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Notes For Spherical Lenses

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35 views10 pages

Notes For Spherical Lenses

Uploaded by

nidalismailn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL LENSES

LO: To analyse the refraction by spherical lenses

Convex lens
A convex lens has both the refracting surfaces curved outwards and is thicker
at the middle than at the edges.
A convex lens converges light rays at a point. So it is also known as a
converging lens
Concave lens

A concave lens has both the refracting surfaces curved inwards and is thicker at the
edges than at the middle.

A concave lens diverges the lights rays. Hence it is also known as diverging lens

Important terms to remember


Centre of curvature (C) - The centre of the spheres from which the lens is
taken are called centres of curvature of the lens. Since there are two centres of
curvature, we may represent them as C1 and C2.
Principal axis: An imaginary straight line passing through the two centres of
curvature of a lens is called its principal axis.
Optical centre (O) - The central point of a lens is its optical centre. It is
usually represented by the letter O.
Aperture: The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is
called its aperture.
Principal focus (F) - The point where the light rays meet or appear to meet
after refraction is called the focal point or principal focus
Focal length (f) - The distance from the optical centre to the focal point is the
focal length
NOTE: A lens has two principal foci. They are represented by F1 and F2. There
are two points represented by 2F1 and 2F2, which are double the focal length
on both the sides of the lens
Image formation in convex lens

Image formation in concave lens

Rules for drawing ray diagrams


Rule 1
A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from
a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the other side of the lens.
In case of a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the principal focus
located on the same side of the lens.
Rule 2
A ray of light passing through a principal focus, after refraction from a convex
lens, will emerge parallel to the principal axis. A ray of light appearing to meet
at the principal focus of a concave lens, after refraction, will emerge parallel to
the principal axis.

Rule 3
A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without
any deviation.

NOTE: Please refer to the notebook for the Ray diagrams for
the Image formation in convex and concave lens.
Ray Diagrams
Image formation in convex lens
Case 1: Object at Infinity

Case 2: Object beyond 2F1

Case 3: Object at 2F1

Case 4: Object between 2F1 and F1


Case 5: Object at F1

Case 6: Object between F1 and O


Ray Diagrams
Image formation in concave lens

Case 1: Object at Infinity

Case 2: Object between Infinity and optical centre


Sign convention for spherical lenses
LO: To apply sign convention and lens formula in a given situation
To calculate the power of a lens
For lenses we follow sign conventions similar to the one used for spherical
mirrors.
• The object is always placed to the left of the lens.
• All distances are measured from the optical centre.
• All the distances measured in the direction of incident ray is positive.
(From optical center towards right)
• All the distances measured in against the direction of incident ray is
negative. (From optical center towards left)
• Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are
taken as positive.
• Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are
taken as negative.

Convex lens Concave lens

u = negative u = negative

v = positive; only last case negative v = negative

f = positive f = negative

h = positive h and h’ = positive

h’ = negative; only last case positive m = positive and less than 1

m = negative; only last case positive


Lens Formula and Magnification

v = distance of the image from the lens


u = distance of the object from the lens
f = focal length of the lens

m = magnification
h = height of the object
h' = height of the image

𝑣 ℎ′
=
𝑢 ℎ

NOTE: Please refer to the notebook for the numerical questions


done. Also solve the practice questions uploaded.
Power of a lens
The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens is its
power.
The power is also defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (in metres)
Represented by P
SI Unit is Dioptre (D)

1
P= P = Power, f = focal length
𝑓 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚)

Note: Focal length should be converted into metres to get the power in dioptre

𝟏
f (in m) = 𝑷

Note: When we find the reciprocal of power, we get the focal length in metres.

The power of a convex lens is always positive.


The power of a concave lens is always negative.

POWER OF COMBINATION OF LENSES

The power of a combination of two or more thin lenses in contact is equal to


the sum of the powers of the individual lenses.

Power of combination, P = P1 + P2
𝟏
Focal length of combination, f =
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐

For example, a lens of -10 diopters combined with a lens of 30 diopters


P = P1 + P2
P = -10 + 30 = 20 D
Focal length of combination = 1/(P1+P2) = 1/20 = 0.05 m or 5 cm

To find the power of combination if focal lengths are given

𝟏 𝟏
P= +
𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐

NOTE: Please refer to the notebook for the numerical questions


done.

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