add one day while travelling.

Q. 2 B. Select the correct option :

If it is Wednesday 10 a.m. at 15° E meridian, then what will be the time at IDL.
A. Wednesday 6 a.m.

B. Wednesday 9 p.m.
C. Thursday 2 p.m.
D. Thursday 6 p.m.

Answer : The International Date Line is at 180 ̊. At 15 ̊ E, the time is 10 A.M on

Wednesday.

The earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which means 15° in 1 hour.

360° = 24hours, then 360°/24hours = 15°.

Therefore in 1° the earth takes 4 minutes.

60minutes/15° = 4 minutes. 1° = 4 minutes

Movement from 15 ̊ E to 180 ̊ E = 165 ̊

Change in time = 165*4 = 660 minutes = 660/60 = 11 hours

Time at IDL = 9 p.m

Q. 2 C. Select the correct option :

According to the international convention, at which meridian does the day and
date change occurs?

A. 0 degree
B. 90 degree E
C. 90degree W
D. 180degree

Answer :

The 180° is the International Date Line. The earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which
means 15° in 1 hour. The movement from the prime meridian 0° to 180° (East or West),
the time and changes. If the movement is towards the East, the time and date will
ahead than Western areas and if the movement is towards the West, the time and date
will be behind. The earth moves from west to east, therefore from 0° to east the time will
be ahead and from 0° to the west the time will be behind.

The 180° is the International Date Line. The earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which
means 15° in 1 hour. The movement from the prime meridian 0° to 180° (East or West),
the time and changes. If the movement is towards the East, the time and date will
ahead than Western areas and if the movement is towards the West, the time and date
will be behind. The earth moves from west to east, therefore from 0° to east the time will
be ahead and from 0° to the west the time will be behind.

Q. 2 D. Select the correct option :

At which direction of the IDL does a new day start immediately?

A. East
B. West
C. North
D. South

Answer : The 0° is the prime meridian. The earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which
means 15° in 1 hour. The movement from the Prime Meridian towards the East will be
time ahead compared to the Western region. The earth moves from west to east,
therefore from 0° to east the time will be ahead and from 0° to the west the time will be
behind. Therefore the Eastern countries will be ahead in time and date.
Q. 2 E. Select the correct option :

IDL brings coordination in which of the following?

A. GPS system
B. Defence departments
C. Transportation schedules
D. Determining the hemisphere

Answer : IDL has brought the coordination in most of the services available in the
world. The IDL has especially bought major coordination over transportation,
international airlines, communication, economic and trade activities. IDL has majorly
contributed to unite the world with coordinating with time and date. It helps to keep track
of all the calculations of the day and time in different time zones.

Q. 3 A. Give geographical reasons

IDL is proving to be very useful in today’s times

Answer : The International Date Line was constructed in 1884 to change the date and
time according to the global travelling. But unlike the prime meridian, the IDL is not a
straight line and does not pass through the land. International Date Line is being very
useful in today’s time. IDL has brought the coordination in most of the services available
in the world. The IDL has especially bought major coordination over transportation,
international airlines, communication, economic and trade activities. IDL has majorly
contributed to unite the world with coordinating with time and date. It helps to keep track
of all the calculations of the day and time in different time zones. It is also important in
today’s modern era and rapidly happening global developments. Because of the IDL
only we are able to calculate the accurate time and date in different spheres of the
world.

Q. 3 B. Give geographical reasons

The day starts in the Pacific Ocean on the earth

Answer : The sun travels from east to west and the earth rotates from west to east. The
eastern side of the world starts with the Pacific Ocean. It is the largest ocean in the
earth and is divided into North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean by the equator.
As the earth rotates from east to west, sunrays enter the ocean from there indicating the
start of the day.

Q. 4 A. Write in brief.

What considerations have been deciding while making the IDL?

Answer : The crossing of the 180-degree prime meridian can result in the change of
time zone. Thus some precautions have to be taken to avoid the confusions in the time
zones. Thus the date and time may have to be changed to incorporate this. This has to
be made by considering the Greenwich 180 degree prime meridian. Two precautions
have to be considered while doing this-

• The direction of travel- The sun travels from east to west and the earth rotates from
west to east. Thus the countries in the west, 12.00 at midnight is the end of the day and
the countries of the east, it is the start of the day. This has to be considered.

• Current day and date- When we travelling across the meridian, the day and the date
changes. While travelling from east to west, one day has to add to the day of
commencing the journey. But while travelling from west to east, the same day is
considered upon arrival.

Q. 4 B. sWrite in brief.

While crossing the IDL, what changes will you make?

Answer : The crossing of the 180 ̊ prime meridians can result in the change of time
zone. Thus some precautions have to be taken to avoid the confusions in the time
zones. Thus the date and time may have to be changed to incorporate this. This has to
be made by considering the Greenwich 180 ̊ prime meridian. When we travelling across
the meridian, the day and the date changes. While travelling from east to west, one day
has to be added to the day of commencing the journey. But while travelling from west to
east, the same day is considered upon arrival.

Q. 4 C. Write in brief.

Why is the IDL not a straight line like the 180 ̊ meridians?

Answer : The International Date Line was constructed in 1884 to change the date and
time according to the global travelling. But unlike the prime meridian, the IDL is not a
straight line. If it was a straight line passing evenly through the continents, oceans and
islands it would have resulted in the same places lying on both the sides of the meridian
having different times. Thus the line was constructed in such a way that the parts of the
same region were included in the same time zone. Thus the IDL was not a straight line.

Q. 4 D. Write in brief.

Why doesn't the IDL pass through the land?

Answer :

The International Date Line was constructed in 1884 to change the date and time
according to the global travelling. But unlike the prime meridian, the IDL is not a straight
line and does not pass through the land. If it was a straight line passing evenly through
the continents, oceans and islands it would have resulted in the same places lying on
both the sides of the meridian having different times. Thus the line was constructed in
such a way that the parts of the same region were included in the same time zone. Thus
the IDL was not a straight line passing through the land.

Q. 4 E. Write in brief.

Why is the IDL considered with respect to 180 ̊ meridians only?

Answer : The International Date Line was constructed in 1884 to change the date and
time according to the global travelling. The crossing of the 180 ̊ prime meridians can
result in the change of time zone. Thus some precautions have to be taken to avoid the
confusions in the time zones. Thus the date and time may have to be changed to
incorporate this. This has to be made by considering the Greenwich 180 ̊ prime
meridian.

