Kinds of Qualitative through obtaining insights from them.

Through the analysis of human

Research experiences, qualitative research becomes
useful in determining the factors necessary
Five of the most common kinds of (or for making sound decisions and improving
approaches in) qualitative research are: the quality of life. It is also important in
ethnography or ethnographic studies, developing a deeper understanding of a
grounded theory, phenomenology, phenomenon, which can help improve
historical/narrative approach, and case social interactions. Indeed, the impact of
studies. qualitative research is not only confined
within the four corners of a classroom; it is
In ethnographic studies, the researcher also evident across various fields.
overtly or covertly participates in the lives
and experiences of the target participants 1. Humanities and Social Inquiry.
for a long period of time to understand their Qualitative research can help you
culture. understand the behavior and
experiences of other people, like
Another approach in qualitative research is your classmates, neighbors, and
grounded theory, which involves even your fellow Filipinos. In turn,
developing a theory through inductive understanding their actions and
analysis of data. experiences can help you become
an effective and functional member
The third qualitative approach is of your school and community.
phenomenology, which involves
understanding and developing a clear and 2. Culture and the Arts. Conducting
accurate description of human experiences. qualitative research also helps you
The historical approach (or narrative better understand people's culture.
approach) describes a phenomenon by You also learn more about how the
weaving together a series of events to form arts reflect the individuality of a
a cohesive story. In this approach, data are culture or the person practicing it.
collected from one or two individuals. Consequently, studies dealing with
culture and the arts help in their
Finally, there is the case study approach propagation and preservation.
which provides an in-depth description of a 3. Sports. Qualitative research can
problem or situation set in a specific help you understand the problems of
context. athletes and the challenges in
implmenting sports in order to
Importance of Qualitative Research contribute to their effective creation
across Fields and implementation. In addition,
undertaking a qualitative study can
Qualitative studies are important since help you find out how crucial
research is not limited to collecting physical activities are in making
numerical data, but it also involves citizens active and healthy.
investigating experiences of people and
4. Agriculture and Fisheries.
Qualitative research will give you
information on the beliefs of farmers,
their practices, and the challenges
they experience. You can then use
these information in identifying ways
to increase food production.

5. Science and Technology.

Conducting qualitative research can
help in improving technology and
medical services. It can also help in
generating
science-and-technology-related
issues.

6. Business. You can utilize qualitative

research in exploring the attitudes
and experiences of people in
companies and customers of
businesses. It can help you analyze
human relations in the workplace,
processes in company, customer
satisfaction, and sales and
marketing activities Information and
Communications Technology.

7. Finally, qualitative research can

make us better understand how
technology can supplement human
communication and interactions.
This can be done, for example, by
examining the quality of human
interactions in computer- mediated
communication.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - DIRECT contact with people

- obtaining culturally specific

EMPATHIC NEUTRALITY
information about the values,
- understanding WITHOUT
opinions, behaviors, and social
JUDGEMENT
contexts of particular populations.
- ability to provide complex textual
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
descriptions of how people
- attention to process
experience a given research issue
- identifying intangible factors
NATURALISTIC
- studying real-world situations
RESEARCH
- The scientific investigation of
EMERGENT
phenomena includes collection,
- acceptance of adapting inquiry
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of facts.
PURPOSEFUL
- Solutions to problems must be
- sampling is aimed at insight about
based on knowledge not on mere
the phenomenon
beliefs, guesses, or theories
- A systematic and well-planned
UNIQUE CASE ORIENTATION
procedure
- each case is special and unique

INQUIRY
INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS
- “a seeking for truth, information or
- immersion in the details
knowledge”
- information and data pursued
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE
through questioning
- understood as a complex system
- investigation
that is more than the sum of its parts

INVESTIGATION
EMPIRICAL
- It is a systematic examination of a
- based on direct experience or
certain event.
observation by the researcher

IMMERSION
LOGICAL
- a process a researcher immerses
- based on valid procedures and
(deeply involves) himself in the
principles
data-gathering activities.
CYCLICAL
DATA
- starts with a problem and ends with
- "thick description"
a problem
- direct quotations about people’s
personal perspectives
ANALYTICAL
- utilizes proven analytical procedures
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE AND
in gathering the data
ENGAGEMENT
CRITICAL
- careful and precise judgment

METHODICAL
- without bias using systematic
methods and procedures.