Q. 5. Using Atlas, tell which of the following routes the IDL will be crossed and
show them.

a. Mumbai-London-New York-Los Angeles-Tokyo

b. Delhi-Kolkata-Singapore-Melbourne
c. Kolkata-Hong Kong-Tokyo-San Francisco
d. Chennai-Singapore-Tokyo-Sydney-Santiago
e. Delhi-London-New York

Answer : The International Date Line was constructed in 1884 to change the date and
time according to the global travelling. But unlike the prime meridian, the IDL is not a
straight line and does not pass through the land. If it was a straight line passing evenly
through the continents, oceans and islands it would have resulted in the same places
lying on both the sides of the meridian having different times. Thus the line was
constructed in such a way that the parts of the same region were included in the same
time zone. Thus the IDL was not a straight line passing through the land.
 Introduction to Economics

Exercise

Q. 1. Explain the types of economies by filling correct information in the place of

questions in the circle.

Answer : Please see the image below which shows different types of economy.
Q. 2. Give an explanation:

(1) Economy begins at home.

(2) India’s economy is of mixed type.
(3) On the basis of economies, we can divide countries into three groupes.

Answer : (1) Managing finance means economic management, economics makes us

understand on how to use time,money,labour and land, this is applicable within family
as well on using the available income effectively and managing expenses, also
economics comes from the word “oikonomia” which means “family management” hence
it can be said that Economy begins at home.

(2) In a mixed economy public and private sector exits at the same time or in the same
place they live in an agreement in spite of different beliefs or interest, a balance is
maintained between profit and social welfare, all this is seen in Indian economy hence
India’s economy is mixed type.

(3) A country in which ownership of production and management of production is

decided and governed by an individual or private individual and aim towards gaining
maximum profit can be termed as a country with Capitalistic economy.
A country whose production is monitored and controlled by government and their goal is
to achieve social welfare can be termed as a country with Socialistic economy.

A country who maintains a well balance between profit and social welfare and where
public and private sector co-operate and co-exists can be termed as a country
with Mixed economy.

Q. 3. Write the following questions in one line:

(1) To which economic factor is the management of individual or family finances

related?
(2) From which Greek word is the term ‘Economics’ derived?
(3) In capitalistic economy, to whom does the ownership and management of
means of production belong?
(4) What do you mean by globalisation?

Answer : (1) Management of individual or family finances is related to income and

expenditure.

(2) The word economics come from the Greek word oikonomia.

(3) In capitalistic economy, the ownership and management of means of production

belongs to private individuals.

(4) Globalisation means aligning the country’s economy with the world economy.

Activity

Q. 1. Obtain information about the contribution of any Indian economist in

Economics and present in the class.

Answer : The famous economist who made impact in the world economics is Amartya
Sen.

(i) He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to
welfare economics, social choice theory and for his interest in the problems of society's
poorest members.
(ii) He was also awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1999

(iii) His some of the major studies in the world economic philosophy include
Development as Freedom and his book Inequality Examined.

(iv) His activities were to understand the economic gap between the people.

(v) Sen was best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the
development of practical solutions for preventing or limiting the effects of real or
perceived shortages of food.

Q. 2. Consider the income and expenditure of your family and make an account
sheet for it.

Answer : The account sheet which shows total income, budgeted expense, actual
expense and balance is as below.
 Trade

Exercise

Q. 1. Classify the trade taking place between following regions :

(A) Maharashtra and Punjab

(B) India and Japan
(C) Lasalgaon and Pune
(D) China and Canada
(E) India and European Union

Answer : (A) Since Maharashtra and Punjab are in the same country i.e India, the trade
taking place between them is Domestic Trade (Internal Trade).

(B) India and Japan are two different countries, and hence the trade taking place
between them is Bilateral International Trade.

(C) Lasalgaon is a town in Nashik District in the Indian state of Maharashtra and Pune is
a District in the Indian state of Maharashtra since this trade is within the state it ca be
termed as local trade which takes place within cities,towns or villages.

(D) China and Canada are two different countries, and hence the trade taking place
between them is Bilateral International Trade.

(E) India is an Asian Country whereas European Union is an Union of 28 European

countries hence trade taking place between them is Multilateral International Trade.

Q. 2. Write the correct word- Import or Export for the following :

(A) India buys crude oil from the Middle-East Asian countries.
(B) Wheat is sent to Asian countries from Canada.
(C) Japan sends machine parts to APEC countries.

Answer : (A) India buying crude oil from the Middle-East Asian countries is an Import.

(B) Wheat sent to Asian countries from Canada is export.

(C) Japan sending machine parts to APEC countries is a export.

Q. 3. Correct and rewrite the wrong statements :

(A) India is a self-sufficient country.

(B) The place where there is excess production does not have demand for those
products.
(C) International trade processes are easier than local trade.
(D) SAARC works towards economic development and enhancing the social and
cultural harmony of the South- East Asian countries.

Answer :(A) No region or country is self-sufficient

(B) When a country produces excess goods or services than required, it sells these to
countries which have a demand for it.

(C) Carrying out trade at an international level is a more complex process than domestic
trade.

(D) SAARC work towards Increasing social welfare, raising the living standard and
increasing regional cooperation among member states.

Q. 4. Identify and write the type of trade:

(A) Srushti brought sugar from the grocery shop.

(B) The traders from Surat bought cotton from the farmers of Maharashtra.
(C) Sameer has exported pomegranates from his farms to Australia.
(D) Sadabhau bought 10 sacks of wheat and 5 sacks of rice from Market Yard for
selling in his own shop.

Answer : (A) Such type of trade can be termed as visible trade,since Srushti bought
sugar here she is buying goods and the grocery shopkeeper is selling the good.

(B) This type of trade can be termed as Wholesale Trade,as the trader buys cotton
produce directly from the farmers in bulk quantity and will sell to the traders of retail
market.

(C) Such type of trade can be called as export which is basic process of international
trade.As the pomegranates from the farm,are being sent to a foreign country.

(D) This type of trade is called Retail Trade.As the goods are bought from Wholesale
market and will be sold directly to consumers.

Q. 5 A. Write answers in short:

Create a flowchart showing the types of trade.

Answer : Below is the flow chart which shows different types of trade.
Q. 5 B. Write answers in short:

Explain the difference in types of balances of trade.

Answer : The difference in types of balances of trade can be defined in 3 ways as

mentioned below.

(i) When the value of imports is more than the value of exports, it is called ‘unfavorable
balance of trade.

(ii) When the value of exports is more than the value of imports, it is called ‘favourable
balance of trade.

(iii) When the value of exports and imports is almost the same, it is called ‘balanced
balance of trade’.

Q. 5 C. Write answers in short:

State the objectives of WTO.

Answer : The World Trade Organization (WTO) has six key objectives which are
mentioned below.

(i) to set and enforce rules for international trade.

(ii) to provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further trade liberalization.

(iii) to resolve trade disputes.

(iv) to increase the transparency of decision-making processes.

(v) to cooperate with other major international economic institutions involved in global
economic management and,

(vi) to help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system.

Q. 5 D. Write answers in short:

What is the difference between the OPEC and APEC in terms of their functions?

Answer : The OPEC and APEC varies in functions as listed below.

Q. 5 E. Write answers in short:

Write the functions of the important trade organisations in Asia.

Answer : The important trade organization in Asia with their function is listed below.

(i) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

It’s function is to find satisfactory solutions to the problems faced by south Asian
countries, to remove unrest and increase social ,living standard and regional co-
operation.

(ii) Association of South-East Asian nations ( ASEAN)

Its function is to expand cultural & social harmony along with economic growth,
promoting regional peace and tax waving.

(iii) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Its function is to promote free trade and economic cooperation in Asia-Pacific region.
Promoting regional and technical cooperation.

(iv) Brazil,Russia, India,China and South Africa (BRICS)

Its function is to make funds available for economic growth, strengthening economic
security.

Q. 5 F. Write answers in short:

What is the importance of marketing from farmers ‘point of view’?

Answer : Information plays an important part of different aspects of the crops.This

information has to be accurate and sufficient,and such information will help farmers in
planning the dates,planning & selecting the place to grow the crop and to sell the crop.If
the supply are source at fair cost then this an give good returns.The kind of information
required is information on the wholesale and retail market,export and import price and
the price at farmers end.

Q. 6. In the following table, export-import of some countries in the year 2014-15 is

given in million U.S. dollars. Make a compound bar graph of the given statistical
information. Read the bar diagram carefully and comment upon the balance of
payments of the respective countries.

Answer : The bar diagram with comments on the import and export trade is mentioned
below.
As per the information provided and the bar diagram India, Brazil and USA are doing an
unfavorable balance trade as the value of import is more than the value of export.
Whereas China is doing favorable balance trade as the value of export is more than the
value of import.

Activity

Q. 1. Carry out the following activity with the help and guidance of teachers:

Prepare a good advertisement for any product. Make sure your advertisement
gets maximum appreciation from the class.

Answer : I would like to present advertisement of Milkshakes, which I have consider as

my product for advertisement. Since this is summer season decided to make something
cooler.

The Tag Line or Punch Line will be : Not Cool Be Cooler This Summer.

The Picture of the product will be as below. With Introduction caption as , White Crunch
Milkshake, quench your thirst.
 Urbanisation

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Suggest measures for the following problems:

The slums in the cities are increasing.

Answer :

a. Promote affordable housing to slum dwellers

b. Provision of basic necessities like food, electricity, basic healthcare

c. Rehabilitation of slums to safe places

Q. 1 B. Suggest measures for the following problems:

Because of the increasing traffic jams within the city, lot of time is consumed in
commuting.

Answer :

d. Technological solutions like using artificial intelligence in revamping the city’s traffic
management.

e. Expansion of existing roads and construction of new roads

f. Promotion of public transport like Metros, bus and train

Q. 1 C. Suggest measures for the following problems:

The question of law and order in the urban areas is serious.

Answer : g. Relocation of police stations to high crime prone areas using technological
tools like big data analytics

h. Promoting community policing

Q. 1 D. Suggest measures for the following problems:

The problem of pollution is grave because of urbanisation.

Answer : i. Promotion of public transport like local train, metro and bus

j. Lifestyle changes like use of cycle, carpooling

k. Relocation of Brick Kilns far from cities

l. Avoiding stubble burning

m. Dust cleaning equipment

Q. 1 E. Suggest measures for the following problems:

Migration has created questions of health and education in urban areas.

Answer : n. Promoting affordable healthcare

o. Increase awareness about good hygienic practices

p. Provision of adequate water and sanitation facilities

q. Promoting affordable and quality education

Q. 2. Match the correct pairs: rate

Answer :
Q. 3. Outline the importance/ advantages of the following:

(A) Technology and mechanisation

(B) Trade
(C) Industrialisation
(D) Amenities in urban areas
(E) Social harmony in the cities

Answer :A) • Increase in productivity leads to growth of economy and income

• Technology and innovation create demand for new skill sets and thereby creating
employment opportunities.

B) • Increase in prosperity

• Development of logistics sector

• Creation of employment opportunities

C) • Increase in trade and income

• Improvement in living standards

D) • Improvement in living standards

• Creation of indirect employment for these service providers

E) • Peace and security

• Emergence of composite culture with exchange of new ideas, cultural practices and
beliefs.

Q. 4 A. Compare the following and give examples:

Transportation system and traffic jams

Answer : As there is urbanization, cities grow. People migrate to these cities for jobs,
education, etc. There is increase in transportation systems too due to people travelling
frequently from suburbs to cities. Public transportation system is not sufficient and
hence the number of private vehicles increases. This leads to an increase in traffic jams
and travelling time increases significantly.

Q. 4 B. Compare the following and give examples:

Industrialization and air pollution

Answer : Industrialisation leads to set up of huge factories which produce goods on a
large scale. Along with this, there is production of large amount of waste which is
generally untreated as the factories find it expensive to treat it and then release. This
leads to increase in air pollution as toxic gases are released through chimneys.

Q. 4 C. Compare the following and give examples:

Migration and slums

Answer : As there is urbanization, cities grow. People migrate to these cities for jobs,
education, etc. Many of them are not as skilled as required by the factories in cities
hence they take up small odd jobs for survival. They cannot afford to stay in expensive
apartments of these cities. Apart from this, cities have limited spaces which forces them
to stay in slums.

Q. 4 D. Compare the following and give examples:

Amenities and increasing crime

Answer : As there is urbanization, cities grow. People migrate to these cities for jobs,
education, etc. Many of them are not as skilled as required by the factories in cities
hence they take up small odd jobs for survival. The people who have migrated people
do not always find employment in the cities. Some of them look for means to earn
money through illegal ways. This leads to an increase in the crime rate of the cities.
Thefts, burglaries, scuffles and murders are the crimes that happen in the cities.
Q. 5. Complete the table:

Answer :
Q. 6 A. Explain:

The growth of cities takes place in a specific method.

Answer : a. Formation of cities can take place in various methods. Regions that are
located at the densely trade routes tend to urbanize. For instance, Pataliputra and Ujjain
in ancient India were prosperous cities that were located on trade routes.

b. Cities like Bombay, Madras, Kolkata were more developed compared to other
regions because of British policy.

c. Mineral rich region tends to attract investment and big industries. These industries
create enormous employment opportunities and development of ancillary industries. Ex:
Jamshedpur

Q. 6 B. Explain:

A planned city of your imagination

Answer : A planned city of my imagination would have the foll:

a. Smart city with extensive use of ICT in service delivery.

b. Green buildings with minimal carbon footprint

c. More green spaces and tree belts

d. Rehabilitation of slums and integrating them with mainstream society with provision
of affordable education and healthcare.

e. Promoting public transportation and ensuring last mile connectivity.

f. Proper implementation of law and order in city

g. Incorporating polluters pays principle in policy formulation. Maintaining stringent

standards on discharge of harmful chemicals by manufacturing industries.

h. Incorporating artificial intelligence in traffic management. For instance, Chinese e-

commerce giant Alibaba has launched its traffic management in many cities of China
and is looking to launch in Malaysia soon.