REPLICABILITY
- To arrive at valid and conclusive
results
 - results will include both
terms/decrease the number of search
result
Coding Literature review - provides an overview of
- an analytical process used to the landscape of a specific topic
categorize data.
Conclusion Research gap - a problem that was not
- contains the following subsections, addressed in previous studies.
the summary, limitations of your
study, and recommendation Summarizing - condensing a lengthy piece
Document Analysis of source material.
- a data collection method that
involves the interpretation of Paraphrasing - rewording ideas from the
selected documents by analyzing original text in a more detailed way.
their content.
Implications Theoretical framework - a general frame
- written as a separate subsection. of reference used for making observations.
Limitation
- the factors that the researcher fails References or Bibliography - a whole list
to control or use can be addressed of literary materials including all books,
by future studies. journals, thesis, and dissertations along with
Recommendations other sources.
- provide an actual course of action to
address the limitations. Synthesizing - examining and
References consolidating several articles.
- compiles all of the bibliographic
information for the materials used in Note-taking - is a higher-order thinking skill
preparing research. you need in drafting a literature review and
Summary writing a research paper.
- reiterates your research questions or
objectives. Macro-level synthesis - consolidating
several studies to establish a research gap.
What is a citation guide in the academic
field? In-text citation - referring author within the
- APA (American Psychological main body of the text.
Association)
STEP 1: Literature Search
Boolean Searching Strategy: STEP 2: Evaluation and Analysis of the
AND, OR, NOT Selected Work

AND: results will include both terms ❖ Conceptual Literature – explains

- decrease the number of search result the concepts relevant to your
OR: increase the number of results research
NOT: excludes the term following with NOT/
❖ Related Studies – presents studies
similar to your own

STEP 3: Drafting the Literature Review

By theme – similar topics are clustered

together
By chronology – arranged from the earliest
to the most recent
By type – studies are classified as foreign
or local

STEP 4: Citing Source of Materials

TIPS:

- Isolate and center your research on

key themes or issues related to your
own research interests
- Plan the tentative number and type
of sources that you will use
- Use Boolean searching strategies
- Use NOT if you want to exclude a
particular term
- Use quotation marks (“”) if you want
to search for a specific phrase
Research 3. Research is logical because it is
based on sound principles and a
- is a systematic inquiry that explains systematic procedure
or describes a phenomenon,
predicts an outcome. and poses 4. Research requires higher-order
questions for further studies. thinking skills. It involves interpreting
- It involves looking into a data conclusions from the gathered
phenomenon which has not been data and drawing
investigated yet or is underexplored,
gathering data to address and 5. Research is replicable. This
answer problems, and reporting means that it can be repeated by
results to an audience. other researchers as long as its
- The two main purposes of research methodology is sufficiently detailed.
are to gather evidence and to gain
knowledge. Research may be done 6. Research is solution-oriented
inductively or deductively. Research because it aims to address a
is done inductively if it starts with particular problem.
analyzing a phenomenon and ends
with identifying its underlying 7. Research is objective because it
principles, theories, or processes. requires accurate recording of data
through observation, interviews,
On the other hand, the deductive approach experiments, and other means.
begins with specifying hypotheses and
continues with verifying these through 8. Research requires sufficient
evidence or data. Whichever your approach sources of data.
is, you should produce a research paper as
the final output of your academic
investigation. Research ethics
— refers to the moral principles and
Effective research possesses the
code of conduct that define what good
following characteristics:
and acceptable research practice is.
When conducting research, you have
1. Research is recursive because it
to conform to ethical standards to
involves performing steps in a cyclical and
uphold integrity and maintain the good
non-linear way. This means that you can go
reputation of your name and your
back to earlier stages of writing to ensure
school. Below are some of the ethical
that your ideas are aligned with one another
standards that you need to comply
with.
2. Research is empirical because it is
General Research Practice:
based on verifiable evidence, observation,
or experiences
1. Be objective in your research. Do
not let your personal biases cloud
your judgment.
2. Disclose any potential conflict of document that gives the participants
interest. information regarding the study and
ensures the confidentiality of data.
Data Management and Plagiarism:
2. Refrain from inflicting harm on
1. Avoid fabricating or making up data human participants. 3. Animals can
or results. only be harmed if there legitimate
scientific benefits from doing so.
2. Avoid falsifying data, or changing or
deleting data just to prove your point. 4. When it comes to personal
information, collect only those that are
3. Always cite your sources. Avoid relevant to the study.
taking another person's ideas as your
own. 5. Refrain from forcing anyone to
participate in your research.
4. Avoid self-plagiarism or reusing
your own research.en 5. Avoid 6. Avoid choosing participants based
ghostwriting or asking someone to on convenience alone.
write a research paper for you.

6. Ensure confidentiality of collected

data. Refrain from sharing your data
to any unauthorized person

Authorship:

Remember that authorship is neither a

commodity nor a gift. Avoid including
someone as an author if he or she did
not have any significant contribution to
the paper. A person significantly
contributes to a research work if he or
she is greatly involved in
conceptualizing the study, conducting
the methodology, analyzing and
interpreting the data, and writing the
paper.

Use of Humans and Animals:

1. Inform and ask permission from the

people who will be the subject of your
research. This can be done by using
an informed consent form, a