Q. 6 C. Explain:

Industrialization causes cities to develop.

Answer : Industrialization is the process in which an agriculturally-based economy

transforms into manufacturing sector. Worldwide, industrialization has led to creation of
many cities. For instance, Britain was one of the first country to witness early
industrialization that led to development of cities like Manchester, Bradford etc. In India,
cities like Mumbai developed rapidly due to presence of large textile mill base and many
adjoining villages became part of Mumbai metropolitan area.

Q. 6 D. Explain:

Pollution- A problem

Answer : Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the natural

environment that cause adverse impact. Pollution can be caused due to natural and
man-made factors. There are various types of pollution

Air pollution: Emission of toxic gases from factories, automobiles lowers the quality of
air. According to WHO, air pollution can lead to premature deaths.

Noise Pollution: Prolonged exposure of High noise levels can contribute to

cardiovascular diseases. Loud noise can cause a serious threat to a child’s physical and
psychological health.

Water pollution: It is caused when harmful effluents from factories or households are
discharged into water bodies without treatment. Inadequate amount of quality water can
lead to water scarcity. Intake of contaminated water is also linked to various diseases
like cholera, typhoid, dysentery etc.
Q. 6 E. Explain:

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Answer : Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a pan-India cleanliness campaign that seeks to

create a Clean India. It was launched in 2014. The programme aims to achieve the goal
of a ‘Clean India’ by 2nd October 2019. Several political leaders, celebrities, various
organisations have participated in the cleanliness drive. Such massive awareness
campaign is expected to improve the health outcomes.

Q. 7 A. Suggest measures for the following problems of urbanisation shown in

the following pictures.

Answer :

• Use of electrostatic precipitators to reduce the emission harmful gases

• Relocation of factories far from cities

• Regular audit of factories and ensuring strict compliance

• Use of new technologies like dry Sorbent Injection that are used for controlling sulphur
dioxide (SO2) emissions in thermal power plants.

Q. 7 B. Suggest measures for the following problems of urbanisation shown in

the following pictures.
Answer :

• Implementation of Swach Bharat Abhiyan

• Minimizing waste by promoting citizen awareness on benefits of proper solid waste

management

• Segregation of wastes at the source level

• RRR- reduce, reuse and recycle

• Promoting in-house composting of waste

Q. 7 C. Suggest measures for the following problems of urbanisation shown in

the following pictures.

Answer :

• Sensitizing citizens about the harmful effects of noise pollution

• Setting the decibel limit in areas especially schools and hospitals

• Extensive use of noise barriers

• Ensure smooth traffic flow with proper traffic management

• Stringent action against violators

• Industries, Airport must be located far from cities

• Plantation of trees

Q. 7 D Activity: Suggest measures for the following problems of urbanisation

shown in the following pictures.
Answer :

• Prohibiting discharge of wastes by factories

• Avoid dumping of wastes in lakes

• Stringent action to be taken against violators

• Sensitizing citizens about the harmful effects of water pollution

Activity

Q. 1. Make a list of the large cities in India and show them on a map of India.

Answer :
Q. 2. Visit a big city near your village and write the facilities and problems you
come across with the help of your teacher.

Answer : We visited the city of Mumbai near our village. The facilities included better
health facilities, infrastructure, banking facilities, etc. In our village, there is only one
hospital which does not function properly. Most of the times, the doctor is not available.
This was not the case with Mumbai. There were multiple hospitals, both government
and private.
Infrastructure facilities in the city included huge railway stations, parks, etc. which are
not found in our village.

Intext Questions

Q. 1. Using the statistical information given in the table below, draw a line graph
of the percentage of urban population using computer. Discuss in terms of
urbanisation. After studying this graph, write the conclusions about urbanisation
in our country from 1961-2011 in your own words.
Answer :

From 1961-1981, the growth of urban population was around 5.5% only but from 1981-
2011, this growth was around 13.73%. This means that the urban population is
increasing rapidly in India

From 1961-1991, the growth of urban settlements was around 58.8% only but from
1991-2011, this growth was around 120.11%. This means that the urban settlements
are increasing rapidly in India.
 Transport and Communication

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Differentiate between:

Railways and roadways

Answer : Railways and roadways

Q. 1 B. Differentiate between:

Transportation and communication

Answer : Transport and Communication

Q. 1 C. Differentiate between:

Conventional and modern means of communication.

Answer : Conventional and modern means of communication

Q. 2 A. Answer in detail :

‘Newspapers are used for communication'. Explain the statement

Answer : Newspapers are used for communicating to a large volume of people at a

time. Newspaper developed with the invention of the printing press. Even though the
newspaper is the traditional means of communication, even now it has great relevance
everywhere in the world.

Newspaper addresses the general audience, focused on the specific area and subject.
The local newspaper is the key sources that can be relied upon for the information of
both the local area and the global arena. Before the advent of the internet, it had a
major importance in society. It is the news agencies which can communicate the news
to a large volume of people. Since it has the influence to a large number of people, big
corporate companies try to promote advertisement through the newspaper. Classified
advertisement and important public notices are important materials of the newspaper.
Newspapers e still a very effective means of communication. Many news agencies have
stated their own News Apps that has widened its reach.

Q. 2 B. Answer in detail :

Explain how T.V. is a cheap means of communication.

Answer : Unlike the newspaper and any other mass media communication TV has a
wide range and influence on the public. It is one of the modern means of communication
which has wider accessibility.

TV is one of the essential commodities that every household owns. Any message
communicated through TV will reach to the mass audience within a short span of time.
Big corporate companies promote their advertisement on TV. Advertisement through
the TV is cost-effective because only one advertisement can be played multiple times
which will influence the audience. Moreover, with the advent of digitalization, many
companies are providing cost fewer connections which have increased the accessibility
of TV to the general public.

Q. 2 C. Answer in detail :

What types of communications can be done through mobiles?

Answer :There are different types of communication done through mobile phones.
Earlier it was confined to personal communication. After the era of internet and android
mobile phone revolution, communication through the mobile can be made to a huge
volume of people at the same time.

The basic personal communication that can be made through the mobile are:

• Calling: Calling is the most important function of mobile communicating device. It can
be done even if the person miles away. We can contact within seconds and effective
communication can be done.

• Messages: Message function is used to text the message that we want to convey to
the person through the mobile. When we send the text message the message will be
delivered within seconds.

The communication has gone through massive changes. Android mobile phones have
taken the communication from personal communication to mass media communication.
The communication through Whatsapp, Facebook, and many such social media can be
used for both personal and mass media communication.
Q. 3 A. Name them on the basis of the given information:

Five cities with airways services in Maharashtra

Answer :

• Chhatrapati Shivaji International airport

Chhatrapati Shivaji International airport is the second busiest airport in India according
to the arrival of the passengers. It is the primary airport of Maharashtra situated in
Mumbai. It was formerly known as Sahar International airport.

• Pune Airport

Pune is the second most civil airport in Maharashtra. The airport is functioned by the
Airport Authority of India and Indian Air Force. This airport handles both domestic and
international flights

• Aurangabad Airport

Aurangabad Airport is the civil airport operated by Airport Authority of India. It is located
in Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

• Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport

It is one of the most important international airports in Maharashtra. The airport is

located in the city Nagpur, Maharashtra.

• Nanded Airport

Nanded is the city situated in Maharashtra. Nanded airport is also known as Shri Guru
Gobind Singh Ji Airport, located in Nanded, Maharashtra. The airport is served as the
domestic airport in the city and the airport is owned by the Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation and operated by Naded airport private limited.

Q. 3 B. Name them on the basis of the given information:

Services available in post offices

Answer : Mail services provided by post offices

• Letters and inland: It is the basic function of the post office. It accepts letters and
inland and helps in effective communication. It has lost its relevance due to the
development of modern means of faster communication like telephones and mobiles.
• Telegraph: It is the long-distance messaging through texts or symbols. In the
19th century, electric telegraphy was introduced. It is rarely used service in the post
office. In India, it was repealed from 2013.

• Registered post: It will be delivered safely to the where the post is to be sent. In this
post, the sender affixes stamp and deliver at the post office.

• Parcel service: The postal department provide the Parcel service. Parcel can be sent
to anywhere in the country with minimal cost. This is most economical compared any
other private parcel services.

• Speed post: The post sent through is charged extra than the normal post. This helps
to reach out the destination as fast as possible.

Financial services by the post office

• Savings account

The post office provides savings account facility. The savings account in the post office
helps the ordinary people to save their money for the future uses.

• ATM service

In India, Post office department has started providing the ATM services recently which
can be used as a universal ATM. Money can be withdrawn from banks ATM machine.

• Money order

This was mostly used mode for transferring money before the development of
commercial banks transferring services. Even now it has significance in many of the
rural areas.

• Payments bank

In India, from 2017, postal services have started the payment banks in which the
account holders in post office account can pay universally everywhere as the
commercial bank payment system functions.

Q. 3 C. Name them on the basis of the given information:

National Highways near your area

Answer : • National Highway 44 (NH 44) is the longest highway in India running form
the north-south of India. It connects from Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir to
Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. It was laid and maintained by the Central Public Works
department.
• NH 8 is one the most important highway that connects Delhi to Mumbai via Jaipur,
Baroda, and Ahmedabad which covers the distance of 1428 km.

• NH 5 connects the highway form the city Kolkata to Chennai. This is the highway
included in the golden quadrilateral. This highway covers the distance of 1533 km.

• NH 4 connects from Thane to Chennai via Pune and Belgaum. It covers the distance
of 1235km.

Q. 3 D. Name them on the basis of the given information:

Ports along the coast of Maharashtra

Answer : Maharashtra is the busiest state with many ports along the coast of the state.
Maharashtra has two major ports and they are:

• Mumbai port: It is a major port in Mumbai, Maharashtra, handling 10.44% of the total
seaborne cargo dealt with major ports in India.

• Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP): It is the important port in the Mumbai harbor. It was
established in the 1990's and has emerged as a premier container handling port. It
accounts for almost 55% of the container traffic movement among the ports in India.

There are some non-major ports that are under Maharashtra Maritime Board (MMB)
handling cargo include ports at Dahanu, Tarapur, Trombay, Ratnagiri, Jaigad,
Redi…etc.

Q. 4. Identify the relation and match the columns making a chain

Answer :

Explanation

a. Postal services are said to be conventional means of communication because, before

the advent of the internet and mobile phones, the postal service was the only significant
mode for communication. One service provided by the postal services is speed post.

b. Shivneri is the birthplace of chathrapathiShivaji. The Shivneri fort is a tourist hotspot.

The only means to reach the shivneri fort is roadways. The roadway by the bus makes
the comfortable journey to the fort.

c. The Internet is the world network connected with computers and mobiles through the
satellite. The internet helps to exchange information throughout the world.

d. RoRO transport is the Roll-on/ Roll of transport which carries loads of trucks directly
by the train. These services are done by railways and waterways, thus reducing the
human effort in taking the truck from one place to another. It saves time carrying many
trucks at the same time.

Activity

Q. 1. Collect information regarding the satellites sent by India for educational and
communicational purposes. Make use of ICT for that.

Answer : India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975.
The organization responsible for India's space program is the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO). Satellites are is an artificial object which has been intentionally
placed into orbit. It may be for communicative, educative or for monitoring.

COMMUNICATIVE SATELLITES

APPLE
The Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE), was an experimental
communication satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation on June
19, 1981, by Ariane, a launch vehicle of the European Space Agency (ESA) from
Centre Spatial Guyanais near Kourou in French Guiana.

APPLE was India's first experimental geostationary communication satellite. It was used
in several communication experiments including relay of TV programmes and radio
networking. It went out of service on September 19, 1983.

INSAT-1A

INSAT-1A was an Indian communications satellite which formed part of the Indian
National Satellite System. It was launched in 1982 for a period of seven years.
Following a series of failures, the satellite was abandoned in September 1983. It was
the first operational multipurpose communication satellite.

INSAT-1B

INSAT-1B was an Indian communications satellite which formed part of the Indian
National Satellite System. It was launched in 1983 for seven years. At the end of its
seven-year design life, it was replaced by the newly launched INSAT-1D. In 1992, it was
relocated before being decommissioned in August 1993.

INSAT-1C

INSAT-1C was the third in the first generation INSAT series of satellites built by Ford
Aerospace to satisfy the domestic communication requirement of India. The Govt.
agencies using its services were All India Radio, Doordarshan, Department of Space
and Indian Meteorological Department.

INSAT-1C was launched from Guiana Space Centre in Kourou using Ariane 3 rocket on
July 21, 1988. It was planned for a period of seven years, but it achieved only 1 year
and 3 months.
INSAT-1D

INSAT-1D was 4th and the concluding multipurpose geostationary satellite of INSAT-1
series. It was launched on June 12, 1990.INSAT-1D was a joint venture of the
Department of Space, Department of Telecommunications, Indian Meteorological
Department and All India Radio. It was a success and was deactivated on 22 May 2002.

GSAT-1

GSAT-1 was an experimental communications satellite launched aboard the maiden

flight of the GSLV rocket. It was launched on 18 April 2001. The spacecraft was unable
to complete its mission after a launch failure.

HAMSAT

HAMSAT also known as HAMSAT INDIA, VU2SAT and VO-52 is a microsatellite

providing amateur radio satellite communications services for Indian and international
amateur radio operators. It was launched by PSLV-C6 on May 5, 2005, from
Sriharikota. It was officially decommissioned after 9 Years and 2 Months but is still
semi-operational providing unreliable service due to battery failure.

ANUSAT

The Anna University Satellite (ANUSAT) was an Indian student research microsatellite
designed, developed and integrated at Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of
Technology. Students and faculties of Madras Institute of Technology and College of
Engineering, Guindy were involved in the design of ANUSAT. It carries an amateur
radio and technology demonstration experiments. The satellite's development was
sponsored by the Indian Space Research Organisation.

It was successfully launched aboard PSLV-C12from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
The launch was carried out on 20 April 2009 for 2 years. It was decommissioned in
2012.
SWAYAM

Swayam is a picosatellite (CubeSat) developed by the undergraduate students of

College of Engineering, Pune under the guidance of Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) in January 2015. The structural design of the satellite, design of its
electronic and control systems as well as the manufacturing of the satellite was carried
out by the students. The project was completed over a span of 8 years.

The Satellite was launched by ISRO on 22 June 2016 from Satish Dhawan Space
Center, Sriharikota, India.

SOUTH ASIA SATELLITE

The South Asia Satellite, also known as GSAT-9, is geostationary communication and
meteorology satellite operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation for the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. The satellite was
launched on the 5th of May, 2017.

During the 18th SAARC summit held in Nepal in 2014, Indian Prime Minister Narendra
Modi mooted the idea of a satellite serving the needs of SAARC member nations as a
part of his neighborhood first policy. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal,
and Sri Lanka are the users of the multi-dimensional facilities provided by the satellite.
Pakistan declined to participate in the project.

The South Asia Satellite provides crucial information on telemedicine, tele-education,

banking, and television broadcasting opportunities. It is also equipped with remote
sensing state of the art technology which enables the collection of real-time weather
data and helps in observations of the geology of the South Asian nations.

These are some of the most important communicative satellites. Many other satellites
apart from this were launched by India for integration in communication.

EDUCATIVE SATELLITES

EDUSAT

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was a communications satellite which was launched
on 20 September 2004 by the Indian Space Research Organisation. EDUSAT is the first
Indian satellite built exclusively to serve the educational sector. It is mainly intended to
meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the
country.

EDUSAT was successfully launched into from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in
Sriharikota. India's first broadband network on EDUSAT for schools - ViCTERS
(Versatile ICT Enabled Resource for Students) was inaugurated by Dr. A.P.J Abdul
Kalam, on 28 July 2005 in Thiruvananthapuram. It has revolutionized classrooms
through an interactive IP-based technology called ‘IT@School Project’. Kerala has since
demonstrated how EDUSAT could be used to successfully empower teachers.

It was decommissioned in September 2010 and relocated to a graveyard orbit.

 Tourism

Exercise

Q. 1 A. Identify the type of tourism from the statement.

Hemant Kumar went to Mexico to learn about the architectural skills of the Mayan
culture.

Answer : Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which travellers engage in a tour to explore the
history of people, architecture, temples and religious cultures in different regions.
According to this question, Hemant Kumar has gone to Mexico for exploring the
architectural skills of Mayan culture.

Q. 1 B. Identify the type of tourism from the statement.

Portuguese tourists had come to Goa to participate in the Goa Carnival.

Answer : Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which travellers engage in a tour to explore the
history of people, architecture, temples and religious cultures in different regions.
Portuguese tourists and many others from different countries are attracted towards the
Goan festivals as they have their strong cultural base in Goa.

Q. 1 C.Identify the type of tourism from the statement.

To seek treatment in a naturopathy centre, John and Amar went to Kerala

Answer : Medical tourism

Medical tourism means people travelling to another place for seeking medical treatment.
Wellness tourism and health tourism is tourism related to medical tourism. In this case,
John and Amar went to Kerala to seek treatment from naturopathy centre which is
related to medical treatment.

Q. 1 D. Identify the type of tourism from the statement.

Pundalikrao accomplished the Char Dham Yatra with his family

Answer : Religious tourism

Religious tourism is a type of tourism, where people travel to different places individually
or in groups to pilgrims, holy places etc. Char Dham is a set of four pilgrim sites in India.
Hindus visit these places to attain Moksha. The four pilgrims comprise of Badrinath,
Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri. So Pundalikrao has accomplished his tourism as a
religious tourist.

Q. 1 E. Identify the type of tourism from the statement.

Rameshwari from Pune went to enjoy Hurda (Roasted Grain) party and learn
about modern and traditional methods of agriculture

Answer : Agri-tourism

Agri-tourism is the type of tourism that involves any agriculturally-based activity. It

involves farming, food production or animal husbandry for experience, entertainment or
education.

Q. 1 F. Identify the type of tourism from the statement.

Sayyed family went to Ajmer Dargah.

Answer : Religious tourism

Religious tourism is a type of tourism, where people travel to different places individually
or in groups to pilgrims, holy places etc. since Ajmer Durgha is a holy place in Ajmer,
Rajasthan.

Q. 2. Match the columns

Answer :
a. Tadoba Andhari National Park is located in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra. The
national park is unique for the tiger reserve, it also is known as Andhari Tiger Reserve.
It was created in the year 1955. This national park has over of 88 tigers as of 2016.

b. Nannaj is a place in Maharashtra. It is a wildlife sanctuary for the great Indian

Bustard. Maharashtra is one of the six states of India where great Indian Bustard can be
seen.

c. Sanjay Gandhi National Park reserved area is near Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was
formerly known as Borivali National Park. The Kanheri Caves is the centre of the park
was Buddhist pilgrimage site is sculpted by Buddhist monks.

d. Taj Mahal is known to be built fully with marble on the south bank of Yamuna River in
Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Taj Mahal was designated as UNESCO World Heritage site in
1983. In 2007, it was declared as the winner of New 7 Wonders of the World (2000-
2007) initiative.

e. Ramoji Film City in one of the famous film city in India situated in Hyderabad,
Telangana. It has certified by Guinness World Records as largest studio complex in the
world.

f. Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary is the sanctuary located in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. It

lies in the southern end of Sahyadri hills in the Western Ghats. It is popularly known as
Bison sanctuary. Indian bison is the flagship species in these areas.

g. Bhimbetka rock shelter is an archaeological site in Raisen, Madhya Pradesh. It is a

UNESCO world heritage site. Bhimbetka has ancient cave painting about 30000 years
old.
h. Ellora is a sacred site in Maharashtra. Ellora is the world heritage site for Hindu,
Buddhist and Jain temples. Kailash caves with the Kailash temple is situated inside the
Ellora

i. Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary is a reserved area in Himalayan foothills in Arunachal

Pradesh. It was established in 1989. Eaglenest is well known for its birding area.
Eaglenest is at least home for 165 species of butterflies, some of which are very rare.

j. Loktak Lake is the largest freshwater lake in India; it is located in North-Eastern India.
The lake is situated in Manipur.

Q. 3 A. Answer in detail

Differentiate between religious and cultural tourism.

Answer :

Q. 3 B. Answer in detail

What are the objectives of tourism?

Answer : India is a diverse country. India has a wide variety of culture, climate, religions
and tourist spots. Therefore India is a tourist hotspot.

Some of the objectives of tourism are:

Tourism promotes economic development

When there is tourism in our country, there will be lots of foreign currency inflows to the
country. This will build up our foreign reserves. The number of restaurants, shops, and
other services will increase when there is an increase in tourists. Moreover, the basic
infrastructure and employment opportunity will increase due to an increase in tourism.

• Tourism promotes the health facility

Tourism indirectly promotes the health facility in the economy. When the tourists are
encouraged to visit a country the state ensure the good hospital facility. Good health
facility will promote the number of tourists to the country. Today medical tourism is
being promoted in many countries.

• Social development

Tourism will promote social development. When the visits of tourists exchange of the
social culture take place. It enhances the rural and urban lifestyle and increases the
standard of living.

Q. 3 C. Answer in detail

Explain the environmental effects of tourism?

Answer : The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to
tourism. Still, tourism's connection with the environment is complex. It involves many
actions which will have adverse effects on the environment.

Tourism has the potential to generate advantageous effects on the environment by

contributing to environmental protection and conservation. When there is a respectable
environment, it will attract the number of tourists mainly for ecotourism. The natural
sanctuaries, park, zoos, and forests are best environmental hotspots for the tourist
places. For tourism promotion, economic investment will take place in the setting up
locations and improving the sanctuaries and national parks.

There are a lot of adverse effects due to higher levels of tourism. Some of them are:

• Pollution

Pollution is the main problem in all the activities. Tourism will make the environment
degraded by people’s ignorance by throwing the plastics and other non-degradable in
the environment.

• Increase in waste

The waste will pile up within a short time if the place is a highly concentrated tourist
spot. The increase in waste must be disposed of properly, or else it creates the
pollution.

• Disturbance to animals
When the tourists visit the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, then the animal in
parks and sanctuaries gets disturbed.

Q. 3 D. Answer in detail

What opportunities develop with the development of tourism?

Answer : There are wide varieties of opportunity that help through the development of
tourism. Some of them are:

• Employment

When there is an increase in tourism, a number of employment opportunities will be

created. Because of the increase in tourism promotion, there will be an increase in the
restaurants, hotels, and many other shops which will earn a profit. Due to the increase
in the shops and many other resources, there will be an increase in employment
opportunity.

• Income generation

Tourism will promote the small-scale industry. When the tourists visit the places, and
they buy the commodities of handicraft industries which is available only in specific
places. This will result in income generation.

• Promotes the overall national income

Tourism will increase the foreign currency to the country. When there is an
advancement in employment in the economy then simultaneously the income will be
generated, and the economy will rise.

• Exchange of ideas

The exchange of idea from one country to another takes place when their visit from
travellers. It leads to the development of the thought process in the country.

Q. 3 E. Answer in detail

Suggest measures after explaining the problems arising at the tourist places.

Answer : Tourism has witnessed a remarkable transformation into a many-sided

economic and social activity. Tourism has now grown to such extent and importance
that it has become the prime industry in the world. The tourist places may experience
problems relating to various factors such as pollution, safety, and security, etc.

• Pollution
Pollution is the main problem that is faced by the tourist places. The places which
attract many of the tourists will also increase the pollution factors such as plastic waste,
contamination in the water, etc.

• Disturbance to the animals

When there is an attraction of tourist towards the places such as national park and
wildlife sanctuary all the animals in the places gets disturbed due to human interference.
These noises may make the wild animals less sensitive towards catching their prey,
thus makes huge losses in the biodiversity.

• Monuments and equipment

Monuments and equipment of old age also attract many of the tourists. Because of the
constant hand touch and the increase in temperature due to a large number of tourists,
there can be serious damage. If any of the tourists unknowingly break or damage
things, then the equipment will be lost and that things cannot be recreated.

• Change in the culture

Tourism promotion will help in exchanging the culture and heritage, but when there is an
exchange in the culture, the culture which is practiced for thousands of years gets
destroyed. When the culture of the country is damaged and destroyed, and there will be
forced adoption of foreign culture in our society.

Suggestions for the problems faced by the tourist places

• Awareness

The tourists must be given awareness about the pollution that is happening around the
places they visit. There must be sufficient dustbins in the tourist spots, so that waste will
not be thrown here and there.

• Visiting the parks without the noise

Make aware of the loss of biodiversity due to the noise that is created by the tourists
and ensures they enjoy the environment without noise.

• Preserving the old equipment

The equipment must be preserved and should not allow touching by the tourists. If they
are preserved, it will also attract some more tourists towards the tourist spot.

Q. 3 F. Answer in detail
Explain with the reason the places of interest that can be developed as tourist
centres in your district.

Answer : Maharashtra is the second city that is mostly visited by foreigners in India,
and it is the fourth city that is most visited in the country. Aurangabad is considered as
tourism capital of Maharashtra. All the places in Maharashtra are well developed for the
tourist spots, but even then there are some places which are hidden and also can be
developed as the most beautiful tourist destinations. Some of such places are being
discussed below:

• Pandavkada Falls

Without a doubt, it is one of the best attraction. But the tourism promotion and way to
visit the Pandavkada falls is worse. So the promotion of the tourist spot and building the
best road facility to the falls will attract a large number of tourist to the Pandavkada
Falls.

• Seweri Mangrove Park

This thrilling place seems to exist in spite of the oil spills and the mudflats, but for how
long it’s hard to say. It is in a condition to vanish quickly, so it must be given extra care.
Tourism must be promoted by the government in this area. Many birds can be seen in
this park. Occasionally the rare bird Flamingo can also be seen.

There are many more places which are un-noticed and also are not being given much
importance. If these places are also given importance, Maharashtra can even become
the first state in India that is mostly visited by foreigners.

Q. 3 G. Answer in detail

Local people get employment due to tourism. Give reasons.

Answer : The travel and tourism industry is one of the most active industries in today’s
global world. It is expected to create about 9% of total GDP and provide more than 235
million jobs in 2010. It will also increase the self-employment opportunities of the local
people in the country. Some of the employment in which local people get involved due
to tourism is:

• Restaurants

The tourist who is visiting the spot will be in need of food and shelter. The local people
can get involved in making new restaurants and hotel for the stay for the tourists. This is
one of major employment opportunity due to tourism in the country. The restaurants can
employ some more people from the local area for cooking and maintenance.

• Guide
Guiding the tourists is one of the most important employment for the local people.
Foreigners who are visiting the local areas need a guide for visiting all the areas
efficiently. So, tourist guide is the best employment opportunity for the local people who
are expert in all the local areas.

• Construction work

Construction work involved in building restaurants, hotels, and tourist spots makes
employment opportunity for the construction labourers.

Q. 4. Make a notice board containing instructions for tourists at a tourist place.

Answer :
Q. 5. Explain how relevant is the concept of “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guest is our
God) with respect to tourism.

Answer :

“Athithi Devo Bhava" is the Sanskrit word taken from the Hindu scriptures and which
became "part of the code of conduct" for the Hindu society. "AditiDevoBhava" means
"guest is our god". India attracts millions of tourists each year. As an attempt to improve
the number of tourists travelling to India, the Tourism Department of India implemented
the Atithi Devo Bhava campaign with the theme of Incredible India. This program brings
the responsibility to the people about the maintenance of our culture, heritage, and
hospitality. The entire campaign of Atithi Devo Bhava includes sensitization, screening,
training, orientation, certification, and feedback. The main aim of this program is to
educate the taxi drivers, guides, police and other people who directly interact with the
tourists of how the foreign tourist should be treated in India.

As per Indian culture, every guest should be similar to God. No difference should be
made based on the guest's country, colour, sex etc. There were many advertisement
campaigns by the government, in which the Indian Government is trying to
communicate the same to all stakeholders. The campaign will provide training and
orientation to all stakeholders. The major issue influencing tourism in India is related to
the problem of safety. The motto of Aditi Devo Bhava will help to overcome this
problem. When people are educated about how to treat the foreigners and strict
imposition of law will also reduce the violence's against the tourists who are facing the
problem of safety and security.

Q. 6 A. The tourism map of Maharashtra is given. Answer the following questions

based on the map.
Make a list of places having hot springs. What are the reasons for these being
located here?

Answer : a. Vajreshwari

The town here was originally called Vadvali. The Shree Vajreshwari Yogini Devi Mandir
is a Hindu temple devoted to the goddess Vajreshwari. It is in the town of Vajreshwari,
on the banks of river Tansa, which lies in the Thane district, Maharashtra, India. There
are about twenty-one hot water springs in a five-kilometre radius of the temple.
According to tradition, the hot water is the blood of demons and giants who were slain
by the deity Vajreshwari. According to scientists, the main reason for hot springs is
because of their nearness to the former volcano in the region accounts for their
creation.

b. Unapdev

Unapdev is in Shahada, Maharashtra Tahsil situated near the village Dara. It has a
stable natural hot water source. It always has water starting from a structure in the
figure like a cow's mouth. Unapdev is famous for the Hot Water Spring. Sunapdev and
Nijhardev are two further hot water springs in the same area. They are situated in the
Satpada hills. In the Jalgaon area, hot springs contain so far been recorded at Unabdev,
Sunabdev, and Najhardev in Chopda.
c. AkloliKund

The springs are in a wide, pleasant valley, clustered around the temple of Rameshwar.
Therefore they are also known as Rameshwar hot springs. The water of hot springs has
been gathered into cut-stone cisterns. The hot springs at Akloli are positioned on the left
bank of the Tansi River. Since it is located near to Vajreshwari hot springs, the same
reason exists for the hot springs of the Akloli Kund.

d. Ganesh Puri

This hot spring is also located in the bed of Tansi River. In Ganeshpuri village just at the
back, the main temple has a small Shiva shrine with tanks in front that holds the water
of the hot-water springs. The hot water is 52°C. Agni Kund is an additional hot water
spring close to the village. There are some hot springs that bubble up in spherical holes
melted out of the black volcanic rock there; this is the main reason for the hot water
spring in Ganesh Puri.

e. Sativali

There are remains of a Hindu temple at the hot spring area, with two broken bulls
(Nandis), and two broken lingams. This was called the Satoleshwar Mahadev temple.
The major spring shows profuse gas emission. On the hot spring has constructed a
concrete tank to safeguard the human activity. There are three large and three small
tanks opposed the temple. The small tank to the left has hot water, and steam rises up
from it. The other tanks have comparatively warm water. This hot may be due to
pressure from the earth’s crust; the high pressure of from the earth makes the water hot
in the crust.

Q. 6 B. The tourism map of Maharashtra is given. Answer the following questions

based on the map.
At what places do you find the correlation between transportation routes and the
development of tourism?

Answer : According to the map of Maharashtra state, the high correlation between
transportation and tourism can be seen in the north-western part of Maharashtra that is
in Mumbai and cities near to it. Development tourism in these areas will promote more
tourism because there are highly developed transportation systems such as airport,
railway station, etc. The relationship between transport and tourism development is an
essential area of tourism studies. For improvement of any destination, adequate and
efficient transportation infrastructure and access to generate markets are one of the
most essential aspects.

Moreover, the connection of railways from the cities to the southern spots are also are
very high compared to southeastern parts. Therefore when there is a lack of
connectivity to that places even though the places are very high in its heritage and
destination, the tourists will not prefer to move on to that places. For a brief example
when a person in intends to visit Maharashtra and he landed to Mumbai airport then for
him it will be much easier to visit Ellora caves, Vajreshwarihotsprings, and many other
places, but will have only limited access to the Kundhar caves which is near to Madhya
Pradesh. Even the person can travel to Arjuni Margoan through the railway which is far
away, but it makes him difficult to travel to the Ajanta Caves which is much nearer than
Arjuni Margoan.
Therefore transportation plays a very important role in tourism development. One of the
main important issues for the development of tourism is transportation. It is evident that
even though the Northeastern parts of India are very rich in tourism spots, but the
visitors are very less due to the lack of transportation and communication facilities.
Since Maharashtra is in one of the urbanized states, it has access to the major tourist
spots in the state. Only a few places make the traveling difficulty for the visitors.

Activity

Q. 1. Make an advertisement and present it in class

Answer : India is a major tourist hotspot in the world. Every year our country attracts a
large number of tourists from different parts of the world. India is the most sought after
tourist destination because of its snow clad mountains, plateaus, waterfalls, desert, and
the culture, tradition and its long experience in Ayurveda and naturopathy. The following
advertisement titled MESMERISING INDIA portrays the beauty and charm of the Indian
subcontinent.